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Uncorrected Sample Pages: Pythagoras' Theorem and Trigonometry
Uncorrected Sample Pages: Pythagoras' Theorem and Trigonometry
Pythagoras’
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E EC theorem and
Chapter trigonometry
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What Australian
you will learn curriculum
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• Downloadable HOTsheets
• Access to HOTmaths
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Australian Curriculum
courses
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E EC
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Satellites
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you want to go. Distances are used to navigate the seas, study the
worked out using the mathematics stars and map our planet, Earth.
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3A Pythagoras’ theorem
Pythagoras was born on the Greek island of Samos in
the 6th century BCE. He received a privileged education
and travelled to Egypt and Persia where he developed
his ideas in mathematics and philosophy. He settled
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in Crotone Italy where he founded a school. His many
students and followers were called the Pythagoreans and
under the guidance of Pythagoras, lived a very structured
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life with strict rules. They aimed to be pure, self-
sufficient and wise, where men and women were treated
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equally and all property was considered communal.
They strove to perfect their physical and mental form
and made many advances in their understanding of the
of the brotherhood who mentioned these numbers in public would be put to death.
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Look at this right-angled triangle and the squares drawn on each side.
Each square is divided into smaller sections.
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• Can you see how the parts of the two smaller squares would fit
into the larger square?
•
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The longest side of a right-angled triangle is called the hypotenuse and is opposite the right Key
angle. ideas
The theorem of Pythagoras says that the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides.
For the triangle shown, it is:
c
c2 = a2 + b2 a
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square of the squares of the b
hypotenuse two shorter sides
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• The theorem can be illustrated in a
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diagram like the one on the right. The
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sum of the areas of the two smaller
squares (a2 + b2 ) is the same as the Area = c2
Find the length of the hypotenuse in these right-angled triangles. Round to two decimal places in part b.
a
c
b 9.5
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5
7
12 c
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= 169
√ √
∴ c = 169 If c2 = 169 then c = 169 = 13.
= 13
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= 139.25
√
∴ c = 139.25
= 11.80 (to 2 d.p.) Round as required.
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Example 2 Finding the length of the hypotenuse using exact values
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Find the length of the hypotenuse in this right-angled triangle, leaving your answer as an exact value.
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c
2
E EC SOL UTI ON
5
EX P L ANA TI O N
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c2 = a2 + b2 Apply Pythagoras’ theorem to find the
2
=5 +2 2 value of c.
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= 29
√
∴ c = 29 Express the answer exactly using a surd.
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1 State the length of the hypotenuse (c units) in these right-angled triangles. UNDERSTANDING
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a 15 b 48 c
2 2
8 14
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17 50 √8
2 Write down Pythagoras’ theorem using the given pronumerals for these right-angled triangles.
For example: z2 = x2 + y2 .
a b b y c
j
a k
c z
x
l
3 Evaluate the following, rounding to two decimal places in parts g and h.
a 92 b 3.22 c 32 + 22 d 92 + 52
√ √ √ √
e 36 f 64 + 36 g 24 h 32 + 22
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FLUENCY
Example 1a 4 Find the length of the hypotenuse in each of the following right-angled triangles.
a b 12 c c
c 8
6
c 5
8 15
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d 12 e 24 f c
9
9 c 7 40
c
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g 14 h 24 i 20
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48
c c
18 15
c
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Example 1b 5 Find the length of the hypotenuse in each of these right-angled triangles, correct to two
decimal places.
a b 3 c c
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4 c 1 12
c
10
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d 8.6 e 5 f 0.04
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7.4 c 0.14 c
c
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Example 2 6 Find the length of the hypotenuse in these triangles, leaving your answer as an exact value.
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a 1 b 7 c 5 3
3 c
c 2 c
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d e f 8
10
6 c c
c 17
3
1
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3A
FLUENCY
7 Find the length of the hypotenuse in each of these right-angled triangles, rounding to two
decimal places where necessary. Convert to the units indicated in red.
a 1.2 cm b c 50 mm
12 cm 1 cm
18 mm
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90 mm
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d e f
450 m
1.3 m 0.013 m
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8.2 mm
1.01 km
85 cm
E EC 8 For each of these triangles, first calculate the length of the hypotenuse then find the perimeter,
correct to two decimal places.
a
2m
b
1m
2m c
2.37 cm
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3m 5.16 cm
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d e f
5 mm
0.072 m 3.2 cm
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0.038 m
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9 Find the perimeter of this triangle. (Hint: You will need to find AB B
and BC first.)
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12 m
A C
9m 5m
10 Find the length of the diagonal steel brace required to support a wall of 3.5 m
length 3.5 m and height 2.6 m. Give your answer correct to one
decimal place. 2.6 m
11 A helicopter hovers at a height of 150 m above the ground and is a horizontal distance of 200 m
from a beacon on the ground. Find the direct distance of the helicopter from the beacon.
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3A
PROBLEM-SOLVING
12 A miniature rocket blasts off at an angle of 45° and travels in a straight
line. After a few seconds, reaches a height of 350 m above the ground.
?
At this point it has also covered a horizontal distance of 350 m. How 350 m
far has the rocket travelled to the nearest metre? 45°
350 m
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13 Find the length of the longest rod that will fit inside a cylinder of height
2.1 m and with circular end surface of 1.2 m diameter. Give your answer
2.1 m
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correct to one decimal place.
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1.2 m
E EC a x
b y (as a fraction)
3 cm
x cm
y cm
4 cm
6 23 cm
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15 15, 16 16, 17
REASONING
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15 One way to check whether a four-sided figure is a rectangle is to ensure that both its diagonals
are the same length. What should the length of the diagonals be if a rectangle has side lengths
3 m and 5 m? Answer to two decimal places.
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16 We know that if the triangle has a right angle, then c2 = a2 + b2 . The converse of this is that if
c2 = a2 + b2 then the triangle must have a right angle. Test if c2 = a2 + b2 to see if these triangles
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2
4 7
c 15 d 7 7
9 12 12
e 12.5 f 7.2
5.4
7.5 10 9
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3A
REASONING
17 Triangle ABC is a right-angled isosceles triangle, and BD is B
perpendicular to AC. If DC = 4 cm and BD = 4 cm:
a find the length of BC correct to two decimal places
b state the length of AB correct to two decimal places
c use Pythagoras’ theorem and ∆ ABC to check that the length
A D C
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of AC is twice the length of DC.
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Kennels and kites — — 18, 19
ENRICHMENT
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18 A dog kennel has the dimensions shown in the diagram on the 55 cm
right. Give your answers to each of the following correct to two
decimal places.
the kennel? (Assume that the width is the same as in part a.)
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d What is the length of the sloping height of the roof of a new kennel if it is to have a total
height of 1.2 m? (The height of the kennel without the roof is still 1 m and its width is
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unchanged.)
dowel. The four pieces around the outer edge are two
30 cm pieces and two 50 cm pieces. The top end of the 30 cm
kite is to form a right angle. Find the length of each of
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that the length of one of the shorter sides of a triangle can be
found if the length of the other two sides are known.
We know that the sum 7 = 3 + 4 can be written as a difference
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3 = 7 – 4. Likewise, if c2 = a2 + b2 then a2 = c2 – b2 or
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b2 = c2 – a2 .
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Applying this to a right-angled triangle means that we can
now find the length of one of the shorter sides if the other two
b
Some of these mathematical statements are true and some are false. Can you sort them into true and false
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groups?
√
a2 + b2 = c2 a = c2 – b2 c2 – a2 = b2 a2 – c2 = b2
√ √ √
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c = a2 + b2 b = a2 – c2 c = a2 – b2 c2 – b2 = a2
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15
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a a2 + 152 = 172 Write the rule and substitute the known sides.
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a2 + 225 = 289 Square 15 and 17.
2
a = 64
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a=8
√
∴ a = 64
x2 + 7.62 = 102
Subtract 225 from both sides.
Take the square root of both sides.
2 2 2
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Exercise 3B 1(½), 2 2 —
UNDERSTANDING
1 Find the value of a or b in these equations. (Both a and b are positive numbers.)
√ √
a a = 196 b a = 121 c a2 = 144 d a2 = 400
e b2 + 9 = 25 f b2 + 49 = 625 g 36 + b2 = 100 h 152 + b2 = 289
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FLUENCY
Example 3a 3 In each of the following find the value of the pronumeral.
a b 10 c 10
20
12 b
a 8
26
a
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d e 61 f
11 36
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35 b
b 45
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x
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28
Example 3b 4 In each of the following, find the value of the pronumeral. Express your answers correct to
10
5
b
b
4
12
a
c
2.3
a
5.6
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d 30.4 e
4.9
f 0.3
a
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b
35.1 8.7
b 0.8
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5 Find the length of the unknown side of each of these triangles, correct to two decimal places
where necessary. Convert to the units shown in red.
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a 40 cm b c
180 cm
1m 2.3 cm
0.5 m
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16 mm
d e f
3000 m 2 km 6 cm
13 cm 50 mm
80 mm
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3B
FLUENCY
Example 3c 6 In each of the following, find the value of x as an exact answer.
a b 4 c x
x 5 x
3.9
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x
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7–9 7, 8, 10 9–11
PROBLEM-SOLVING
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7 For each of the following diagrams, find the value of x. Give an exact answer each time.
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a 18 b 24 c 40
50
E EC x
12
14 12
x
15 x
70
9 The base of a ladder leaning against a vertical wall is 1.5 m from the base
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of the wall. If the ladder is 5.5 m long, find how high the top of the ladder Ladder
is above the ground, correct to one decimal place. 5.5 m Wall
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1.5 m
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10 If a television has a screen size of 63 cm it means that the diagonal length of the screen is 63 cm.
If the vertical height of a 63 cm screen is 39 cm, find how wide the screen is to the nearest
centimetre.
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12 12 12, 13
3B
REASONING
( )2 ( )2
12 For these questions note that 2x = 4x2 and 3x = 9x2 .
In each of the following find the value of x as an exact answer.
a
9
b 2x c
5
x x
x 5
2x 3x
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13 A right-angled triangle has a hypotenuse measuring 5 m. Find the lengths of 5m
xm
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the other sides if their lengths are in the given ratio. Give an exact answer.
Hint: You can draw a triangle like the one shown for part a. 3x m
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a 1 to 3 b 2 to 3 c 5 to 7
ENRICHMENT
14 Consider this diagram and the unknown length x.
1
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x
1 c
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2
a Explain what needs to be found first before x can be calculated.
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value of x is found?
C
b Round your answer in part a iii to one decimal
place and use that length to recalculate the lengths 1
3
of OB, OC and OD (correct to two decimal places)
starting with ∆OAB. B
c Explain the difference between the given length
OD = 3 and your answer for OD in part b. 1
d Investigate how changing the side length AB affects
your answers to parts a to c above. O A
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angled triangle which can help solve the problem.
As long as two sides of the right-angled triangle
are known, the length of the third side can be
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found.
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The length of each cable on the Anzac Bridge, Sydney
can be calculated using Pythagoras’ theorem.
ideas • Identify and draw right-angled triangles which may help to solve the problem.
• Label the sides with their lengths or with a letter (pronumeral) if the length is unknown.
• Use Pythagoras’ theorem to solve for the unknown.
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• Solve the problem by making any further calculations and answering in words.
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25 m
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Let x m be the length of the cable. Draw a right-angled triangle and label the
measurements and pronumerals.
80 − 50 = 30 m
xm 30 m xm
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80 m
25 m
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50 m
25 m
25 m
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c2 = a2 + b2 Set up an equation using Pythagoras’ theorem
2 2
x = 25 + 30 2 and solve for x.
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= 1525
√
∴ x = 1525
= 39.05
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∴ The cable is 39.05 m long. Answer the question in words.
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Exercise 3C 1 1 —
UNDERSTANDING
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1 Match each problem (a, b or c) with both a diagram (A, B or C) and its solution (I, II, III).
a Two trees stand 20 m A I The kite is flying at a height
apart and they are 32 m 3 km x km of 30.59 m.
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c A kite is flying with a kite C III The man has walked a total
xm 47 − 32
string of length 35 m. of 2 + 2.12 = 4.12 km north
= 15 m
Its horizontal distance from his starting point.
from its anchor point 20 m
is 17 m. How high is the
kite flying?
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2–5 2, 4, 6 2, 4, 6(½)
3C
FLUENCY
Example 4 2 Two skyscrapers are located 25 m apart and a cable of length 62.3 m links the tops of the two
buildings. If the taller building is 200 metres tall, what is the height of the shorter building? Give
your answer correct to one decimal place.
3 Two poles are located 2 m apart. A wire links the tops of the two
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poles. Find the length of the wire if the poles are 2.8 m and 5 m in
height. Give your answer correct to one decimal place.
5m
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2.8 m
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2m
2800 mm
1700 mm
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2600 mm
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6 Find the direct distance between the points A and B in each of the following, correct to one
decimal place.
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a 10 m B b 1.9 cm
5m 2.7 cm
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3.1 cm
6m A
A B
c d B
2m
5m
4m 2.6 m
B 3.9 m
7.1 m
A A
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7, 8 8, 9 8–10
3C
PROBLEM-SOLVING
7 A 100 m radio mast is supported by six cables in two sets
of three cables. They are anchored to the ground at an
equal distance from the mast. The top set of three cables
is attached at a point 20 m below the top of the mast. Each
cable in the lower set of three cables is 60 m long and is
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attached at a height of 30 m above the ground. If all the
cables have to be replaced, find the total length of cable
required. Give your answer correct to two decimal places.
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E EC8 In a particular circle of radius 2 cm, AB is a diameter and C is a point
on the circumference. Angle ACB is a right angle. The chord AC is
1 cm in length.
a Draw the triangle ABC as described, and mark in all the important
C
A
2 cm
B
information.
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b Find the length of BC correct to one decimal place.
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11 11 11, 12
3C
REASONING
11 It is possible to find the length of the shorter sides of a right-angled isosceles triangle if only
the hypotenuse length is known.
a Find the exact value of x in this right-angled isosceles triangle.
5 x
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b Now find the exact value of a in this diagram.
5
6
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a
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c Finally, use your results from above to find the length of AB in this B
diagram correct to one decimal place. 5
Folding paper — — 13
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ENRICHMENT
13 A square piece of paper, ABCD, of side length 20 cm is folded to form a right-angled triangle
ABC. The paper is folded a second time to form a right-angled triangle ABE as shown in
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E E
A B A B A B
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If you cut a solid to form a cross-section a two-dimensional shape is revealed. From that cross-section
it may be possible to identify a right-angled triangle that can be used to find unknown lengths. These
lengths can then tell us information about the three-dimensional solid.
You can visualise right-angled triangles in all sorts of different solids.
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ES
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E EC
PL R
M R O
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The glass pyramid at the Palais du Louvre, Paris, is made up of a total of 70 triangular and
603 rhombus-shaped glass segments together forming many right-angled triangles.
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Here is a drawing of a square-based pyramid. By drawing lines from any vertex to the
centre of the base and another point, how many different right-angled triangles can
you visualise and draw? The triangles could be inside or on the outside surface of the
pyramid.
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SOL UTI ON EX P L ANA TI O N
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Let d m be the distance required. Draw a right-angled triangle and label all the
measurements and pronumerals.
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dm
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3.9 m
E EC 8.3 m
d2 = 3.92 + 8.32
= 84.1
∴ d = 9.17
Use Pythagoras’ theorem.
Round to two decimal places.
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The distance from one corner of the Write your answer in words.
rectangular prism to the opposite corner is
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approximately 9.17 m.
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Exercise 3D 1 1 —
UNDERSTANDING
1 Decide if the following shaded regions would form right-angled triangles.
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a b c
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Cone
d e f
Rectangular prism
Cube Cube
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3D
UNDERSTANDING
g h i
Tetrahedron
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Triangular prism (regular triangular-
based pyramid) Right square-based
pyramid (apex above
centre of base)
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2–5 2–6 2–4(½), 5, 6
FLUENCY
Example 5 2 Find the distance, d units, from one corner to the opposite corner in each of the following
0.32 m 0.1 m
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10 mm
c d cm
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8.91 cm
17.63 cm
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3 Find the slant height, s units, of each of the following cones. Give your answers correct to one
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decimal place.
a b c 1.5 cm
3 cm s cm 1.7 m
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sm
3 cm s cm
2.3 m
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2 cm
4 Find the length to the nearest millimetre of the longest rod that will fit inside a
cylinder of the following dimensions.
a Diameter 10 cm and height 15 cm Rod
b Radius 2.8 mm and height 4.2 mm
c Diameter 0.034 m and height 0.015 m
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3D
FLUENCY
5 The cube in the diagram on the right has 1 cm sides. D
a Find the length of AC as an exact value.
b Hence, find the length of AD correct to one decimal place.
C
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A B
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a Find the length of AC as an exact value. 4 cm
F C
b Hence, find the length of AD correct to one
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8 cm
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decimal place.
A 12 cm B
E EC 7 7, 8 8, 9
PROBLEM-SOLVING
7 A miner makes claim to a circular piece of land with a radius of 40 m from a given point, and is
entitled to dig to a depth of 25 m. If the miner can dig tunnels at any angle, find the length of the
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longest straight tunnel that he can dig, to the nearest metre.
8 A bowl is in the shape of a hemisphere (half sphere) with radius 10 cm. The surface of the water
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in the container has a radius of 7 cm. How deep is the water? Give your answer to two decimal
places.
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9 A cube of side length l sits inside a sphere of radius r so that the vertices of the cube sit on the
sphere. Find the ratio r : l.
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10 10 10, 11
REASONING
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10 There are different ways to approach finding the height of a pyramid depending on what
information is given. For each of the following square-based pyramids, find:
i the exact length (using a surd) of the diagonal on the base
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2 cm
5 cm
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3D
REASONING
11 For this rectangular prism answer these questions.
a Find the exact length AB. C
b Find AB correct to two decimal places.
2
c Find the length AC using your result from
part a and then round to two decimal places. B
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d Find the length AC using your result from 7
A 4
part b and then round to two decimal places.
e How can you explain the difference between your results from parts c and d above?
E
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Spider crawl
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— — 12
ENRICHMENT
12 A spider crawls from one corner, A, of the ceiling of a F B
H
G
6.2 m
A
D
C
4.5 m
3.9 m
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points, find how far (correct to two decimal places) the
spider crawls if it crawls from A to G via:
i B ii C iii D iv F
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b Investigate other paths to determine the shortest distance that the spider could crawl in
order to travel from point A to point G. (Hint: consider drawing a net for the solid.)
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SA CN
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3E Trigonometric ratios
The branch of mathematics called
trigonometry deals with the relationship
between the side lengths and angles in
triangles. Trigonometry dates back to
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the ancient Egyptian and Babylonian
civilisations where a basic form of
trigonometry was used in the building of
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pyramids and in the study of astronomy.
The first table of values including chord
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and arc lengths on a circle for a given
angle was created by Hipparchus in the
2nd century BCE in Greece. These tables
later, Claudius Ptolemy advanced the study of trigonometry writing 13 books called the Almagest.
Ptolemy also developed tables of values linking the sides and angles of a triangle and produced many
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theorems which use the sine, cosine and tangent functions.
In geometry we would say that similar triangles have the same shape but are of different size. Here are
three similar right-angled triangles. The angle q (theta) is the same for all three triangles.
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13
5 26
θ A 10 39
SA C
12 B 15
θ
24 C
θ
N
36
We will now calculate three special ratios: sine, cosine and tangent Hypotenuse (H)
U
for the angle q in the above triangles. We use the sides labelled Opposite (O)
θ
Hypotenuse (H), Opposite (O) and Adjacent (A) as shown at right. Adjacent (A)
• Complete this table simplifying all fractions.
• What do you notice about the value of:
( ) Triangle O (sin q ) A (cos q ) O (tan q )
O H H A
a sin q i.e. for all three triangles?
H
( ) A 5
A 13
b cos q i.e. for all three triangles?
H
( ) B 24 = 12
O 26 13
c tan q i.e. for all three triangles?
A
C 15 = 5
• Why are the three ratios (sin q , cos q and 36 12
tan q ) the same for all three triangles? Discuss.
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Opposite Hypotenuse
θ
Adjacent
E
For a right-angled triangle with a given angle q , the three ratios sine (sin), cosine (cos) and
ES
tangent (tan) are given by:
PA T
length of the opposite side
• sine of angle q (or sin q ) =
length of the hypotenuse
E EC •
•
cosine of angle q (or cos q ) =
O
Opposite Adjacent Opposite q
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ =
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse Adjacent A
O
Copy this triangle and label the sides as opposite to q (O), adjacent to
q (A) or hypotenuse (H).
N
θ
U
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5 4
E
SOL UTI ON E X P L ANATI O N
ES
PA T
A 5 Side length 7 is opposite the right
a cos q = =
H 7 angle so it is the hypotenuse (H).
(H ) 7
(O) Side length 5 is adjacent to angle q
E EC θ
5 (A)
so it is the adjacent (A).
4 (O)
O
c tan q =
O 3
= 3 (O) Side length 5 is the adjacent side
A 5 to angle q so it is the adjacent (A).
SA C
Exercise 3E 1, 2(½), 3 3 —
UNDERSTANDING
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3E
UNDERSTANDING
Example 6 2 Copy each of these triangles and label the sides as opposite to q (O), adjacent to q (A) or
hypotenuse (H).
a b c d
θ
G D
θ θ
E
e f g h
θ
θ θ
ES
PA T
θ
E EC 3 For the triangle shown, state the length of the side which corresponds to:
a the hypotenuse
b the side opposite angle q
c the side opposite angle α 5
α
4
d the side adjacent to angle q
PL R
e the side adjacent to angle α. θ
3
M R
FLUENCY
Example 7 4 Write a trigonometric ratio (in fraction form) for each of the following triangles and simplify
where possible.
SA C
a b c 6
7 θ
4 5
10
N
θ θ
4
d 4 e f
U
θ x
5 θ
y
6
θ 5
g 5t h 6b i
5y
θ 3x
θ
4t q
3a
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3E
FLUENCY
5 Here are two similar triangles A and B.
26
13 10
5 B
A
θ θ
G D
12 24
E
ii Write the ratio sin q (as a fraction) for triangle B.
iii What do you notice about your two answers from parts a i and a ii above?
ES
b i Write the ratio cos q (as a fraction) for triangle A.
PA T
ii Write the ratio cos q (as a fraction) for triangle B.
iii What do you notice about your two answers from parts b i and b ii above?
6 For each of these triangles, write a ratio (in simplified fraction form) for sin q , cos q and tan q .
PL R
a b c 12
5 10 5
3 26 θ
M R
13
θ
θ
4 24
O
7 For the triangle shown on the right, write a ratio (in fraction form) for:
a sin q b sin α c cos q α
d tan α e cos α f tan q 10 8
SA C
θ
6
N
8, 9 9, 10 10, 11
U
PROBLEM-SOLVING
15 m
θ
20 m
We can use trigonometry to
calculate the angle of the
shadow that the pole casts.
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3E
PROBLEM-SOLVING
9 The facade of a Roman temple has the given measurements below. Write down the ratio for:
a sin q
b cos q
c tan q
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5m
3m
E
4m q
ES
PA T
E EC The Pantheon, a Roman temple that was built in 126 CE.
PL R
10 For each of the following:
i Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the unknown side.
ii Find the ratios for sin q , cos q and tan q .
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a b 7 c 9 d 8
θ 12
4
θ 24
O
θ 6 θ
3
11 a Draw a right-angled triangle and mark one of the angles as q . Mark in the length of the
SA C
12 12, 13 12–14
REASONING
√
12 This triangle has angles 90°, 60° and 30° and side lengths 1, 2 and 3.
a Write a ratio for:
i sin 30° ii cos 30° iii tan 30° 2 60°
1
iv sin 60° v cos 60° vi tan 60°
b What do you notice about the following pairs of ratios? 30°
√3
i cos 30° and sin 60°
ii sin 30° and cos 60°
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3E
REASONING
13 a Measure all the side lengths of this triangle to the nearest millimetre.
b Use your measurements from part a to find an approximate ratio for:
i cos 40° ii sin 40° iii tan 40°
40°
iv sin 50° v tan 50° vi cos 50°
c Do you notice anything about the trigonometric ratios for 40° and 50°?
G D
14 Decide if it is possible to draw a right-angled triangle with the given properties. Explain.
a tan q = 1 b sin q = 1
E
c cos q = 0 d sin q > 1 or cos q > 1
ES
PA T
Pythagorean extensions — — 15
ENRICHMENT
E EC Hint: use Pythagoras’ theorem.
4
15 a Given that q is acute and cos q = , find sin q and tan q .
5
do you notice?
d Evaluate (cos q )2 + (sin q )2 for other combinations of cos q and
O
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these ratios for varying angles. Here are the ratios for some angles in a
right-angled triangle, correct to three decimal places.
E
Angle ( q ) sin q cos q tan q
0° 0 1 0
ES
15° 0.259 0.966 0.268
PA T
30° 0.5 0.866 0.577
45° 0.707 0.707 1
E EC 60°
75°
90°
0.866
0.966
1
0.5
0.259
0
1.732
3.732
undefined
Trigonometric tables in
a 400-year old European book.
In modern times these values can be evaluated using calculators to a high degree of accuracy and can be
PL R
used to help solve problems involving triangles with unknown side lengths.
All scientific or CAS calculators can produce accurate values of sin q , cos q and tan q .
O
If q is in degrees, the ratios for sin q , cos q and tan q can accurately be found using a Key
calculator in degree mode. ideas
U
If the angles and one side length of a right-angled triangle are known then the other side lengths
can be found using the sin q , cos q or tan q ratios.
3 x
x
30° x 42° 7.2
71°
4
◦ x
sin 30 =
3 x
cos 42◦ = x
∴ x = 3 × sin 30 ◦ 7.2 tan 71◦ =
4
∴ x = 7.2 × cos 42◦
∴ x = 4 × tan 71◦
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a sin 50◦ = 0.77 (to 2 d.p.) sin 50◦ = 0.766044. . . the 3rd decimal place is
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greater than 4 so round up.
b cos 16◦ = 0.96 (to 2 d.p.) cos 16◦ = 0.961261. . . the 3rd decimal place is
E
less than 5 so round down.
ES
c tan 77◦ = 4.33 (to 2 d.p.) tan 77◦ = 4.331475. . . the 3rd decimal place is
PA T
less than 5 so round down.
x
Find the value of x in the equation cos 20◦ = , correct to two decimal places.
3
PL R
SOL UTI ON EX P L ANA TI O N
M R
x
cos 20◦ =
3
x = 3 × cos 20◦
O
For each triangle, find the value of x correct to two decimal places.
a b c
U
7 24°
x x
10
38°
42° 4
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O
a sin 38◦ = Since the opposite side (O) and the
A
x hypotenuse (H) are involved, the sin q (O) x 7(H)
sin 38◦ =
7 ratio must be used.
38°
x = 7 sin 38◦ Multiply both sides by 7 and evaluate (A)
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using a calculator.
= 4.31 (to 2 d.p.)
E
O
b tan 42◦ = Since the opposite side (O) and the adjacent
A
side (A) are involved, the tan q ratio must be x (O)
ES
◦ x (H)
tan 42 =
PA T
4 used.
42°
x = 4 tan 42◦ Multiply both sides by 4 and evaluate.
4 (A)
E EC c
◦
cos 24 =
= 3.60 (to 2 d.p.)
cos 24◦ =
A
H
x
Since the adjacent side (A) and the
hypotenuse (H) are involved, the cos q ratio (O)
x (A)
24°
10 must be used.
10 (H)
PL R
x = 10 cos 24◦ Multiply both sides by 10.
= 9.14 (to 2 d.p.)
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Exercise 3F
O
1–3 3(½) —
UNDERSTANDING
1 For the marked angle q , decide if x represents the length of the opposite (O), adjacent (A)
SA C
θ
N
θ θ x
x
U
O A O
2 Decide if you would use sin q = , cos q = or tan q = to help find the value of x in
H H A
these triangles. Do not find the value of x, just state which ratio would be used.
a b x c
x
7 10.1 82°
x
29° 4
52°
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3F
UNDERSTANDING
Example 8 3 Use a calculator to evaluate the following correct to two decimal places.
a sin 20° b cos 37◦ c tan 64◦ d sin 47◦
e cos 84 ◦ f tan 14.1 ◦ g sin 27.4◦ h cos 76.2◦
G D
4–5(½) 4–5(½) 4–5(½)
FLUENCY
Example 9 4 In each of the following, find the value of x correct to two decimal places.
E
x x x
a sin 50◦ = b tan 81◦ = c cos 33◦ =
4 3 6
ES
PA T
x x x
d cos 75◦ = e sin 24◦ = f tan 42◦ =
3.5 4.2 10
x x x
E EC
Example 10
g
a
7.1
= tan 18.4◦
x
42°
b
x
h
5.3
1
= sin 64.7◦
c 20
39°
i
12.6
= cos 52.9◦
5 For the triangles given below, find the value of x correct to two decimal places.
d 4 17°
23° x x
PL R
8
M R
e 12 f g
32
h x
35° 2 x 5
x x
43° 18°
O
25°
i x j k 17 l 34°
SA C
30°
6.2 43° 24
63° 45 x
N
x
x
m n o p x
U
x 34
40° 21 5.8 16° 2.5
19° x 22°
x
6, 7 6–8 7–9
PROBLEM-SOLVING
6 Amy walks 5.4 m up a ramp which is inclined at 12° to the horizontal. 5.4 m
How high (correct to two decimal places) is she above her starting point?
12°
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3F
PROBLEM-SOLVING
7 Kane wanted to measure the width of a river. He placed
two markers, A and B, 72 m apart along the bank. C is a
point directly opposite marker B. Kane measured angle C
CAB to be 32°. Find the width of the river correct to two width
decimal places.
A 32° 72 m B
G DE
8 One end of a 12.2 m rope is tied to a boat. The other end is tied to an
anchor, which is holding the boat steady in the water. If the anchor
12.2 m
ES
is making an angle of 34° with the vertical, how deep is the water? 34°
PA T
Give your answer correct to two decimal places.
E EC9 Find the length AB in these diagrams. Round to two decimal places where necessary.
a
10.6 m
20 m
b
A
120°
B
PL R
70° 30°
A B
5 cm
M R
10 10 10, 11
O
REASONING
10 For this right-angled triangle:
a Find the value of ∠C. C
SA C
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Exact values — — 12
3F
ENRICHMENT
√ √ 1
12 2, 3 and √ are examples of exact values. C
2
a For the triangle shown (right), use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the
exact length BC. 1
b Use your result from part a to write down the exact values of:
45°
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i sin 45◦ ii cos 45◦ iii tan 45◦
A B
c For this triangle (right) use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the exact A
E
length BC.
2
d Use your result from part c to write down the exact values of: 1
ES
i sin 30◦ ii cos 30◦ iii tan 30◦ 30°
PA T
iv sin 60◦ v cos 60◦ vi tan 60◦ B C
E EC
PL R
M R O
SA CN
U
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This makes it easy to solve for x where both sides of the equation can be multiplied by 5.
If, however, the pronumeral appears in the denominator there are a number of algebraic steps that can be
taken to find the solution.
E
ES
Let’s start: Solution steps
PA T
5
Three students attempt to solve sin 40◦ = for x.
Sharee says x =
5
sin 40◦
x
PL R
1
Dori says x = × sin 40◦
5
• Which student has the correct solution?
M R
If the unknown value of a trigonometric ratio is in the denominator, you need to rearrange the Key
equation to make the pronumeral the subject. ideas
SA C
5
For example: For the triangle shown, cos 30◦ =
x
x
Multiplying both sides by x ◦
x × cos 30 = 5
N
2
Solve for x in the equation cos 35◦ = , correct to two decimal places.
x
2
cos 35◦ =
x
x cos 35◦ = 2 Multiply both sides of the equation by x.
2
x= Divide both sides of the equation by cos 35◦ .
cos 35◦
= 2.44 (to 2 d.p.) Evaluate and round to two decimal places.
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SOL UTI ON EX P L ANA TI O N
E
O
a sin 35◦ = Since the opposite
ES
H x (H)
PA T
side (O) is given (O) 5
sin 35◦ =
5 and we require the 35°
x (A)
hypotenuse (H), use sin q .
E EC x sin 35◦ = 5
x=
5
sin 35◦
= 8.72 (to 2 d.p.)
Multiply both sides of the equation by x then
divide both sides of the equation by sin 35°.
Evaluate on a calculator and round to two
decimal places.
PL R
O
b tan 28◦ = Since the opposite x (A)
A
M R
x tan 28◦ = 19
Multiply both sides
19 of the equation by x.
x=
tan 28◦
SA C
y = 1637.904 . . .
Alternatively, y can x (A)
∴ y = 40.47 (to 2 d.p.) be found by using 28°
sin q . 19 (O)
(H) y
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3G
UNDERSTANDING
Example 11 2 For each of the following equations, find the value of x correct to two decimal places.
3 4 6
a cos 43◦ = b sin 36◦ = c tan 9◦ =
x x x
2 5 3
d tan 64◦ = e cos 67◦ = f sin 12◦ =
x x x
G D
5.9 45 18.7
g sin 38.3◦ = h = tan 21.4◦ i = cos 32◦
x x x
E
3–4(½) 3–4(½) 3–4(½)
FLUENCY
ES
PA T
Example 12a 3 Find the value of x correct to two decimal places using the sine, cosine or tangent ratios.
a b c d 14
x x 8 x
9 x
E EC e
42°
44° x
f
29°
x
45 39°
g 6
49°
28°
26
x
53°
x
15
PL R
47°
26
i x j k 25 x l 14
M R
44° 8° 28° x
x
21 26°
O
7
Example 12b 4 Find the value of each pronumeral correct to one decimal place.
a b c d
SA C
x 4 b 7 y
b
a 31° x 40°
32° 43°
y a
N
8
4
e y f 9.6 g h 14.2
8.3 n 23°
U
42° y
x y x x
m 12°
27°
12.1
5, 6 5, 6, 7a 6, 7
PROBLEM-SOLVING
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3G
PROBLEM-SOLVING
6 A paraglider flying at a height of 800 m descends at
an angle of 12◦ to the horizontal. How far (to the 12°
Dist
nearest metre) has it travelled in descending to the ance 800 m
in d
ground? escen
t
G D
7 Find the perimeter of these triangles, correct to one decimal place.
a 30° b
5m 20 m
E
60° 25°
ES
PA T
8 8 8
E EC
REASONING
8 In calculating the value of x for this triangle, correct to two decimal
places, two students come up with these answers. xm
5m
5 5 5
A x= =
sin 31◦ 0.52
= 9.62 B x=
sin 31◦
= 9.71 31°
PL R
a Which of the above two answers is more correct and why?
b What advice would you give to the student whose answer is not accurate?
c Find the difference in the answers if the different methods (A and B) are used to calculate the
M R
ENRICHMENT
N
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Progress quiz
38pt
3A/B 1 Find the length of the missing side in these right-angled triangles. Round to two decimal
places.
a 5 b
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x 12.5
4.4 x
E
9.7
38pt
3A/B 2 Find the exact value of x in these right-angled triangles.
ES
PA T
a b
5 x x 10
E EC
38pt
3C 3
4 x
A ladder 230 cm long is placed 50 cm from the edge of a building, how far up the side of
the building will this ladder reach? Round to one decimal place.
PL R
38pt
3D 4 Find the length of the diagonals of these prisms, correct to one decimal place.
a b
M R
Ext
4 cm
6 cm
O
6 cm
6 cm 10 cm
6 cm
SA C
38pt
3E 5 Consider the triangle ABC.
A
N
θ 5
3
U
B 4 C
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38pt
3F/G 6 Solve for x, correct to two decimal places.
a x = 12.7 cos 54◦
x
b tan 30◦ =
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12
58.4
c sin 56◦ =
x
E
38pt
3F/G 7 Find the values of the pronumerals, correct to two decimal places.
ES
a b 34
PA T
42°
x
x
E EC c
x
36°
19
28°
4.7
PL R
38pt
3G 8 Find the perimeter of this triangle, correct to two decimal places.
40°
M R
6m
O
38pt
3A–G 9 Triangle ABC is equilateral with a perimeter of 12 cm.
SA C
A
N
60°
U
C D B
Find:
a the height AD using any suitable method, correct to three decimal places
b the area of the triangle ABC, correct to one decimal place.
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3H Finding an angle
Logically, if you can use trigonometry to find a side length of a right-angled triangle 2 1
given one angle and one side, you should be able to find an angle if you are given θ
two sides.
1 1
We know that sin 30◦ = so if we were to determine q if sin q = , the answer would be q = 30◦ .
G D
2 2
( )
1 1
We write this as q = sin–1 = 30◦ and we say that the inverse sine of is 30◦ .
2 2
E
Calculators can be used to help solve problems using inverse sine (sin–1 ), inverse cosine (cos–1 ) and
ES
inverse tangent (tan–1 ). For angles in degrees, ensure your calculator is in degree mode.
PA T
Let’s start: Trial and error can be slow
E EC 1
We know that for this triangle, sin q = .
3
3
PL R
1
θ
3
• Update your guess and use your calculator to
check once again.
SA C
• ( ) process until you think you have the angle q correct to three decimal places.
Repeat this trial-and-error
1
• Now evaluate sin–1 and check your guess.
3
N
Inverse sine (sin–1 ), inverse cosine (cos–1 ) and inverse tangent (tan–1 ) can be used to find Key
U
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G D
a sin q = 0.3907
q = sin–1 (0.3907) Use the sin–1 key on your calculator.
E
= 23◦ (to nearest degree) Round to the nearest whole number.
ES
PA T
1
b tan q =
2
( )
E EC q = tan
1
2
–1
10
6
θ
O
O
sin q = Since the opposite
H (H) 10
side (O) and the 6 (O)
N
–1
q = sin Use the sin–1 key on your calculator and round
10
as required.
= 37◦
Exercise 3H 1, 2, 3(½), 4 4 —
UNDERSTANDING
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3H
UNDERSTANDING
2 Write the missing number.
1
a If sin 30◦ = then 30◦ = sin–1 ( ).
2
b If cos 50◦ = 0.64 then = cos–1 (0.64).
◦
c If tan 45 = 1 then = tan–1 ( ).
G D
3 Evaluate each of the following to the nearest degree.
a sin–1 (0.7324) b cos–1 (0.9763) c tan–1 (0.3321)
d tan–1 (1.235) e sin–1 (0.4126) f cos–1 (0.7462)
E
–1
g cos (0.1971) h sin–1 (0.2247) i tan–1 (0.0541)
ES
PA T
4 Which trigonometric ratio should be used to solve for q ?
a b c d 26
7 θ 21 15
E EC 8
θ
9
θ
5 14
5–6(½), 7 5–7(½)
θ
5–7(½)
FLUENCY
PL R
Example 13a 5 Find the value of q to the nearest degree.
a sin q = 0.5 b cos q = 0.5 c tan q = 1
d cos q = 0.8660 e sin q = 0.7071 f tan q = 0.5774
M R
1 4 7
d cos q = e cos q = f cos q =
4 5 9
N
3 8
g tan q = h tan q = i tan q = 12
5 5
U
12
e f 7 g 32 h 18
9 13
θ θ θ
θ
24
11 24
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PROBLEM-SOLVING
8 A road rises at a grade of 3 in 10. Find the angle (to the nearest
degree) the road makes with the horizontal. 3
10
9 When a 2.8 m long seesaw is at its maximum height it is 1.1 m off the ground. What angle
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(correct to two decimal places) does the seesaw make with the ground?
E
4.2 m long. Find the angle that the plank makes with the (Plank) 4.2 m
1.8 m
ES
ground, correct to one decimal place.
θ
PA T
11 A children’s slide has a length of 5.8 m. The vertical ladder is
E EC 2.6 m above the ground. Find the angle the slide makes with
the ground, correct to one decimal place. 2.6 m
5.8 m
q
PL R
12 Find the value of q in these diagrams, correct to one decimal place.
a b c
M R
θ θ
10
4 9
O
θ
5 6 8
SA C
13 13, 14 14, 15
N
REASONING
13 Find all the angles to the nearest degree in right-angled triangles with these side lengths.
a 3, 4, 5 b 5, 12, 13 c 7, 24, 25
U
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Viewing angle — — 16
3H
ENRICHMENT
16 Jo has forgotten her glasses and is trying to view
a painting in a gallery. Her eye level is at the (Painting)
same level as the base of the painting and the 1m
painting is 1 metre tall. θ
Answer the following to the nearest degree for x metres
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angles and to two decimal places for lengths.
a If x = 3, find the viewing angle q .
If x = 2, find the viewing angle q .
E
b
c If Jo can stand no closer than 1 metre to the painting, what is Jo’s largest viewing angle?
ES
d When the viewing angle is 10°, Jo has trouble seeing the painting. How far is she from the
PA T
painting at this viewing angle?
Theoretically, what would be the largest viewing angle if Jo could go as close as she would
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G D
be used to solve problems, provided right-angled
triangles can be identified. The line of sight to a
helicopter 100 m above the ground, for example,
E
creates an angle of elevation inside a right-angled
triangle.
ES
PA T
Let’s start: Illustrate the situation
A cat and a bird eye each other from their respective positions. The bird is 20 m up a tree and the cat is on
the ground 30 m from the base of the tree. Find the angle their line of sight makes with the horizontal.
O
Compare your diagram with others in your class. Is there more than one triangle that could be drawn and
used to solve the problem?
SA C
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q
A
G DE
Example 15 Using angles of elevation
t
ES
The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground 30 m
igh
PA T
s
away from the base of the tower is 28°. Find the height of the tower to the of
ne
nearest metre. Li hm
A
h (H) hm
=
30 (O)
O
28°
h = 30 tan 28◦
(A) 30 m
= 15.951 . . . Multiply both sides by 30 and evaluate. Round
SA C
The height is 16 m, to the nearest metre. to the nearest metre and write the answer in
words.
N
From the top of a vertical cliff Andrea spots a boat out at sea. If the top of the cliff is 42 m above sea
level and the boat is 90 m away from the base of the cliff, find Andrea’s angle of depression to the boat
to the nearest degree.
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O
tan q = Since the opposite (O) and adjacent sides (A) are
A
given, use tan q .
42
=
90
( )
–1 42
q = tan Use the tan–1 key on your calculator. Round to
90
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the nearest degree and express the answer in
q = 25.0168 . . . °
words.
The angle of depression is 25°, to the nearest
E
degree.
ES
PA T
Example 17 Applying trigonometry
2120 m
PL R
Q 2400 m N
x
tan 15◦ = Set up the trigonometric ratio using tan.
2400
U
Since x > 620 the plane will clear the mountain Answer the question in words.
peak.
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Exercise 3I 1–3 3 —
UNDERSTANDING
1 Find the values of the pronumerals in this diagram. b° a°
25°
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a what is the angle of elevation of B from A? B
b what is the angle of depression of A from B?
E
22°
A
ES
PA T
3 Draw this diagram and complete these tasks.
a Mark in the following: B
FLUENCY
Example 15 4 The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground t
igh
M R
s
40 m from the base of the tower is 36°. Find the height of the tower to e of
the nearest metre. Lin hm
36° 40 m
O
Angle of elevation
SA C
6 From a point on the ground, Emma measures the angle of elevation of an 80 m tower to be 27°.
Find how far Emma is from the base of the tower, correct to the nearest metre.
8 From a lookout tower, David spots a bushfire at an angle of depression of 25°. If the lookout
tower is 42 m high, how far away (to the nearest metre) is the bushfire from the base of the
tower?
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3I
FLUENCY
Example 16 9 From the top of a vertical cliff, Josh spots a swimmer out
at sea. If the top of the cliff is 38 m above sea level and the
swimmer is 50 m away from the base of the cliff, find the
angle of depression from Josh to the swimmer, to the nearest
degree.
G D
10 From a ship, a person is spotted floating in the sea 200 m
away. If the viewing position on the ship is 20 m above sea
E
level, find the angle of depression from the ship to person in
the sea. Give your answer to the nearest degree.
ES
PA T
11 A power line is stretched from a pole to the top of a house. The house is 4.1 m high and the power
pole is 6.2 m high. The horizontal distance between the house and the power pole is 12 m. Find
E EC the angle of elevation of the top of the power pole from the top of the house, to the nearest degree.
PL R
M R O
PROBLEM-SOLVING
Example 17 12 A plane flying at 1850 m starts to climb at an
SA C
2600 m
mountain?
a What angle does the road make with the horizontal? Give your answer to the nearest degree.
b A car starts from the bottom of the inclined road and drives 2 km along the road. How high
vertically has the car climbed? Use your rounded answer from part a and give your answer
correct to the nearest metre.
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3I
PROBLEM-SOLVING
15 A garage is to be built with measurements as shown in the
diagram on the right. Calculate the sloping length and pitch
2700 mm
(angle) of the roof if the eaves extend 500 mm on each 1820 mm
side. Give your answers correct to the nearest unit.
3200 mm
G D
16 The chains on a swing are 3.2 m long and the seat is 0.5 m off
the ground when it is in the vertical position. When the swing is
E
pulled as far back as possible, the chains make an angle of 40°
with the vertical. How high off the ground, to the nearest cm,
ES
is the seat when it is at this extreme position?
PA T
E EC
PL R
17 17 17, 18
M R
REASONING
17 A person views a vertical monument x metres away as shown.
O
y metres
SA C
θ monument
(m metres)
h metres height
N
x metres
a If h = 1.5, x = 20 and q = 15◦ find the height of the monument to two decimal places.
U
θ
a
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ENRICHMENT
19 An aeroplane takes off and climbs
at an angle of 20° to the horizontal,
at 190 km/h along its flight path for
15 minutes.
a Find:
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i the distance the aeroplane
travels in 15 minutes
E
ii the height the aeroplane
reaches after 15 minutes
ES
correct to two decimal
PA T
places.
b If the angle at which the plane climbs is twice the original angle but its speed is halved
it flown?
c If the plane leaves the airport at 11:50 am on Sunday and travels at an average speed of
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21 Peter observes a plane flying directly overhead at a height of 820 m. Twenty seconds later,
the angle of elevation of the plane from Peter is 32°. Assume the plane flies horizontally.
a How far (to the nearest metre) did the plane fly in 20 seconds?
b What is the plane’s speed in km/h, correct to the nearest km/h?
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3J Bearings EXTENDING
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is the True bearing measured clockwise from north.
E
Marg at point A and Jim at point B start walking toward each
ES
PA T
other. Marg knows that she has to face 50° south of due east.
A East
E EC 50°
B
PL R
• Measured clockwise from north, can you help Marg
A compass can determine direction using
determine her True compass bearing that she should Earth’s magnetic field.
M R
walk on?
• Can you find what bearing Jim should walk on?
• Draw a detailed diagram which supports your answers above.
O
A True bearing is an angle measured clockwise 360° True N 000° True Key
SA C
S
U
180° True
To describe the true bearing of an object positioned at A from an N
object positioned at O, we need to start at O, face north then turn Bearing of
O A from O
clockwise through the required angle to face the object at A.
N
A
When solving problems with bearings, draw a diagram including four Bearing of
point compass directions (N, E, S, W) at each point. O from A
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G D
S
E
SOL UTI ON EX P L ANA TI O N
ES
PA T
a The bearing of A from O is 120° T. Start at O, face north and turn clockwise until
you are facing A.
E EC b
W
N
O
120°
60°
E
30°
60°
N
Start at A, face north and turn clockwise until
you are facing O. Mark in a compass at A and
use alternate angles in parallel lines to mark a
60° angle.
S A
PL R
W E
300°
M R
S
The bearing of O from A is: True bearing is then 60° short of 360°.
(360 – 60)◦ T = 300◦ T
O
Find how far east (correct to one decimal place) point B is from point A.
W E
A
3 km
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Let the distance travelled towards the east Define the distance required and draw and label
be d km. the right-angled triangle.
Since the adjacent (A) is required and the
3 km hypotenuse (H) is given, use cos q .
30°
d km
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d
cos 30◦ =
3
d = 3 cos 30◦ Multiply both sides of the equation by 3 and
= 2.6 (to 1 d.p.) evaluate, rounding to one decimal place.
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Example 20 Calculating a bearing
E
A fishing boat starts from point O and sails 75 km on a bearing of 160° T N
ES
to point B.
PA T
160°
a How far east (to the nearest kilometre) of its starting point is the boat? O
W E
b What is the bearing of O from B?
B
PL R
a Let the distance travelled towards the east be Draw a diagram and label all the given
d km. measurements. Mark in a compass at B and
M R
N 20°
20°
B
N
W E 20°
340°
d km
U
S
The boat has travelled 26 km to the east of its Round to the nearest kilometre and write the
starting point, to the nearest kilometre. answer in words.
b The bearing of O from B is Start at B, face north then turn clockwise to
(360 – 20)◦ T = 340◦ T face O.
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Exercise 3J 1, 2 2 —
UNDERSTANDING
1 Give the true bearings for these common directions. N
a North (N) NW NE
b North-east (NE)
c East (E)
d South-east (SE) W E
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e South (S)
f South-west (SW)
E
g West (W) SW SE
h North-west (NW) S
ES
PA T
2 Write down the true bearings shown in these diagrams. Use three digits, for example, 045° T.
a N b N
E EC W
70°
E W
40°
E
PL R
S S
c N d N
M R
62°
O
W E W E
75°
SA C
S S
N
a N A b N c N
38°
40° O
W E W E W E
O O
30°
S S A A S
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3J
FLUENCY
d N e N f N
23° A
A
W E W E W E
O O 35° O
18°
A
G D
S S S
g A N
h N i N
E
30° O
W E W E
ES
W E
O 42° O 64°
PA T
A A
S S
E EC
Example 19
S
4 A bushwalker walks 4 km on a true bearing of 055° from point A
to point B. Find how far east point B is from point A, correct to two
decimal places.
W
N
55°
B
4 km
E
A
PL R
S
M R
places. 48°
80 km
W E
SA C
S
N
6 After walking due east, then turning and walking due south, a N
hiker is 4 km 148° T from her starting point. Find how far she
U
4 km
32°
7 A four-wheel drive vehicle travels for 32 km on a true bearing of 200°. How far west (to the
nearest kilometre) of its starting point is it?
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PROBLEM-SOLVING
Example 20 8 A fishing boat starts from point O and sails 60 km on a true bearing N
of 140° to point B.
a How far east of its starting point is the boat, to the nearest 140°
W O
kilometre? E
b What is the bearing of O from B?
60 km
G D
S B
E
9 Two towns, A and B, are 12 km apart. The true bearing of B N
ES
from A is 250°.
PA T
a How far west of A is B, correct to one decimal place?
250°
A
b Find the bearing of A from B. W E
E EC B 12 km
10 A helicopter flies on a true bearing of 140° for 210 km then flies due east for 175 km. How far
PL R
east (to the nearest kilometre) has the helicopter travelled from its starting point?
11 Christopher walks 5 km south then walks on a true bearing of 036° until he is due east of his
M R
starting point. How far is he from his starting point, to one decimal place?
12 Two cyclists leave from the same starting point. One cyclist travels due west while the other
O
travels on a true bearing of 202°. After travelling for 18 km, the second cyclist is due south of the
first cyclist. How far (to the nearest metre) has the first cyclist travelled?
SA C
13 13 13, 14
REASONING
N
13 A true bearing is a°. Write an expression for the true bearing of the opposite direction of a°if
a a is between 0 and 180 b a is between 180 and 360.
N
U
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ENRICHMENT
15 A plane flies on a true bearing of 168° for two hours at an average speed of 310 km/h. How far
(to the nearest kilometre) has the plane travelled?
a south of its starting point is the plane?
b east of its starting point is the plane?
G DE
ES
PA T
E EC
PL R
M R O
16 A pilot intends to fly directly to Anderly, which is 240 km due north of his starting point. The
trip usually takes 50 minutes. Due to a storm, the pilot changes course and flies to Boxleigh on a
SA C
true bearing of 320° for 150 km, at an average speed of 180 km/h.
a Find (to the nearest kilometre) how far:
i north the plane has travelled from its starting point
N
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Investigation
Illustrating Pythagoras
It is possible to use a computer geometry package (‘Cabri
Geometry’ or ‘Geometers Sketchpad’) to build this construction,
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which will illustrate Pythagoras’ theorem.
Construct C
E
a Start by constructing the line segment AB.
ES
b Construct the right-angled triangle ABC by using the
PA T
A B
‘Perpendicular Line’ tool.
Calculate
a Measure the areas of the squares representing AB2 , AC2 and BC2 .
PL R
b Calculate the sum of the areas of the two smaller squares by using the ‘Calculate’ tool.
M R
c i Drag point A or point B and observe the changes in the areas of the squares.
ii Investigate how the areas of the squares change as you drag point A or point B. Explain how
this illustrates Pythagoras’ theorem.
O
Illustrations for some problems may not initially look as if they include right-angled triangles.
A common mathematical problem-solving technique is to construct right-angled triangles so that
N
Car gap
U
Two cars are observed in the same lane from an 35° 20°
overpass bridge 10 m above the road. The angles
of depression to the cars are 20° and 35°.
10 m
a Find the horizontal distance from car A to the
overpass. Show your diagrams and working. Car B ? Car A
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Cinema screen
A 5 m vertical cinema screen sits 3 m above the floor of the hall and Wally sits 20 m back from
the screen. His eye level is 1 m above the floor.
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b Find the angle of elevation as in part a but from 3m
1m
his eye level to the top of the screen. 20 m
E
c Use your results from parts a and b to find Wally’s viewing angle q .
ES
PA T
Problem solving without all the help
Solve these similar types of problems. You will need to draw detailed diagrams and split the problem
E ECinto parts. Refer to the above two problems if you need help.
24 km
S
N
d A person on a boat 200 m out to sea views a 40 m high castle wall on top of a 32 m high cliff.
Find the viewing angle between the base and top of the castle wall from the person on the boat.
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1 A right-angled isosceles triangle has area of 4 square units. Determine the exact perimeter of the
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triangle.
E
Hint: insert a line showing the height of the triangle.
4m
30° 10 m
ES
PA T
3 A rectangle ABCD has sides AB = CD = 34 cm. E is a point on CD such that CE = 9 cm and
E EC 4
ED = 25 cm. AE is perpendicular to EB. What is the length of BC?
100°
A
East
PL R
25°
B
M R
5 Which is a better fit? A square peg in a round hole or a round peg in a square hole. Use area
O
7 For positive integers m and n such that n < m, the Pythagorean triples (like 3, 4, 5) can be
generated using a = m2 – n2 and b = 2mn, where a and b are the two shorter sides of the
right-angled triangle.
a Using the above formulas and Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate the third side, generate the
Pythagorean triples for:
i m = 2, n = 1 ii m = 3, n = 2
b Using the expressions for a and b and Pythagoras’ theorem, find a rule for c (the hypotenuse)
in terms of n and m.
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Chapter summary
Finding the hypotenuse Shorter sides Applications
c2= +22 12 2
a2 + 52 = 72 c
=5 7 a
c 1 a2 = 72 − 52 a c b
c = √5 = 24
= 2.24 (to 2 decimal places) ∴ a = √24 5 b
a
G D
SOHCAHTOA Pythagoras’ theorem
E
sin θ = O = 4 c
ES
H 5 a
PA T
A
cos θ = = 3
H 5 b
O
tan θ = = 4 c2 = a2 + b2
E EC 5 (H )
A
4 (O )
3
θ 3 (A)
Pythagoras’ theorem
and trigonometry
PL R
M R
360° T N 000° T 7 cm xm
5m
x tan 36° = x
5
cos 22° =
SA C
W E 7
x = 7 cos 22° x × tan 36° = 5
270° T 090° T 5
= 6.49 x=
(to 2 d. p.) tan 36°
N
B is 150° T N
U
from A
150° Finding angles
A
6
30°
N θ 7.5
Elevation and depression
30°
sin θ = 6
7.5
A is 330° T Depression θ
from B B θ = sin−1 ( 6 )
330° 7.5
θ Elevation = 53.13° (to 2 d. p.)
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Chapter review
Multiple-choice questions
38pt
3A 1 For the right-angled triangle shown, the length of the hypotenuse can be c
5
found from the equation:
A c2 = 52 + 122 B c2 = 52 – 122 12
C c2 = 122 – 52 D c2 = 52 × 122
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E (5 + 12)2
38pt
3B 2 For√the right-angled triangle shown,
√ the value of b is given by: 0.7 m
E
A 0.72 + 0.42 B 0.72 – 0.42
√ √ 0.4 m bm
ES
C 0.42 – 0.72 D 0.72 × 0.42
√
PA T
E (0.7 – 0.42 )2
E EC 38pt
3B 3 For the right-angled triangle shown:
A x2 =
49
2
D x2 + 72 = x2
B 7x2 = 2
E x2 =
2
7
C x2 =
7
2
x
x
7
PL R
38pt
3E 4 For the triangle shown:
c
a c a a
A sin q = B sin q = C sin q =
b a c θ
M R
b c b
D sin q = E sin q =
c b
O
38pt
3F 5 The value of cos 46◦ correct to four decimal places is:
A 0.7193 B 0.6947 C 0.594 D 0.6532 E 1.0355
SA C
38pt
3F 6 In the diagram the value of x, correct to two decimal places, is:
8
A 40 B 13.61 C 4.70 x
N
38pt
3G 7 The length of x in the triangle is given by:
x
U
S A
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38pt
3G 9 A ladder is inclined at an angle of 28° to the horizontal. If the ladder
Chapter review
Ladder
reaches 8.9 m up the wall, the length of the ladder correct to the nearest 8.9 m
metre is: 28°
A 19 m B 4m C 2m
D 10 m E 24 m
38pt
3H 10 The value of q in the diagram, correct to two decimal places, is:
A 0.73◦ B 41.81◦ C 48.19◦ 12
8
G D
◦ ◦
D 33.69 E 4.181 θ
E
Short-answer questions
ES
PA T
38pt
3A/B 1 Find the unknown length in these triangles. Give an exact answer.
E EC
38pt
3B
a
12
35
c
b 4
b
2
6.5 m
PL R
of 4.7 m from the ground. Find the distance (to the nearest centimetre)
4.7 m
between the base of the building and the point where the beam is joined to
the ground.
M R
38pt
3A 3 For this double triangle, find: C
D
a AC
5 cm
O
38pt
3C 4 Two different cafés on opposite sides of an atrium in a shopping centre are respectively 10 m and
15 m above the ground floor. If the cafés are linked by a 20 m escalator, find the horizontal distance (to
N
the nearest metre) across the atrium, between the two cafés.
38pt
3D 5 Find the values of the pronumerals in the three-dimensional objects shown below, correct to two
U
Ext
decimal places.
a 5.3 m b
3 cm
h cm
2m 2 cm
xm 2 cm
x cm
38pt
3F 6 Find the value of each of the following, correct to two decimal places.
a sin 40◦ b tan 66◦ c cos 44◦
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38pt
3F/G/H 7 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to two decimal places.
Chapter review
a b c
x 14 y 9 11
42 29° θ
34°
38pt
3I 8 The angle of elevation of the top of a lighthouse from a point on the
ground 40 m from its base is 35°. Find the height of the lighthouse to
G D
Ext
two decimal places.
35°
40 m
E
38pt 9 A train travels up a slope, making an angle of 7◦ with the
ES
3I
3m
PA T
horizontal. When the train is at a height of 3 m above its
Ext 7°
starting point, find the distance it has travelled up the slope, to
E EC 38pt
3J
Ext
the nearest metre.
38pt
3I 11 From a point on the ground, Geoff measures the angle of elevation of a 120 m tower to be
O
34°. How far from the base of the tower is Geoff, correct to two decimal places?
Ext
38pt
3J 12 A ship leaves Coffs Harbour and sails 320 km east. It then changes direction and sails 240
SA C
km due north to its destination. What will the ship’s true bearing be from Coffs Harbour
Ext
when it reaches its destination, correct to two decimal places?
N
38pt
3I 13 From the roof of a skyscraper, Aisha spots a car at an angle of depression of 51° from the
roof of the skyscraper. If the skyscraper is 78 m high, how far away is the car from the base
U
Ext
of the skyscraper, correct to one decimal place?
38pt
3F 14 Penny wants to measure the width of a river. She places two markers, A and B, 10 m apart
along one bank. C is a point directly opposite marker B. Penny measures angle BAC to be
28°. Find the width of the river to one decimal place.
38pt
3I 15 An aeroplane takes off and climbs at an angle of 15° to the horizontal, at 210 km/h along its
flight path for 15 minutes. Find:
Ext
a the distance the aeroplane travels
b the height the aeroplane reaches, correct to two decimal places.
Uncorrected 3rd sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Greenwood et al., 2015 • ISBN 978-1-107-57007-8 • Ph 03 8671 1400
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Chapter review
Extended-response questions
1 An extension ladder is initially placed so that it reaches 2 m up a wall. The
foot of the ladder is 80 cm from the base of the wall.
a Find the length of the ladder, to the nearest centimetre, in its original
position.
G D
b Without moving the foot of the ladder, it is extended so that it reaches 1 m
further up the wall. How far (to the nearest centimetre) has the ladder been
extended?
E
c The ladder is placed so that its foot is now 20 cm closer to the base of the wall.
ES
i How far up the wall can the ladder length found in part b reach? Round to two decimal places.
PA T
ii Is this further than the distance in part a?
2 From the top of a 100 m cliff, Skevi sees a boat out at sea at an angle of depression of 12°.
E EC
Ext
Emerald Island.
a How many extra kilometres did she fly trying to avoid the storm? Round to the nearest kilometre.
b From Emerald Island she flies directly back to Amber Island. How many kilometres did she travel
on her return trip? Round to the nearest kilometre.
Uncorrected 3rd sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Greenwood et al., 2015 • ISBN 978-1-107-57007-8 • Ph 03 8671 1400
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