Chapter - 6 Internet of Things

Chapter - 6
Internet of Things (IoT)
1
Outline
• Why should we learn about Internet of Things (IoT)?
• What is IoT?
• IoT motivation
• Internet of Things: Components
• Technologies and elements of IoT
• IoT communication technologies
• IoT Hardware and software platforms
• What are the “Things” in the IoT?
• IoT: Charachteristics
• IoT: main concepts
• IoT challenges
• Introduction to cloud computing 2
Why should we learn about IoT?
• It is an emerging technologies
• Growing IoT Services and Applications in

various areas including:
– smart cities, healthcare, transport, logistics, trade,
safety and security, etc.
• Business trends and new opportunities
3
People are connecting to Things
ECG sensor
Internet
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
4
Things are connecting to Things
- Complex and heterogeneous

resources and networks
5
“Things” are connected to the internet
Source: CISCO 6
6
What is IoT ? Education – Partnership – Solutions
The Internet of Things (IoT) is

• the network of physical objects
– devices, vehicles, buildings and other items
– embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity
– that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
• Extending the current Internet and providing:

- connection, communication, and
- inter-networking between devices and physical
objects, or "Things,"
- is a growing trend that is often referred to as the
Internet of Things. 7
What is IoT ?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is
• Building upon the revolutionary success of:
– mobile communication, Internet networks, the advances in sensor,
RFID, Nano and other smart technologies.
• The IoT expands the current Internet with the objective of:
• Connecting objects with sensor and RFID devices (smart
objects).
• Detecting changes in the physical status of connected
things in real-time.
• Identifying and localizing smart objects.
• Monitoring changes in the physical status of connected
things.
8
IoT…
• IoT = Internet of Everything
• Next information revolution
• direct integration: computer + physical world
• Result: automation in all fields
• There are currently 8 – 10 billion connected devices

• Estimates:
– 20 – 25 billion by 2015
– 40 - 50 billion by 2020!
• Cisco (Internet Business Solutions Group)
http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.pdf 9
IoT…
• From any time, any place connectivity for anyone, we
will now have connectivity for anything!
10
IoT…
11
P. Barnaghi et al., "Digital Technology Adoption in the Smart Built Environment", IET Sector Technical Briefing, The Institution of
Engineering and Technology (IET), I. Borthwick (editor), March 2015.
Internet of Things: Motivation
Moving From an Internet of Humans … to an Internet of
Things …
2003 2011 2020

Humans 6.3B 7B 7.6B
Devices 500M 12.5B 50B
12
Internet of Things: Motivation…
Sensor Low Power Capable Mobile Power of the

Cheap Tiny Devices Cloud
Technology – Tiny, Connectivity
Computers
Cheap, Variety
13
Internet of Things: Components
• Radios: chips that provide connectivity based on
various radio protocols.
• Sensors: chips that can measure various
environmental/electrical variables
• Microcontrollers: Processors/storage that allow low
cost intelligence on a chip
• Modules: combine radios, sensors, microcontrollers in a

single package
• Platform software (OS): software that activates,

monitors, analyzes device networks.
14
Internet of Things: Components…
• Application software: presents information in a usable/

analyzable formats for end users
• Device: integrates modules with app software into a

usable form factor.
• Air time: use of licensed or unlicensed frequency

spectrum for communications
• Service: deploying/managing/supporting IoT solution.
15
Internet of Things:
How are the networks changing?
• Extensions
– More nodes, more connections
– Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING
– M2M, IoT
• Billions of interconnected devices,
• Everybody is connected.
• Expansions
– Broadband
– LTE, 5G
• Enhancements
– Smart networks
– Data-centric and content-oriented networking
– Context-aware (autonomous) systems 16
Technologies and elements of IoT
• IoT’s realization depends on continuous technical innovation in a
number of fields
– From wireless sensors to nanotechnology
– Understanding the IoT building blocks helps to gain a better insight
into the real meaning and functionality of the IoT.
• Main technological requirements in areas of:

– Identification and Addressability
– Sensing
– Embedded Intelligence
– Miniaturization
17
Technologies for IoT…
1- Identification & Addressability Mechanisms
• Needed in order to connect everyday objects
and devices
– To large databases and networks
– So that data about things can be collected and processed
• Radio-frequency identification (RFID) offers ID

functionality
– Also barcodes
• IPv6 provides sufficient address space
18
2- Sensing
• The IoT sensing means gathering data from related objects
within the network and sending it back to a data warehouse,
database, or cloud.
• The collected data is analyzed to take specific actions based on
required services.
3- Communication
• The IoT communication technologies connect heterogeneous
objects together to deliver specific smart services.
• WiFi, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4, Z-wave, LTE, RFID, NFC,…
19
4- Computation
• Processing units (e.g., microcontrollers,microprocessors)
• hardware platforms developed to run IoT applications:
– Arduino, UDOO, FriendlyARM, Intel Galileo, Raspberry PI, Zegbee, WiSense,
T-Mote Sky, BTnode
• Software platforms:
– RTOS, TinyOS, LiteOS, Android OS, Windows CE,…
• Cloud Platforms form another important computational

part of the IoT.
• These platforms provide facilities for smart objects:
– to send their data to the cloud,
– for big data to be processed in real-time, and
– eventually for end-users to benefit from the knowledge extracted
from the collected big data.
20
5- Services
• IoT services can be categorized under four classes:
• Identity-related Services: identify objects
• Information Aggregation Services: collect and summarize raw
sensory measurements that need to be processed and reported to
the IoT application.
• Collaborative-Aware Services: use the obtained data to make
decision and react accordingly.
• Ubiquitous Services: Collaborative-Aware Services anytime they are
needed to anyone who needs them anywhere.
6- Semantics
• the ability to extract knowledge smartly by different machines
to provide the required services
21
7- Embedded Intelligence data processing
• Sensing and data collection, sensor data and data-centric networks
• Data processing and stream data analysis
• Query and discovery
• Data classification and clustering
8- Miniaturization
• Advances in miniaturization and nanotechnology
– Smaller and smaller things will have the ability to interact and connect
• A combination of all of these developments will create an Internet
of Things
– Connecting the world’s objects in both a sensory and an intelligent
manner
22
Internet of Things: Communication technologies
Beyond the cellular technology, the Wireless Internet

can refer to a multitude of wireless access standards
23
IoT: Communication Technologies…
24
The IoT: Communication Technologies…
Cellular subscriptions growth (compared to population growth)
25
IoT: Hardware Platform
IEEE 802.15.4
User/Environment 2 sensors 2.4GHz RF System
Sensors & XM1000

Actuators
Device
level “Thing”
Communications
Network
Gateway
Network
level
The Internet The
Internet
Servers
26
IoT: Hardware Platform…
• Sensors:
– They are mainly input components
– They sense and collect surrounding information
– Basically three types:
• Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
• Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
• Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)
• Actuators:
– They are mainly output components
– They alter the surrounding. Some examples:
• Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc.
• Controlling motors to move objects
• Displaying messages
• and others… 27
IoT: Hardware Platform..
Things
• We can turn almost every object into a “thing”.
• A “thing” still looks much like an embedded system currently.
• A “thing” generally consists of four main parts:
– Sensors & actuators
– Microcontroller
– Communication unit
– Power supply
• A “thing” has the following properties:

– It’s usually powered by battery. This implies limited source of energy.
– It’s generally small in size and low in cost. This limits their computing
capability.
– It doesn’t usually perform complicated tasks.
– Power consumption is the main design issue.
28
Communications
• A “thing” always feature communications for “team working”
• The Role of Communications
– Providing a data link between two nodes
• Communication type:
– Wireline (e.g. copper wires, optical fibers)
– Wireless (e.g. RF, IR). RF-based communication is the most popular
choice
• Popular RF-based communication solutions:

– IEEE 802.15.4
– IEEE 802.11 (or Wifi), Wi-Max
– Bluetooth
– IRDA
29
– Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g. RFID
Networks
• The Roles of Networks
– Managing nodes (discovery, join, leave, etc).
– Relaying data packets from the source to the destination node in
the network.
• Networks are a distributed system. All nodes need to perform

networking related tasks.
• RF-based Network in IoT is usually a Wireless Multi-hop
Network. Some examples:
– Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
– Mobile Wireless Ad hoc Networks (MANETs)
– Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs)
– Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
– and others...
– Main concern: Reliability & Performance 30
The Internet
• The Internet serves as a wide area networking for a local network.
• The Internet uses TCP/IP. This implies that things must also support
TCP/IP.
• Gateway (or sink)
– For a practical deployment, a gateway is often needed in a network.
– It offers relaying packets between the network and the Internet.
The Internet
Data link
Gateway
Network 31
Protocol Stack Thing Thing
Application Application
TCP/UDP TCP/UDP
Network (IP) Network (IP)

IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless
PHY/MAC PHY/MAC Medium
Server
Application Gateway
TCP/UDP
Network (IP) Network (IP)
IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.15.4

(Ethernet) The (Ethernet) PHY/MAC
Internet
32
IoT: Software Platforms and Services
• Operating Systems and execution environments
– Contiki, TinyOS
• Relevant protocols and standards
– 6LoWPan, Zegbee, CoAP
• Architecture reference models: M2M architecture and
components
• Gateway/middleware
• Types of services
– In conventional communication networks the target is moving bits from
one place to another
– In the IoT moving the data is not the actual goal.
• The IoT is expected to facilitate providing meaningful information/actions.
33
Example: Type of Services in IoT
Data
Data
Sender
Receiver
A sample data communication in conventional networks

Fire! Some bits
01100011100
Core network
e.g. Internet End-user
Sink
node Gateway
A sample data communication in WSN 34

The Internet of Things: Overview
What is exactly the Internet of Things (IoT) ?
Several definitions, corresponding to different

visions.
“World where things can automatically communicate

to computers and each other providing services to the
benefit of the human kind.”
IoT is a New Wireless Technology

IoT is a New Wireless Standard
IoT is a New Communication Paradigm
35
Where is IoT?
• It’s everywhere! In our daily lives, we have become more
dependent on IoT with our wearable tech, appliances, our cars,
how we receive health care.
Smart Appliances
Wearable
Tech
36
Healthcare
What are the “Things” in the IoT?
• Could be anything
• Physical
• Objects such as
• Climate control
• Security/Disaster alarm system
• Energy/Resource metering (Electricity, Gas, Water)
• Water boiler, Solar boiler
• Car
• The Sun (sunrise/set times, azimuth)
• Living things
• People (self quantification)
• Presence
• Location
• Health metrics
• Weight
• Activity tracking
• Temperature
• Blood Glucose monitors
• Pets
37
What are the “Things” in the IoT?...
• Virtual
• Personal schedule/calendar
• Social
• Email
• Twitter/FB
• Online notification platforms
• WWW resources
• Weather forecasting
• Stocks
• Traffic
• DB Storage
• Visualization dashboards
• Presence
38
The Internet of Things: Main Concepts
The Internet of Things is composed of Smart Objects (SO).
www.samsung.com
Smart Objects: abstract vision
Objects that are able to:

sense the environment, interpret the environment,
self-configure,
interact with other objects and exchange
information with people.
Smart Refrigerator
39
The Internet of Things is composed of Smart Objects (SO).
Smart Objects: implementation vision
 Objects have communication capabilities

 Objects have storage capabilities
 Objects have unique ID
 Objects can be addressable on Internet
(URI/IP)
Internet
40
An example of The Internet of Things: Smart meters
APPLIANCE LOAD
MONITORING
Time
 Daily consumption prediction
 Automatic time scheduling
Energy
Reports
Time GSM Control Center
Schedules 41
Sensor Technologies
Sensors are the KEY concept of IoT
• The ability to detect changes in the physical status of
things is essential for recording changes in the
environment.
• Sensor Market includes:
• Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) - based sensors,
• optical sensors,
• ambient light sensors,
• motion sensors,
• proximity sensors,
• touch sensors,
• fingerprint sensors and more 42
Components of the Internet of Things …
WIRELESS SENSORS
Low-energy computation node, provided

with:
- Computation unit (CPU)
- Wireless communication interface

(Zigbee, Bluetooth, WiFi, etc)
- Environmental Sensing unit

Arduino Sensor (e.g. CO2, temperature, humidity, etc)
43
WIRELESS SENSORS
Sensors can be deployed into

multi-hop networks (WSN) to
cover larger areas.
 Leaf Nodes
Sink  Relay Nodes
 Sink Nodes
Internet
44
Internet of Things: Main Concepts…
Components the Internet of Things …
- Programmableofdevices
- Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools
45
Internet of Things: Main Concepts…
More “Things” are being connected
Home/daily-life devices
Business and
Public infrastructure
Health-care
…
46
The Internet of Things: Main Concepts…
Network protocol
stack for a
sensor node
47
IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
 Defines MAC/PHY functionalities of a sensor node

 Operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM bands, 16 channels
available
 Transmission range: up to 75 meter
 Transmission data-rate: up to 250 KB/s
 Optimized for low-energy communication
48
6LoWPAN (Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks)
 Network protocol that allows IPv6 packets to

be sent to and received from over IEEE
802.15.4 based networks ... In practice, Internet
allows a sensor node to be addressable over
the IPv6 Internet.
 Defines encapsulation and header

compression mechanisms
 Hides the difference between WSN

IPv6/802.15.4 frame formats.
49
RFID TAGS
 Contact-less radio technology

 Tags contain electronically stored information
 Tags can be placed on objects and read by
electronic devices
 Short-range communication
50
RFID TAGS
 Track and Locate Smart objects

 Identify Smart objects
 Tracking of animals
 Smart places implementation
 Indoor navigation
 Transportation systems
 …
51
 Wireless Sensors exist since 1980 …
 WSN based on IEEE 802.15.4 exists since 2007 …
 RFID tags are commonly used since 1973 …
… so what is new with the Internet of Things paradigm?
A1. Pervasiveness of Smart Objects

A2. Seamless Integration of Smart Objects with the
Internet and with other electronic devices!
52
NFC
Bluetooth
ZigBee WiFi
An integrated Internet
IoT scenario
53
Smart Spaces  Ecosystems of Smart Objects
Environments
(apartments, offices, museums,

hospitals, schools, etc) that are
enabled for co-operation of
smart objects and provide
advanced context-aware
functionalities to the visitors..
54
Smart objects (e.g. sensors, smartphones, etc) can

produce huge amounts of data that can be shared
over the Internet and among devices.
Complex data, but lots of novel and useful information

can be extracted
Good News:
New applications/services can be provided over the IoT
Bad News:
How to manage these BIG DATA?
Solution:
BIG DATA Analysis 55
The NFC Technology: an Overview
NFC (Near Field Communication)

 2nd generation of a proximity contact-less technology.
 Designed to support exchange-data, support peer-to-peer

communication and act as a secured smart key.
1th generation 2nd generation
56
The NFC Technology: an Overview…
NFC: Wireless characteristics

 Based on RFID technology at 13,56 MHz
 Data rates range between 100 Kb/s and 424 Kb/s
 Theoretical working distance: up to 0.2m
 Full mutex devices: transmit and receive at the same
time
 Fast setup time: < 0.1s
 Power consumptions: < 15 mA
 Standards: ISO18092 and ISO21481
57
NFC: Two communication modes.
Active Mode Passive Mode
NFC TAG
Both devices generate RF. Only the initiator device

generate RF.
58
NFC Active Communication Mode
Feature NFC Bluetooth

Network ISO 13157 IEEE 802.15.1
Standard
Standardization ISO/IEC Bluetooth SIG
Range < 0.2 meter < 75 meter
Frequency 13,56 MHz 2.4 GHz
Bit Rate Up to 424 Kb/s 1 Mb/s
Set-up Time < 0.1 sec < 5 sec
Network type Point-to-point WLAN
Power < 15 mA (read) varying
consumption 59
Question: HOW does NFC work?
Answer: Through magnetic induction!
60
Question: HOW does NFC work?
1. The reader emits a small electric current,

which creates a magnetic field that in turn
bridges the physical space between the devices.
2. The field is received by a similar coil in the

client device, where it is turned back into
electrical impulses.
3. ‘Passive' NFC tags use the energy from the

reader to encode their response.
61
NFC Passive Communication Mode NFC TAG
 Tag size: 96 - 4096 Bytes of memory

 Data transfer speed: 106, 212, 424 or 848Kb/s
 NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) protocol
 NDEF record types:
 Smart Poster, Text, URI, Signature, Generic Control, etc
62
NFC: Application Scenarios. Online Travel Agency
OTAs are online companies whose websites allow consumer to book various travel
related services directly via internet (Travel shopping via online)
PAY TICKET PAY with CREDIT CARD
63
NFC: Application Scenarios.
NFC Ticketing trails in Europe:
London (December 2012)

Malaga (March 2013)
Strasbourg (April 2013)
…
In Italy:
Mobile wallets trials (2013)
64
NFC: Application Scenarios.
Exchange business card
65
The Internet of Things: Applications
The Internet of Things: Application Domains
http://www.libelium.com/top_50_iot_sensor_applications_ranking/
Smart Parking
Waste Management
Eletromagnetic Monitor Smart Roads
Structural Health Traffic Congestion
Noise Urban Maps Smart Lightning
66
The Internet of Things: Application Domains
Source: L. Atzori et al.”The Internet of Things: A Survey”

Computer Networks (54)18, 2010
67
IoT: Application
68
IoT: Application
69
IoT: Application
• Scenario: Shopping
(2) When shopping in the market, the

goods will introduce themselves.
(1) When entering the doors, scanners

will identify the tags on her clothing.
(4) When paying for the goods, the

microchip of the credit card will
communicate with checkout reader.
(3) When moving the goods, the reader

70
will tell the staff to put a new one.
Application of IoT
Connected Cows
• In the world of IoT, even cows will
be connected
• Sensors implanted in the ears of
cattle
• Allows farmers to monitor cows’
health and track their movement
– Ensuring a healthier, more plentiful
supply of meat for people to consume
• On average, each cow generates

about 200 megabytes of information
a year
71
IoT: Application
• Scenario: Transportation
More than 200 variables on each truck

72
IoT: Applications
• Media
• Environmental monitoring
• Infrastructure management
• Manufacturing
• Energy management
• Medical and health care systems
• Building and home automation
• Transportation
73
IoT: Applications
• Manufacturing
– monitoring product demand
– real-time manufacturing production
– manage supply chain network
74
IoT: Opportunities
75
Source: http://blog.trentonsystems.com/internet-of-things-crosses-business-personal-boundaries/
IoT Application…
76
The IoT Applications
77
IoT: Challenges
How to address things?
Solution: IPv6 Deployment

• The world ran out of IPv4 addresses in February
2010
• IPv6 makes the management of networks easier
– Due to auto configuration capabilities
• IPv6 also offers improved security features
78
IoT: Challenges…
Sensor Energy
• For IoT to reach its full potential, sensors will need to
be self-sustaining
• Imagine changing batteries in billions of devices
deployed across the planet (and even in space)
– Obviously, this isn’t possible
• Need a way for sensors to generate electricity
from environmental elements
– Such as vibrations, light, and airflow
79
IoT: Challenges…
1.Technological Standardization in most areas are still
remain fragmented.
2.managing and promoting rapid innovation is a
challenge for governments
3. privacy and security
4. Absence of governance
5. Vulnerability to internet attack
80
IoT Data- Challenges…
• Multi-modal and heterogeneous
• Noisy and incomplete
• Time and location dependent
• Dynamic and varies in quality
• Crowed sourced data can be unreliable
• Requires (near-) real-time analysis
• Privacy and security are important issues
• Data can be biased- we need to know our data!
81
IoT: Challenges…
Security & Privacy
•Are they important?
•What is the risk?
•What are the challenges?
– Device level
– Network level
– System level
– User level
Solutions?
•E.g IDS using deep learning, cryptography, steganography,…
82
Security Challenges in IoT
1. Insufficient testing and updating
• Currently, there is up to 30 billion devices are
connected with each other and over 60 billion by the
end of 2025.
• Most of these devices and IoT products don’t get
enough updates while, some don’t get updates at all.
• This means that a device that was once thought of as
secure when the customers first bought it becomes
insecure and eventually prone to hackers and other
security issues.
83
Security Challenges in IoT…
3. IoT botnets
2. IoT malware and
A botnet is a collection of
ransomware
internet-connected devices that an
As the number of IoT connected attacker has compromised.
devices continues to rise in the Botnets can be used to perform
following years, so will the Distributed Denial-of-Service
number of malware and (DDoS) attacks, steal data, send
ransomware used to exploit them. spam, and allow the attacker to
Detection of these and other access the device and its
attacks using IDS. connection.
84
4. Data security and privacy
concerns (mobile, web, cloud)
Data is constantly being harnessed,
transmitted, stored and processed
by large companies
using a wide range of IoT devices,
such as smart TVs, speakers and
lighting systems, connected
printers…
Commonly, all this user-data is
shared between or even sold to
various companies, violating our
rights for privacy and Data
security and further driving public
distrust.
85
6. Untrustworthy communication
There are many IoT devices which send messages to the
network without any encryption.
This is one of the biggest IoT security challenge which
exists out there.
Solution
Cryptography and steganography
86
IoT in the Research Community
• Mobile Systems (MobiSys, MobiCom)
• Sensor Systems (SenSys, IPSN)
• Real-Time Systems (RTSS, RTAS)
• Human-Computer Interaction (CHI)
• Applications (UbiComp, PerCom)
• ML/Data Mining (ICML, KDD)
• … and more
87
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing – NIST Definition:
 “A model for enabling convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources
 (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services)
 that can be rapidly provisioned and released
with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction”
88
Cloud Computing Architecture
89
Cloud Service Models…
Software as a Platform as a Infrastructure as a
Service (SaaS) Service (PaaS) Service (IaaS)
SalesForce CRM
LotusLive
Google
App
Engine
90
Adopted from: Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm by peter Mell, Tim
Grance
Open source Cloud Platforms
 OpenStack
 It is open-source software that can be used to build
private as well as public clouds.
 It is an initiative first started by Rackspace and NASA.
 It has three dimensions compute, object storage, and
image service.
 is a cloud operating system that controls large pools of
compute, storage, and networking resources
throughout datacenter.
 all managed through a dashboard that gives
administrators control while empowering their users to
provision resources through a web interface.
91
Automation and Orchestration of IT Resources
Openstack architecture
93
Various Open Source Projects
Reading About OpenStack
The OpenStack Foundation
http://www.openstack.org/
Official OpenStack Documentation

http://docs.openstack.org/
The OpenStack Cloud Computing Cookbook (Second Edition)

http://www.amazon.com/OpenStack-Cloud-Computing-Cookbook-
Jackson/dp/1782167587/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1382033707
&sr=1-1
95
Deploying OpenStack
OpenStack Distributions
Red Hat - http://openstack.redhat.com/
SUSE - https://www.suse.com/products/suse-cloud/
Ubuntu - http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud
Packaged Deploys For Different Linux Distros

Mirantis - https://fuel.mirantis.com/
Piston Cloud Computing - http://www.pistoncloud.com/openstack-cloud-
software/
Rackspace -
http://www.rackspace.com/cloud/private/openstack_software/
Configuration Management Tools

Opscode Chef - https://github.com/opscode/openstack-chef-repo/
Puppet Labs Puppet -http://puppetlabs.com/solutions/cloud-
automation/compute/openstack
96
Open source Cloud Platforms…
 OpenNebula
 is a cloud tool that has storage, network and virtualization
technologies to enable the dynamic placement of services
on distributed infrastructures
 Eucalyptus
 is a private cloud computing platform, which provides a
very powerful API that can easily integrate with Amazon
cloud.
 It has commercial, community, and open source cloud
dimensions.
 CloudSim – cloud simulator
97
What is OpenNebula?
• Orchestrates storage, network and virtualization technologies to
enable the dynamic placement of multi-tier services on
distributed infrastructures, combining both data center
resources and remote cloud resources, according to allocation
policies
• Provides internal and Cloud administration and user interfaces
for the full management of the IaaS Cloud platform
• Private Cloud: Management of virtual

infrastructure in the data-center or cluster
• Hybrid Cloud : Combination of private with

Cloud resources
• Public Cloud: Cloud interfaces for the full

management of services
98
Cloud Computing Challenges
• Cloud computing has many challenges such as:
• security,
• privacy,
• performance,
• availability,
• scalability,
• interoperability,
• portability…
• But the central issue is load balancing which is

required to distribute the workload evenly across
all the nodes.
99
Cloud Issues
 Cloud deployment to IoT
 IoT to cloud – Fog computing
 SDN based IoT
 Security in:
 cloud computing
 IoT
 SDN based IoT
 Solution
 IDS using deep learning and Machine learning algorithms
 Cryptography
 Steganography
100

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Chapter - 6 Internet of Things

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Chapter - 6

Internet of Things (IoT)

• Growing IoT Services and Applications in

• Business trends and new opportunities

People are connecting to Things

- Complex and heterogeneous

“Things” are connected to the internet

The Internet of Things (IoT) is

• Extending the current Internet and providing:

• There are currently 8 – 10 billion connected devices

2003 2011 2020

Sensor Low Power Capable Mobile Power of the

• Modules: combine radios, sensors, microcontrollers in a

• Platform software (OS): software that activates,

• Application software: presents information in a usable/

• Device: integrates modules with app software into a

• Air time: use of licensed or unlicensed frequency

• Service: deploying/managing/supporting IoT solution.

• Main technological requirements in areas of:

• Radio-frequency identification (RFID) offers ID

• Cloud Platforms form another important computational

Beyond the cellular technology, the Wireless Internet

Cellular subscriptions growth (compared to population growth)

Sensors & XM1000

• A “thing” has the following properties:

• Popular RF-based communication solutions:

• Networks are a distributed system. All nodes need to perform

Network (IP) Network (IP)

Network (IP) Network (IP)

IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.15.4

A sample data communication in conventional networks

A sample data communication in WSN 34

What is exactly the Internet of Things (IoT) ?

Several definitions, corresponding to different

“World where things can automatically communicate

IoT is a New Wireless Technology

The Internet of Things is composed of Smart Objects (SO).

Smart Objects: abstract vision

Objects that are able to:

The Internet of Things is composed of Smart Objects (SO).

Smart Objects: implementation vision

 Objects have communication capabilities

Components of the Internet of Things …

Low-energy computation node, provided

- Computation unit (CPU)

- Wireless communication interface

- Environmental Sensing unit

Components of the Internet of Things …

Sensors can be deployed into

Components of the Internet of Things …

Components of the Internet of Things …

IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

 Defines MAC/PHY functionalities of a sensor node

Components of the Internet of Things …

6LoWPAN (Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks)

 Network protocol that allows IPv6 packets to

 Defines encapsulation and header

 Hides the difference between WSN