UNIT-I INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEM Aircraft systems are a complex system. In the design stage and in the operating process to ensure continued airworthiness of the aircraft. It is broken down into simpler sub systems that carry ‘out homogeneous functions. Some examples include but are not limited to: + Flight controls + Landing gear + Electrical system + Bleed system © Hydraulics + Avionics ‘+ Supplemental oxygen + Fuel + Power plant - + Navigation + Communication + Ice protection (anti-icing and de-icing) + Cooling system + Environmental controls + Instrumentation and recording + Fire protection + Safety system Airframe: The mechanical structure of an aircraft is known as the airframe. This structure is typically considered to include the fuselage, undercarriage, empennage and wings, and exclude the propulsion system. Fuselage: The fuselage is an aircraft's main body section. It holds crew, passengers, and cargo. In single-engine aircraft, it will usually contain an engine; the fuselage also serves to position control and stabilization surfaces in specific relationships to lifting surfaces, which is required for aircraft stability and maneuverability. VIB. Tech Aircraft Systems by Sachin Srivastava 1 -INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEM Landing gear: Landing gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft and may be used for either take-off or landing, For aircraft it is generally needed for both, For aircraft, the landing gear supports the craft when it isnot flying, allowing it to take off, land, and taxi without damage. Wheeled landing gear is the most common with skis or floats needed to operate from snow/ice/water and skids for vertical operation on land. Faster aircraft have retractable undercarriages, which fold away during flight to reduce drag. Empennage: The empennage also known as the tail or tail assembly is a structure at the rear of an aircraft that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an arrow. The term derives from the French language word empenner which means "to feather an arrow". Most aircraft feature an empennage incorporating vertical and horizontal stabilizing surfaces which stabilize the flight dynamics of yaw and pitch, as well as housing control surfaces. Wing: A wing is a type of fin that produces lift, while moving through air or some other fluid. ‘As such, wings have streamlined cross-sections that are subject to aerodynamic forces and act as airfoils. A wing's aerodynamic efficiency is expressed as its lift-to-drag ratio. The lift a wing generates, at a given speed and angle of attack can be one to two orders of magnitude greater than the total drag oon the wing. A high lift-to-drag ratio requires a significantly smaller thrust to propel the Wings through the air at sufficient lift. Propulsion System: An aircraft propulsion system generally consists of an aircraft engine and some means to generate thrust, such as a propeller or a propulsive nozzle. An aircraft propulsion must achieve two things. First, the thrust from the propulsion system must balance the drag of system thrust from the propulsion system must the airplane when the airplane is cruising. And second, the exceed the drag of the airplane for the airplane to accelerate, The greater the difference between the thrust and the drag, called the excess thrust, the faster the airplane will accelerate, Aircraft: An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airships (including blimps), gliders, paramotors and hot air balloons. VIB. Tech aircraft Systems by Sachin Srivastava 2i(TRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEM. Avionics: Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft, artificial satellites, and spacecraft, in short Avionic — the science of electronics when used in designing and making aircraft. Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions. These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an airbome early warning platform. The term avionics is a portmanteau of the words aviation and electronics. Aircraft Subsystems: Flight controls system: A conventional fixed-wing aircraft flight control system consists of flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkages, and the necessary operating mechanisms to control an aircraft's direction in flight. Aircraft engine controls are also considered as flight controls as they change speed. ie = © © A typical aircraft's primary flight controls in motion Landing gear system: Landing gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft and may be used for either take-off or landing. For aircraft itis generally needed for both, For aircraft, the landing gear supports the craft when it isnot flying, allowing it to take off, land, and taxi without damage, Wheeled landing gear is the most common with skis or floats needed to operate from snowlice/water and skids for vertical operation on land. Faster aircraft have retractable undercarriages, Which fold away during flight to reduce drag. WV1B.Tech Aircraft Systems by Sachin Srivastava 3'TRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEM ‘The 20-wheeled main undercarriage of an Airbus A380-800 Aireraft Electrical system: An Aircraft Electrical System is a self-contained network of components that generate, transmit, distribute, utilize and store electrical energy. All aircraft electrical systems have components with the ability to generate electricity. Depending upon the aircraft, ‘generators or alternators are used to produce electricity. These are usually engine driven but may also be powered by an APU, a hydraulic motor or a Ram Air Turbine (RAT). Bleed System: Bleed air is compressed air taken from the compressor stage of a gas turbine upstream of its fuel-burning sections. Automatic air supply and cabin pressure controller (ASCPCs) valves bleed air from high or low stage engine compressor sections. Low stage air is used during high power setting operation, and high during descent and other low power setting operations. Bleed air from that system can be utilized for internal cooling of the engine, cross-starting another engine, engine and airframe anti-icing, cabin pressurization, pneumatic actuators, air-driven motors, pressurizing the hydraulic reservoir, and waste and water storage tanks. Some engine maintenance manuals refer to such systems as "customer bleed air’. Bleed air is valuable in an aircraft for two" properties: high temperature and high pressure (typical values are 200-250 °C and 275 kPa (40 PSI), for regulated bleed air exiting the engine pylon for use throughout the aircraft, IVIB.Tech Aircraft Systems by Sachin Srivastava 4INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEM Cabin pressure and bleed air controls in a Boeing 737-800 Hydraulics system: Hydraulics is a division of the science of fluid mechanics that includes the study of liquids and their physical characteristics, both at rest and in motion. The type of hydraulics applied to aircraft and other aerospace-vehicle systems is called power hydraulics because it involves the application of power through the medium of hydraulics. Classical Mechanics ‘Aerodynamics | mechanics live woe tes | ame Hydrodynamics | River | Engineering | 1 Hydraulics | Hydraulics and other studies Avionics system: Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft, artificial satellites, and spacecraft, in short Avionic — the science of electronics when used in designing and making aircraft. Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions. WV B.Tech Aircraft Systems by Sachin Srivastava 5'TRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT. SYSTEM These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an airbome early warning platform. The term avionics is a portmanteau of the words aviation and electronics. Radar and other avionics in the nose of a Cessna Aircraft Fuel system: An aircraft fuel system allows the crew to pump, manage, and deliver aviation fuel (also called jet fuel) to the propulsion system and auxiliary power unit (APU) of an aircraft. Fuel systems differ greatly due to different performance of the aircraft in which they are installed. Fuel is piped through fuel lines to a fuel control valve (usually known as the fuel selector). This valve serves several functions. The first function is to act as a fuel shut-off valve. This is required to provide the crew with a means to prevent fuel reaching the engine in case of an engine fire. The second function is to allow the pilot to choose which tank feeds the engine, Power plant system: An aircraft engine is a component of the propulsion system for an aircraft that generates mechanical power. Aircraft engines are almost always either lightweight piston engines or gas turbines, except for small multicopter UAVs which are almost always electric aircraft. A Rolls-Royce Merlin installed in a preserved Avro York 1V1B. Tech Aircraft Systems by Sachin Srivastava 6NTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEM Navigation system: Navigation is a field of study’ that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation. It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks. All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's position compared to known locations or patterns. : serene Lemania Table of geography, hydrography, and navigation, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia Communication system: Aviation communication refers to the conversing of two or more aircraft. Aircraft are constructed in such a way that makes it very difficult to see beyond what is directly in front of them. As safety is a primary focus in aviation, communication methods such as wireless radio are an effective way for aircraft to communicate with the necessary personnel. §V1B. Tech Aircraft Systems by Sachin Srivastava 7”INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEM zd 3 s ‘igen i ircraft and Aviation communication is the means by which aircraft crews connect with other ai People on the ground to relay information. Aviation communication is a crucial component Pertaining to the successful functionality of aircraft movement both on the ground and in the air. Increased communication reduces the risk of an accident. Ice protection (anti-icing and de-icing): Ice protection systems are designed to keep atmospheric ice from accumulating on aircraft surfaces (particularly leading edges), such as wings, Propellers, rotor blades, engine intakes, and environmental control intakes. If ice is allowed to build up ‘0 a significant thickness it can change the shape of airfoils and flight control surfaces, degrading the performance, control or handling characteristics of the aircraft. An ice pri tection system either Prevents formation of ice, or enables the aircraft to shed the ice before it can grow to a dangerous thickness, Aircraft cooling system: 2) Internal combustion engine cooling: Intemal combustion engine cooling uses either ai or liquid ‘© remove the waste heat from an intemal combustion engine. For small or special Purpose engines, lightweight and relatively simple system. Waterraftcan use water directly from the surounding environment o cool their engines, For water-cooled engines on aircraft and surface vehicles, cooling using air from the atmosphere makes for a waste heat is transferred from a closed loop of ‘Water pumped through the engine to the surrounding atmosphere by a radiator, ») Air cooling system: Air cooling is a method of dissipating heat. It works by expanding the surface area or increasing the flow of air over the object to be cooled, or both, An example of the former is to add cooling fins to the surface of the object, either by making them integral or by attaching them tightly to the object's surface (to ensure efficient heat transfer). In the case of the latter, itis done by using a fan blowing air into or onto the object one wants to cool, The addition of fins to a heat sink increases its total surface area, resulting in greater cooling effectiveness. Environmental control system: The environmental control_system(ECS) of anaireraft provides air supply, thermal control andcabin pressurization for the crew and Passengers. Avionics cooling, smoke detection, and fire suppression are also commonly considered Part of an aircraft's environmental control system. IVIB. Tech Aircraft Systems by Sachin Srivastava) AIRCRAFT Instrumentati cordi fon and recording system: Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring Instruments that are used for indicating, measuring and recording physical quantities such as flow, temperature, level, distance, angle, or pressure ‘The term has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrument-making. Instrumentation can refer to devices as simple as direct- reading thermometers, or as complex as multi-sensor components of industrial control systems. Today, instruments can be found in laboratories, refineries, factories and vehicles, as well as in everyday household use (¢.g., smoke detectors and thermostats), Fire protection: Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially destructive fires. It involves the study of the behavior, compartmentalisation, suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies, as well as the research and development, production, testing and application of mitigating systems, In structures, be they land-based, offshore or even ships, the owners and operators are responsible to maintain their facilities in accordance with a design-basis that is rooted in laws, including the local building code and fire code, which are enforced by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Safety system: The system safety concept calls for arisk management strategy based on identification, analysis of hazards and application of remedial controls using a systems-based approach. This is different from traditional safety strategies which rely on control of conditions and causes of an accident based either on the epidemiological analysis or as a result of investigation of individual past accidents. The concept of system safety is useful in demonstrating adequacy of technologies when difficulties are faced with probabilistic risk analysis, Aviation safety means the state of an aviation system or organization in which risks associated’ with aviation activities, related to, or in direct support of the operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable level. It encompasses the theory, practice, investigation, and categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through regulation, education, and training. It can also be applied in the context of campaigns that inform the public as to the safety of air travel. Operating environmental conditions: A common operating environment (COE) display system for vehicle operations, such as for air transport provides coordination of logistics information with dispatch or a controller. An operational plan, such as a flight plan or other operational plan describing vehicle deployment is stored, and a map visualization system displays a map region. IV1B. Tech Aircraft Systems bby Sachin Srivastava 9°RODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEM ‘An in-vehicle display depicts the operational plan, providing displays of current and projected operational conditions of the vehicle within different time phases of the operational plan. Transfer of updates of the operational plan is performed without replacing substantial portions of the stored data for the operational plan, allowing synchronization of the operational plan with a remotely located facility. The system permits a controller or dispatcher to screen share the in-vehicle display based on information previously stored, as updated by the updates, and permits review of the modified operational plan. Need for integration: The current trend in system design is an increasing level of integration between aircraft functions and the systems that implement them. While there can be considerable value gained when integrating systems with other systems, the increased complexity yields increased possibilities for errors, particularly with functions that are performed jointly across multiple systems. Aircraf/System integration is the task of ensuring all the aircraft systems operate correctly individually and together as installed on the aircraft. This provides the means to show that intersystem requirements, taken as a group, have been satisfied.