Vinegar and baking soda stoichiometry lab report

Introduction:
Stoichiometry describes the quantitative relationship between reactants and products in a chemical
reaction it is basically used to determine limiting reactants as well as the amount of product produced
the purpose of the experiment is to predict the amount of carbon dioxide gas that should be produced
in a chemical reaction than calculate the amount of CO2 using percent yield

Research question:
How much carbon dioxide gas can be produced based on the given reactants in chemical reaction?

Hypothesis:
I predict that if there is more vinegar and more baking soda more carbon dioxide gas will be
released However it will take longer because we will have to wait for all the carbon dioxide gas
to be released the reaction time will increase we will have to wait longer for the baking soda to
react with the vinegar , I also predict that the limiting reactant will be baking soda and the
excess reactant will be vinegar as well as I predict that the actual yield will be less than the
theoretical yield.

Variables:
Independent variable: baking soda (NaHCO3)
Dependent variable: the amount of carbon dioxide released (CO2)
Controlled variable: vinegar (CH3COOH)

Materials:
 One 100 ml beaker labeled “Beaker A”
 One 100 ml beaker labeled “Beaker B”
 10.0 grams of baking soda (NaHCO3)
 50.0 grams of vinegar (CH3COOH)
 Glass rod (for mixing)
 Digital scale

Safety notes:
 Make sure you wear a lab jacket
 Tie your hair (so you don’t get any vinegar and baking soda in your hair)
 Wear gloves
 Wear goggles
 Have adult supervision

Procedure:
1. Label the first 100 ml beaker “beaker A”
2. Record the mass of beaker using your digital scale
3. While beaker A is still on the digital scale add approximately 10.0 grams of baking soda
4. Record the mass of the beaker and baking soda
5. Label the second 100 ml beaker “beaker B”
 6. Place Beaker B on the digital scale and record
7. Pour and weigh 50.0 grams of vinegar into Beaker B
8. Slowly add the vinegar in beaker B to beaker A (the beaker that contains baking soda)
9. Don’t add all the vinegar add just enough to complete the reaction
10. When the Reaction is completed record the mass of both beakers
11. Calculate the carbon dioxide released

Data table:
Data units
Mass of beaker A (empty) 112.6 g grams

Mass of beaker + baking soda 118.4 g grams

Mass of baking Soda 5.8 g grams

Mass of beaker B (empty) 113.2 g grams

Mass of Beaker B + vinegar 183.1 g grams

Mass of Beaker B + vinegar after reaction 114.0 g grams

Mass of vinegar added to Beaker A 69.1 g grams

Mass of Beaker A after reaction 185.6 g grams

Mass of product after the reaction 73 g grams

Mass of Baking soda + vinegar 74.9 g grams

Mass of carbon dioxide lost 1.9 g grams

Data processing:
To calculate the mass of baking soda I subtracted the empty mass of beaker A (112.6g) from the
mass of beaker A that contains baking soda (118.4g) the calculation: 118.4 – 112.6 = 5.8 g which
is the mass of baking soda. To calculate the mass of vinegar added to beaker A I started by
subtracting the mass of beaker B + vinegar after rection (114.0 g) from the mass of beaker B +
vinegar (183.1g) the calculation: 183.1 - 114.0= 69.1. To calculate the mass of product after the
reaction I subtracted the empty beaker A’s mass (112.6 g) from mass of beaker after the
reaction (185.6g) the calculation 185.6 - 112.6 = 73g. To calculate the mass of baking soda +
vinegar I added the mass of baking soda (5.8g) to the mass of vinegar (69.1g). the calculation:
69.1 + 5.8 = 74.9. Finally to calculate the mass of CO2 lost which was the purpose of this
experiment I subtracted the mass of product after the reaction (73 g) from the mass of baking
soda + vinegar (74.9). The calculation: 74.9 – 73 = 1.9

Conclusion:
In conclusion my hypothesis was correct as I predicted that the limiting reactant will be baking
soda and the excess reactant will be vinegar after collecting the results, I found out that the
actual yield was 1.9 grams then I had to calculate the limiting reactant using grams to gram
using this formula TY stands for theoretical yield:

5.8g NaHCO3 1 mol Na 1 mol CO2 44g CO2

= 3.04g (TY)
1 84g NaHCO3 1 mol NHCO3 1 mol

Then I had to calculate the percent yield. To calculate the percent yield I divided the actual yield
and theoretical yield than multiplied it by 100 using this calculation:

Percent yield= 1.9 grams

X 100
3.04 grams
Which gave me a percentage of 62.5%

Finally, I had to calculate the percent error by subtracting the theoretical yield from the actual
yield than dividing it by the theoretical yield than multiplying it by a hundred

Percent error = (1.9 grams-3.04)

X 100
3.04 grams

Which gave me 90%

I Believe I tried my best to make my procedure and experiment as accurate as possible. I tried
to precisely use the right amount of vinegar and baking soda to start the reaction as I also made
sure the scale worked accurately by reweighing the beakers multiple times.

If I was to do this experiment I’ll try avoiding any problems I encountered by doing it with my
lab partner (Aryam) it was easier to conduct, analyze and discuss the practical. If we had more
time We could have also reweighed the beakers in the experiment multiple times to make sure
that our results are accurate, and no mistakes were made. Another way we could have
improved the experiment is if we increased the number of experiments conducted as we would
have had more data to analyze like we could have tried another experiment using more baking
soda and less vinegar to see the amount pf carbon dioxide lost.

Done by: Maitha mohammed 11DP