Design Patterns:

Experience in Java Design patterns?

I. What do you understand by Singleton design pattern?

The Singleton's purpose is to control object creation, limiting the number of obejcts to one only. Since there
is only one Singleton instance, any instance fields of a Singleton will occur only once per class, just like static
fields. Singletons often control access to resources such as database connections or sockets.
For example, if you have a license for only one connection for your database or your JDBC driver has trouble
with multithreading, the Singleton makes sure that only one connection is made or that only one thread can
access the connection at a time

II. Write a program to implement singleton pattern?

The easiest implementation consists of a private constructor and a field to hold its result, and a static
accessor method with a name like getInstance().
The private field can be assigned from within a static initializer block or, more simply, using an initializer. The
getInstance( ) method (which must be public) then simply returns this instance:

// File Name: Singleton.java

public class Singleton {
private static Singleton singleton = new Singleton( );
/* A private Constructor prevents any other
* class from instantiating.
*/
private Singleton(){ }
/* Static 'instance' method */
public static Singleton getInstance( ) {
return singleton;
}
/* Other methods protected by singleton-ness */
protected static void demoMethod( ) {
System.out.println("demoMethod for singleton");
}
}
Here is the main program file where we will create singleton object:
// File Name: SingletonDemo.java
public class SingletonDemo {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
Singleton tmp = Singleton.getInstance( );
tmp.demoMethod( );
}
}

This would produce the following result:

demoMethod for singleton
Example 2: Following implementation shows a classic Singleton design pattern
public class ClassicSingleton {
private static ClassicSingleton instance = null;
protected ClassicSingleton() {
// Exists only to defeat instantiation.
}
public static ClassicSingleton getInstance() {
if(instance == null) {
instance = new ClassicSingleton();
}
return instance;
}
}

The ClassicSingleton class maintains a static reference to the lone singleton instance and returns that
reference from the static getInstance() method.
Here ClassicSingleton class employs a technique known as lazy instantiation to create the singleton; as a
result, the singleton instance is not created until the getInstance() method is called for the first time. This
technique ensures that singleton instances are created only when needed.

III. List Design patterns that you have worked on?

IV. Explain Visitor Pattern? [Unanswered]

In Visitor pattern, we use a visitor class which changes the executing algorithm of an element class. By this
way, execution algorithm of element can vary as and when visitor varies. This pattern comes under behavior
pattern category. As per the pattern, element object has to accept the visitor object so that visitor object
handles the operation on the element object.
 V. What are three categories of design patterns in java?
There are 23 design patterns which can be classified in three categories: Creational, Structural and
Behavioral patterns.

VI. Explain singleton pattern and write a program to implement? If suppose 5 threads are calling singleton
method what would happen ?
The singleton pattern is implemented by creating a class with a method that creates a new instance of the
class if one does not exist. If an instance already exists, it simply returns a reference to that object. To make
sure that the object cannot be instantiated any other way, the constructor is made private.
Even if it is called by 5 threads, no problem will come.

VII. Explain decorator pattern and write a program to implement?

Decorator pattern allows a user to add new functionality to an existing object without altering its structure.
This type of design pattern comes under structural pattern as this pattern acts as a wrapper to existing class.
This pattern creates a decorator class which wraps the original class and provides additional functionality
keeping class methods signature intact.

example to decorate a shape with some color without alter shape class.

Implementation

We're going to create a Shape interface and concrete classes implementing the Shape interface.
We will then create an abstract decorator class ShapeDecorator implementing the Shape
interface and having Shape object as its instance variable.

RedShapeDecorator is concrete class implementing ShapeDecorator.

DecoratorPatternDemo, our demo class will use RedShapeDecorator to decorate Shape objects.
Step 1
Create an interface.
Shape.java
public interface Shape {
void draw();
}
Step 2
Create concrete classes implementing the same interface.
Rectangle.java
public class Rectangle implements Shape {

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Shape: Rectangle");
}
}
Circle.java
public class Circle implements Shape {

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Shape: Circle");
}
}
Step 3
Create abstract decorator class implementing the Shape interface.
ShapeDecorator.java
public abstract class ShapeDecorator implements Shape {
protected Shape decoratedShape;

public ShapeDecorator(Shape decoratedShape){

this.decoratedShape = decoratedShape;
}

public void draw(){

decoratedShape.draw();
}
}
Step 4
Create concrete decorator class extending the ShapeDecorator class.
RedShapeDecorator.java
public class RedShapeDecorator extends ShapeDecorator {

public RedShapeDecorator(Shape decoratedShape) {

super(decoratedShape);
}

@Override
public void draw() {
decoratedShape.draw();
setRedBorder(decoratedShape);
}

private void setRedBorder(Shape decoratedShape){

System.out.println("Border Color: Red");
}
}
Step 5
Use the RedShapeDecorator to decorate Shape objects.
DecoratorPatternDemo.java
public class DecoratorPatternDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {

Shape circle = new Circle();

 Shape redCircle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Circle());

Shape redRectangle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Rectangle());

System.out.println("Circle with normal border");
circle.draw();

System.out.println("\nCircle of red border");

redCircle.draw();

System.out.println("\nRectangle of red border");

redRectangle.draw();
}
}
Step 6
Verify the output.
Circle with normal border
Shape: Circle

Circle of red border

Shape: Circle
Border Color: Red

Rectangle of red border

Shape: Rectangle
Border Color: Red

VIII. Explain Factory pattern and write a program to implement?

Factory pattern is one of most used design pattern in Java. This type of design pattern comes under
creational pattern as this pattern provides one of the best ways to create an object.
In Factory pattern, we create object without exposing the creation logic to the client and refer to newly
created object using a common interface.

IX. Explain Abstract factory pattern and write a program to implement?

Abstract Factory patterns work around a super-factory which creates other factories. This factory is also
called as factory of factories. This type of design pattern comes under creational pattern as this pattern
provides one of the best ways to create an object.
In Abstract Factory pattern an interface is responsible for creating a factory of related objects without
explicitly specifying their classes. Each generated factory can give the objects as per the Factory pattern.
Implementation:
Step 1
Create an interface for Shapes.
Shape.java
public interface Shape {
void draw();
}
Step 2
Create concrete classes implementing the same interface.
Rectangle.java
public class Rectangle implements Shape {

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Inside Rectangle::draw() method.");
}
}
Square.java
public class Square implements Shape {

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Inside Square::draw() method.");
}
}
Circle.java
public class Circle implements Shape {

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Inside Circle::draw() method.");
}
}
Step 3
Create an interface for Colors.
Color.java
public interface Color {
void fill();
}
Step4
Create concrete classes implementing the same interface.
Red.java
public class Red implements Color {
 @Override
public void fill() {
System.out.println("Inside Red::fill() method.");
}
}
Green.java
public class Green implements Color {

@Override
public void fill() {
System.out.println("Inside Green::fill() method.");
}
}
Blue.java
public class Blue implements Color {

@Override
public void fill() {
System.out.println("Inside Blue::fill() method.");
}
}
Step 5
Create an Abstract class to get factories for Color and Shape Objects.
AbstractFactory.java
public abstract class AbstractFactory {
abstract Color getColor(String color);
abstract Shape getShape(String shape) ;
}
Step 6
Create Factory classes extending AbstractFactory to generate object of concrete class based on given
information.
ShapeFactory.java
public class ShapeFactory extends AbstractFactory {

@Override
public Shape getShape(String shapeType){

if(shapeType == null){
return null;
}

if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("CIRCLE")){
 return new Circle();

}else if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("RECTANGLE")){
return new Rectangle();

}else if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("SQUARE")){
return new Square();
}

return null;
}

@Override
Color getColor(String color) {
return null;
}
}
ColorFactory.java
public class ColorFactory extends AbstractFactory {

@Override
public Shape getShape(String shapeType){
return null;
}

@Override
Color getColor(String color) {

if(color == null){
return null;
}

if(color.equalsIgnoreCase("RED")){
return new Red();

}else if(color.equalsIgnoreCase("GREEN")){
return new Green();

}else if(color.equalsIgnoreCase("BLUE")){
return new Blue();
}
 return null;
}
}
Step 7
Create a Factory generator/producer class to get factories by passing an information such as Shape or Color
FactoryProducer.java
public class FactoryProducer {
public static AbstractFactory getFactory(String choice){

if(choice.equalsIgnoreCase("SHAPE")){
return new ShapeFactory();

}else if(choice.equalsIgnoreCase("COLOR")){
return new ColorFactory();
}

return null;
}
}
Step 8
Use the FactoryProducer to get AbstractFactory in order to get factories of concrete classes by passing an
information such as type.
AbstractFactoryPatternDemo.java
public class AbstractFactoryPatternDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {

//get shape factory

AbstractFactory shapeFactory = FactoryProducer.getFactory("SHAPE");

//get an object of Shape Circle

Shape shape1 = shapeFactory.getShape("CIRCLE");

//call draw method of Shape Circle

shape1.draw();

//get an object of Shape Rectangle

Shape shape2 = shapeFactory.getShape("RECTANGLE");

//call draw method of Shape Rectangle

shape2.draw();

//get an object of Shape Square

 Shape shape3 = shapeFactory.getShape("SQUARE");

//call draw method of Shape Square

shape3.draw();

//get color factory

AbstractFactory colorFactory = FactoryProducer.getFactory("COLOR");

//get an object of Color Red

Color color1 = colorFactory.getColor("RED");

//call fill method of Red

color1.fill();

//get an object of Color Green

Color color2 = colorFactory.getColor("Green");

//call fill method of Green

color2.fill();

//get an object of Color Blue

Color color3 = colorFactory.getColor("BLUE");

//call fill method of Color Blue

color3.fill();
}
}
Step 9
Verify the output.
Inside Circle::draw() method.
Inside Rectangle::draw() method.
Inside Square::draw() method.
Inside Red::fill() method.
Inside Green::fill() method.
Inside Blue::fill() method.

X. Explain Adaptor pattern and write a program to implement?

Adapter pattern works as a bridge between two incompatible interfaces. This type of design pattern comes
under structural pattern as this pattern combines the capability of two independent interfaces.
This pattern involves a single class which is responsible to join functionalities of independent or
incompatible interfaces. A real life example could be a case of card reader which acts as an adapter between
memory card and a laptop. You plugin the memory card into card reader and card reader into the laptop so
that memory card can be read via laptop.
The following example demonstrates in which an audio player device can play mp3 files only and wants to
use an advanced audio player capable of playing vlc and mp4 files.
Implementation
We have a MediaPlayer interface and a concrete class AudioPlayer implementing the MediaPlayer interface.
AudioPlayer can play mp3 format audio files by default.
We are having another interface AdvancedMediaPlayer and concrete classes implementing the
AdvancedMediaPlayer interface. These classes can play vlc and mp4 format files.
We want to make AudioPlayer to play other formats as well. To attain this, we have created an adapter class
MediaAdapter which implements the MediaPlayer interface and uses AdvancedMediaPlayer objects to play
the required format.
AudioPlayer uses the adapter class MediaAdapter passing it the desired audio type without knowing the
actual class which can play the desired format. AdapterPatternDemo, our demo class will use AudioPlayer
class to play various formats.
Step 1
Create interfaces for Media Player and Advanced Media Player.
MediaPlayer.java
public interface MediaPlayer {
public void play(String audioType, String fileName);
}
AdvancedMediaPlayer.java
public interface AdvancedMediaPlayer {
public void playVlc(String fileName);
public void playMp4(String fileName);
}
Step 2
Create concrete classes implementing the AdvancedMediaPlayer interface.
VlcPlayer.java
public class VlcPlayer implements AdvancedMediaPlayer{
@Override
public void playVlc(String fileName) {
System.out.println("Playing vlc file. Name: "+ fileName);
}

@Override
public void playMp4(String fileName) {
//do nothing
}
}
Mp4Player.java
public class Mp4Player implements AdvancedMediaPlayer{
 @Override
public void playVlc(String fileName) {
//do nothing
}

@Override
public void playMp4(String fileName) {
System.out.println("Playing mp4 file. Name: "+ fileName);
}
}
Step 3
Create adapter class implementing the MediaPlayer interface.
MediaAdapter.java
public class MediaAdapter implements MediaPlayer {

AdvancedMediaPlayer advancedMusicPlayer;

public MediaAdapter(String audioType){

if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc") ){
advancedMusicPlayer = new VlcPlayer();

}else if (audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")){
advancedMusicPlayer = new Mp4Player();
}
}

@Override
public void play(String audioType, String fileName) {

if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc")){
advancedMusicPlayer.playVlc(fileName);
}
else if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")){
advancedMusicPlayer.playMp4(fileName);
}
}
}
Step 4
Create concrete class implementing the MediaPlayer interface.
AudioPlayer.java
public class AudioPlayer implements MediaPlayer {
MediaAdapter mediaAdapter;

@Override
public void play(String audioType, String fileName) {

//inbuilt support to play mp3 music files

if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp3")){
System.out.println("Playing mp3 file. Name: " + fileName);
}

//mediaAdapter is providing support to play other file formats

else if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc") || audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")){
mediaAdapter = new MediaAdapter(audioType);
mediaAdapter.play(audioType, fileName);
}

else{
System.out.println("Invalid media. " + audioType + " format not supported");
}
}
}
Step 5
Use the AudioPlayer to play different types of audio formats.
AdapterPatternDemo.java
public class AdapterPatternDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
AudioPlayer audioPlayer = new AudioPlayer();

audioPlayer.play("mp3", "beyond the horizon.mp3");

audioPlayer.play("mp4", "alone.mp4");
audioPlayer.play("vlc", "far far away.vlc");
audioPlayer.play("avi", "mind me.avi");
}
}
Step 6
Verify the output.
Playing mp3 file. Name: beyond the horizon.mp3
Playing mp4 file. Name: alone.mp4
Playing vlc file. Name: far far away.vlc
Invalid media. avi format not supported
 XI. What are design patterns in java?
Design patterns represent the best practices used by experienced object-oriented software developers.
Design patterns are solutions to general problems that software developers faced during software
development. These solutions were obtained by trial and error by numerous software developers over quite
a substantial period of time.
Design Patterns have two main usages in software development.
Common platform for developers
Design patterns provide a standard terminology and are specific to particular scenario. For example, a
singleton design pattern signifies use of single object so all developers familiar with single design pattern will
make use of single object and they can tell each other that program is following a singleton pattern.
Best Practices
Design patterns have been evolved over a long period of time and they provide best solutions to certain
problems faced during software development. Learning these patterns helps unexperienced developers to
learn software design in an easy and faster way.

XII. Explain Adapter and Decorator and difference between them?

Adapter pattern works as a bridge between two incompatible interfaces. This type of design pattern comes
under structural pattern as this pattern combines the capability of two independent interfaces.
This pattern involves a single class which is responsible to join functionalities of independent or
incompatible interfaces. A real life example could be a case of card reader which acts as an adapter between
memory card and a laptop. You plugin the memory card into card reader and card reader into the laptop so
that memory card can be read via laptop.
Decorator pattern allows a user to add new functionality to an existing object without altering its structure.
This type of design pattern comes under structural pattern as this pattern acts as a wrapper to existing class.
This pattern creates a decorator class which wraps the original class and provides additional functionality
keeping class methods signature intact.

XIII. What is factory design pattern?

Factory pattern is one of most used design pattern in Java. This type of design pattern comes under
creational pattern as this pattern provides one of the best ways to create an object.
In Factory pattern, we create object without exposing the creation logic to the client and refer to
newly created object using a common interface.