OPERATIONS OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION, DIVISION

PROCESS

Apply both the rules of operations of

fractions/decimals and integers.
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
❑FRACTIONS
4 3
+
9 9
The fractions above are similar fractions, fractions with equal denominator. To
add/subtract similar fractions, just add/subtract the numerator and copy the
denominator.
4 3 4+3 𝟕
+ = =
9 9 9 𝟗
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
❑FRACTIONS
4 3
− +
9 9
The fractions above has integer as numerator. Apply the rule of addition of fractions
and integers.
4 3 −4 + (3)
− + =
9 9 9
4 3 𝟏
− + =−
9 9 𝟗
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
❑FRACTIONS
4 3
− +
5 7
In addition of dissimilar fractions, convert them into similar fractions by determining the Least
Common Denominator (LCD) and apply the rule of addition
4 3
− +
5 7
The LCD of 5 and 7 is 35.
7 × 4 5×3
− +
35 35
28 15 −28 + (15)
− + =
35 35 35
4 3 𝟏𝟑
− + =−
5 7 𝟑𝟓
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
❑FRACTIONS
5 4
−
8 5
In subtraction of dissimilar fractions, convert them into similar fractions by determining the Least
Common Denominator (LCD) and apply the rule of subtraction.
5 4
−
8 5
The LCD of 8 and 5 is 40.
5 ×5 8×4
−
40 40
25 32 25 − 32 25 + (−32)
− = =
40 40 40 40
5 4 𝟕
− =−
8 5 𝟒𝟎
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION (WORK SPACE)
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
❑DECIMALS (ALL ADDITION)
4.07 + 10.08 + 0.109 =
Write vertically such that the digits are aligned according to their place values and
the decimal points are in one column.
4.07 4.070
10.08 10.080 (Fill the missing decimal places with zero)
+ 0.109 + 0.109
14.259
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
❑DECIMALS (MIXED OPERATIONS)
(9.06) – 8.05 + 0.206 =
Start with the first two numbers.
9.06
- 8.05
1.01
Then combine (either add or subtract, depending upon the operation indicated) the result with the third
number.
1.010
+ 0.206
1.216
So, 9.06 – 8.05 + 0.206 = 1.216
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION (WORK SPACE)
MULTIPLICATION
❑ Multiply the numerators and denominators and simplify.
❑ Apply the rules of integer multiplication for the sign
❑(+) x (+) = (+)
❑(-) x (-) = (+)
❑(-) x (+) = (-)

❑ Multiplication notations:
❑ 𝑎 × 𝑏 “times”
❑ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 “dot”
❑ (𝑎)(𝑏) “parenthesis only”
MULTIPLICATION
❑ FRACTIONS

12 35
− ∙
25 36

−12 ∙ (35) ALTERNATE METHOD:

25 ∙ (36) -1 7
−12 ∙ (35)
420 25 ∙ (36)
− 5 3
900
−1 ∙ (7) 𝟕
𝟕 =−
5 ∙ (3) 𝟏𝟓
−
𝟏𝟓
MULTIPLICATION
❑ FRACTIONS
3 4
−3 ∙ 1
4 5

Change into improper fractions and multiply.

15 9 (−15)(9)
− ∙ =
4 5 (4)(5)
135
−
20
𝟐𝟕
−
𝟒
MULTIPLICATION (WORK SPACE)
MULTIPLICATION
❑ DECIMALS
−0.08 × 367.5
Multiply as if we are multiplying whole numbers.

(367.5) 1 decimal place

x (-0.08) 2 decimal places
-29400
. 3 decimal places

Count the total number of decimal places in both factors and that will be the number of decimal places in the
product.
−0.08 × 367.5 = −𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐨𝐫 − 𝟐𝟗. 𝟒
MULTIPLICATION (WORK SPACE)
DIVISION
❑ Get the reciprocal of the divisor (second number) and change the operation to
multiplication.
❑ Then, apply the rule of multiplication of fractions
❑ Apply the rules of integer multiplication for the sign
❑(+) ÷ (+) = (+)
❑(-) ÷ (-) = (+)
❑(-) ÷ (+) = (-)
DIVISION
❑ FRACTIONS
8 16
÷
15 25
Get the reciprocal of the divisor (second number) and change the operation to
multiplication.
1 5
8 25 (8)(25)
∙ =
15 16 (15)(16)
3 2
1 5
(3)(2)
8 16 𝟓
÷ =
DIVISION (WORK SPACE)
DIVISION
❑ DECIMALS (DIVIDING WITH WHOLE NUMBER)
8.04÷12
Divide as if we’re dividing whole numbers.
0.67
12 8.04
72
84
84
0
DIVISION
❑ DECIMALS (DIVIDING WITH DECIMAL)
3.52÷(-0.4)
Move the decimal point of divisor to the rightmost end to make it a whole number.
Then, move the decimal point of the dividend to the right the same number of places
as we moved the decimal point of the divisor.
3.52÷(-0.4) → 35.2 ÷(-4) -8.8
-4 35.2
32
32
32
0
DIVISION (WORK SPACE)