CHAPTER 5

WATER AND WASTE WATER

d) Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient “Chw” value for various pipe

materials.

DESCRIPTION OF PIPE Chw

Pipes extremely straight and smooth 140
Pipes very smooth 130
Smooth wood, smooth masonry 120
New riveted steel, vitrified clay 110
Old cast iron, ordinary brick 100
Old riveted steel 95
Old iron in poor condition 60 - 80

6. Irrigation

a) Water for domestic gardening shall be included in the potable water

demands and an individual assessment will have to be done in each
project, as it may be influenced by the distribution between the different
residential types. In many projects an allowance for residential irrigation
of 145 Lpcd has been included. Reference is made to the standards for
irrigation water in RCER 2004.

b) Lawn areas shall be irrigated by surface spray sprinklers using only

potable water.

7. Physical Losses (Leakage)

a) The physical losses from pipes in the water supply system will depend
on the age of the pipes, pipe material and joints, pressure in the system
and construction conditions.

b) Very often 10% of the total water consumption is added to cater for the
water losses, but in some examples actual studies have showed losses
less than 2%. Therefore, the designers must each time make an
individual assessment of the expected water losses.

E. Key Design Parameters

1. Peak Factors

a) The peak day consumption is calculated as:

peak factor on daily consumption * average daily consumption over the
year

b) The peak hour (in a day) consumption is calculated as:

peak factor on hourly consumption * average hourly consumption over
the day

c) The peak hour (in a year) consumption is calculated as:

Rev 0 5-7