Gentry

Euclidean geometry V
Vector geometry v
Complex numbers in geometry
conics
Analytic geometry

Euclideangeometry geometry of the triangle

f Semi
perimeter of
A ABC
ma
Heron's
d formulafor
y
the area of
D ABC
A
K teh
H is the orthocenter of A ABC
2
ha her 2 he 2

AB ABG ec
k BC.sinzf a.SI
 i

uncleof
is A ABC

0 center of the circumcircle

I center of the Encircle
AAs BBS CG are the bisectors
of AABC and have
one point in common which I

radius of the circumcircle circumradius

E radius of the incinde inradius
ab k 12222 Euler's
R r
inequality

This is equivalent with

excl use AM Gia
IT btc a Etta irreg
 bl e.sc
feaxctaeyslbtc atfcta

E eE a
HiG 0 are
on the same
is line LEulers
line

the intersection of the medians is 6 centroid

of A ABC
Notations length of the altitude fromA
he tag the bisector from A
gth of
the median from A
Moe length of
t
se
i
Sinelaw

ZR.LI
A ABC
giana sfnB sfnc

cosinelave

lftze
AABC cosA

aandendtohgff.IS
ewart'stheorom

hI
Apply the cosine law in DAB in with angled
and again cosine law in A ABC with angled

From Stewart's we can derive the following

loeffff.ca z
aX ma 2CeftE49
 Sometrigonometricformulas
sin it cost I Sin 2x 2sinX cosX
cos 2x Cos2x sink

Menelausandcevatheorems.IO
Menelaus theorem
A X Y E transversal

XiyzarecollinearpointX
on the same line

B
yoAEz

Fai i
IEEEn
 A
I.B c

Putnam 136 19821

Problemse
Let KCx y denote the area of a triangle
whose sides have lengths x y and Z For
with sides a b c and
two triangles
any prove that
al did respectively

fk tread E ikEaI
Solution
Let 5 atb semiperimeter of AABC and
I citizen semiperimeter of A A B'd
Heron's formula
K Ca b c
stage
k l al b d teases
Denote t S a a S b V S C Then

Kla h d VE and denote

 t est al µ I b and test d Then
kld.li d TIE Now we have

K Cata btw Ctd TstttthinkwT

Our inequality is equivalent to

FE fI
Fstu
that o and helez Reo
Remember for as an

c
TEE IIIa III GII
solved in recitation 1
N4_ LT

ProblemI Putnam A2,19857

be acute inscribe a pair
Let T an triangle
in T as below
R s of rectangles

E
 Let AKI denote the area of polygon X Find
maximum
the maximum value or show that he
exists of
Althoff where T
ranges over
all triangles and R S over all rectangles as
above
Solution We generalize the problem
UnLYn r

Un442nsDVn 2
Un2 I Vn2

U
as at

the T divides T
The altitude of triangle
U on the left and V
into right triangles
on the right
above Ra on the
On small right triangle
Vn small right triangle above Rn offthe
ktexd.l
Avi fait ACU A Nit fazif.AT
So we have

II AND
t.EANilEE.at CAhftAI
ACT
Nowi
T2 Atri
i
C.E.AM
AUT

ACT
iIA

1 E a Act
i E at
Tt
keep in mind that I Eg
the Schwarz's inequality we have
By Cauchy
n

at a
E at
2 Z
th so
2
 Tiniamaitaifenet
Eia e

for at are
9Efi

For our problem n the maximum

values is I 13 Zz LT

Problem3 Putnam A2 2004

For E i z let Ti be a triangle with side
lengths ai bi ci and area Ai Suppose that
ask a2 be EGz Cs EG and that Tz is od
Does it follow that Ae E Az

Solution YES
L2
it

since the two sets have the same

sum
ofieangles
hitBit ri I 2 it follows that there
is an angle from Tz which is largerthan its
 angle on Te
corresponding
WLOG 2274 and place Te and Tz with this
angle at the origin and b sides on the xaxis
Now take the b sides to be the bases
of Te
and T2 Then hi Ci Sindi E 1,2 so

he G sinLe
hz Cz sin.dz 2

Now the areas of T1 and Tz are given

by
Arla Te Iz bshe E
z bz he area T2 LT

Problein Putnam B1 19991

ABC has c and
Right triangle right angle
BAC 0 the point D is chosen on AB such
that I Act IAD1 1 the point E is chosen on
BC so that CDE f The perpendicular to Be
at E meets AB at F Evaluate fizno I EFI
C
solution

a
 D
consider a ACD AG AD 1 it follows that
ACD I ADG 98 Oz So DCE Oz

Consider A CDE apply the simelaw isaina sf

nz

or since
DTsnoz.sn equivalently

SEE Remember that firm since

Now otimoEinnoF which

toEmosEoIE
IIi.z
means that mo t I
Now I EBD 98 Ct and et ED13 98 Oz Now
Applying the sine law in ADEB we have
Etfs Foot s 1 excl so

FEFs
This implies that fesom Efg 2 or mo EEE
 it follows that firm Eff Iz excl

Now D ABC B BEF so

Effi 2
N so as o_0
A
we have that firm EF
AC.fi
IzProblem5 fQBz
Putnam AI 19977

A rectangle HOME has sides H0 11 and019 5

A triangleABchastastherintersectionof
utes
th.ee
othecenterofakaimsaibedrurde
ta the midpoint of Bo and f the foot
the altitude A What is the lengthof
of from
BC
Solution H orthocenter of AABC
o circumcenter of A ABC
G centroid of A ABC

Iii
III

I
5 5
 q

Enlisting Hi6,0 are collinear on the

same line
keep in mind that the centroid of a triangle
lies 23 of the way from A to K
This implies that it lies 3 of the way from
A to F so A E 15
Now D BFH Nb AFC why which implies

Bp IIE.or Bf FC AF FH 15 5 75

But BCEd3FtFC5 even

BE4yt t2BEyyg.ca
2
better BEE LBFt FOI BETA 4 BE FC

NOW
7
BE FC BM t the MC thF 2191 22
So BE 222 4 75 so BC 02274.75
84 28 LT

Problem6 Putnam AG 1998

 Let ABandcdenotedistinotpoints
withered
Prove that if
lAB Dt8
BC 11
then A.B.carethreevertiasofras.ge
Solution keep in mind that A B care lattice
points
A
we have to show that AB Bf
and 0 98
0
FAI
The area of a triangle
with vertices integer
of
no oaofnnatIegnhIfttTexa

We have
2
IABHIB.cl lABftlBcft2IABl.lBd

Also lABftIB AB 241322243

and IABI.tl AABcCsfnelawi fact

C I above
Now We have
 8 34Eq IAB1411342 4 area CAABC
Z C C I C

E IABR IBCR IZIABI.lk z IABlttBd

2L8areaCAABG
27
This means that 8 area AABC IABRtlBd
4areaCAABA
SO 4 34 IABR
IBCFZHABI.IB.cl AB lBc1
and since
2 area AABC LABI IBD 7 13 909
Ly

U 7

let
 ii I hit hit costcies
dotproduct
crossproduct u o

the Heike s.ae

sionsliI EihIf l st
Ii titillated
I VI 02,03

axe
t.to li't
tee
Iii x El Iii't III sin CUTED

i t
M
Hei xie E ii n'Zo
tix E Exit ii TEI et
2
3 tix Etui n'x Hei xiu
4 Tix Exit vii ie ti CE.it tv
Ext Ex tix fix E P
5 ri x rice x

identity
dl kxiif ltil.lv i.EEf
Applicationsintudideangeomety
T
M

Jae
h the
p

o
7955
OF k TB
A M B
f Tpa
1f
ex if ta is the midpoint of TAB then let
0Th
E EA EB
A
Triangle rule Chasles

T
 Veryimportantlemana Cheibniz
AABC with G its centroid Then for any
the plane we have
point in in
taA EB itTE 3 FI

DRAAL AA 2

µ
At
or Equivalently
M
2 t a

DMBC B L
11 1
B Ae e
 taI zEBtK

Finally we have 3158 tint2Fiae MII zzCEB.EE

3MI tMBtMIC LT

Particular cases

17 19 0 circumcenter

EAtoBtoI 3
2 EEG centroid
EAtEBtEc
3 MEH orthocenter

3 HI Ift IBTHI
41 ME Ilimanter
3II tAtIB I

Sylvestoiseguality
is set at the circumcenter one
if the origin
ABC then
of the triangle
 o
Ato

Also one can show that FIE

268 so 4,60
are on the same line Euler's line

similar lemma
D ABC and I is its incenter
Then for any
the we have
point in in plane
1
a Fiat b EB c EE Cathie EI

Leibnezbequality
if we square thatTTBtho 3158 we obtain
Haft IMBft MCR IGAft 1GBFt 1644311961
Problem is
in A ABC the medians BB and Cd are
Show that b4E saT
ppI
T o

BIB e FA t BI and Ed ZIER EB This

Iz
implies that
LEF t BE EdtEB o

BI ER EA EB t BI EA BE 53 0

EPA EA I FAl IEat cosC EAD c b cosEe

as A
cosine aid
with
This is equivalent
c b cosA ab cosC accos B ako
box CeosB a
 we have after some computations
Using
bc cosA of BE o becosA aftera
But cos A let E of s and then
Tbc
let E of 2 later bkE 5a2
I
check the computations
Proflemz Putnam A3 1962
in a triangle ABC in the Euclidean plane
at A be a point on the segment from B to
c B be a point on the segment from Cto A
on the segment from Ato
and d be a point
B such that
Aggie Beta
fz k so

the formed by parts ofthe

Let b be triangle
obtained joining A and A Band
segments by
B1 and c and d Prove that the areas of
the triangles b and ABC are in the ratio
K
Solution DABB
q

7 easier
9
Q How do we use vectors to show this

Let us set up the origin of our configuration

at o
B ABB with the transversal Cpd Apply
Menelaus theorem and we have
13
Aff f t

11
fzi kA
top OBtk k.BE
 µ Buto o k
B
g
P B Fk

A B c

so we obtain that
OTB K OTI s EB t k OE
z

and the analogues

0 k FA t k IB t t.EC
z
and
EB t k
ER
HIE ftEA t k

Q How can we compute the area of A Par

area APQM Iz H FR x EdH good luck
RF EB EB