Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes: Lesson 1 Learning Module 1 Part A - GENERAL (Rule 1-3) (6 Hours)

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Revision No. 1 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

GEMMA E. PAGSUGIRON, MBA MA. TERESA S. SARABIA, Ph.D.
01 September 2021 QMR President
Lesson 1
Learning Module 1 Part A – GENERAL (Rule 1- 3) (6 hours)
Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes
Competence:
Maintain a safe navigational watch.
Course Outcome/s:
Demonstrate thorough knowledge and understanding of the content, application, and
intent of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, as
amended.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the learning module, the student can:
1. interpret Rule 1 - Application
2. interpret Rule 2 - Responsibility
3. interpret Rule 3 - General Definitions
Overview
The International Rules were formalized in the Convention on the International Regulations
for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, and became effective on July 15, 1977. The Rules
(commonly called 72 COLREGS) are part of the Convention, and vessels flying the flags of
states ratifying the treaty are bound to the Rules.
The 1972 COLREGS were developed by the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative

Organization (IMCO), which in May 1982 was renamed the International Maritime Organization
(IMO). In November 1981, IMOs Assembly adopted 55 amendments to the 1972 COLREGS,
which became effective on June 1, 1983. The IMO also adopted nine more amendments,
which became effective on November 19, 1989.
©All Rights Reserved

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IMO regularly enacts regulations (such as the International Regulations for Preventing
Collisions at Sea), which are broadly enforced by national and local maritime authorities in
member countries. The IMO has also enacted a Port State Control authority, allowing domestic
maritime authorities such as coast guards to inspect foreign-flag ships calling at the many port
states' ports. Memoranda of Understanding (protocols) were signed by some countries
unifying Port State Control procedures among the signatories
Discussion
Rule 1: Application
(a) These rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected in
addition to that navigable by seagoing vessels.
(b) Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an
appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes, or inland waterways connected
with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as
closely as possible to these rules.
(c) Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the
Government of any State concerning additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle
signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or concerning additional station
or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet.
These additional stations or signal lights, shapes, or whistles shall, so far as possible, be such
that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape, or signal authorized elsewhere under these
rules.
(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for these rules.
(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special
construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provision of any of these rules concerning
the number, position, range, or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition
and characteristics of sound-signaling appliances, without interfering with the special function
of the vessel, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions regarding the number,
position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and

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characteristics of sound-signaling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be
the closest possible compliance with these rules in respect to that vessel.
(Submarines may display, as a distinctive means of identification, an intermittent flashing
amber (yellow) beacon with a sequence of operation of one flash per second for three (3)
seconds followed by a three (3) second off-period.).
Remark;
Nothing in these rules shall interfere (oppose, resist) with the operation of special rules made
by an appropriate authority.
Rule 2: Responsibility
(a) Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof,
from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these rules or of the neglect of any
precautions which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special
circumstances of the case.
(b) In construing and complying with these rules, shall have due regard to all dangers of
navigation and collision and any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels
involved, which may depart from these rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.
Remark;
Nothing in these rules can release any vessel, owner, master, or crew from the responsibility
to comply and follow this rule.
Rule 3: General definitions

(a) The word "vessel" includes every description of watercraft, including non-displacement
craft, WIG craft, and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation
on water.
Special vessels
Air-cushion vessel, non-displacement mode Air-cushion vessel, displacement mode
(b) The term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.

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(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel

under sail provided that propelling machinery, if
fitted, is not being used.
(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or
other fishing apparatuses that restrict maneuverability but does not include a vessel fishing
with trolling lines; other fishing apparatuses do not restrict maneuverability.
(e) The term "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to maneuver on the water.
The word "seaplane" is used to describe two types of air/water vehicles

(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel that, through some exceptional
circumstance, cannot maneuver as required by these rules and is, therefore, unable to keep
out of the way of another vessel.
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(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" means a vessel which from the
nature of her work, is restricted in her ability to maneuver as required by these rules and is,
therefore, unable to keep out of the way of another vessel
The term "vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver" shall include but not be
limited to:
_ (i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine cable
or pipeline;
_ (ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;
_ (iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while

underway;
_ (iv) a vessel engaged in launching or recovery of aircraft;
_ (v) a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations;

_ (vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel
and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.
(h) The term “vessel constrained by her draught" means a power-driven vessel which,
because of her draught about the available depth of water, is severely restricted in her
ability to deviate from the course she is following
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(i) The word "underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, made fast to the shore, or
aground.
(j) The words "length" and "breadth" of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth.
(k) Vessel shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed
visually from the other.
(l) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog,
mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms, or any other similar causes.
(m)The term “Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft” means a multimodal craft that, in its main
operational mode, flies close to the surface by utilizing surface-effect action

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References
T1 – Chhabra, Yashwant. (2016). A mariner’s guide to preventing collisions: convention on

the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea, 1972, including all
amendments. 2nd ed. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
T2 – Saeed Farhan. (2015). A practical guide to the rules of the road; 3rd ed. New
York: Routledge.
T3 – Japitana, Marvin P. (2015). Navigate ahead: a guide for rules of the road ’72. Intramuros,
Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
T4 – Dept. of Homeland Security, United States Coast Guard. (n.d). Navigation rules and
regulations handbook. [s.l.:s.n.] .
R1 – Bole, Alan, Alan Wall and Andy Norris. (2014). Radar and ARPA manual: radar, AIS and
target tracking for marine radar users. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
R2- Abangan, Emeterio Jr. (2013). Deckwatch keeping 1. Mandaue City, Cebu: DMC Busa
Printers.
R3 – Cockroft A.N and Lameijer NF. (2012). A guide to the collsion avoidance rules. 7 th ed .UK
: Butterworth-Heinemann.
R4 – Dokkum, Klaas Van. (2007). Ship sailing rules: illustrated textbook the COLREGS guide.
2nd ed. The Netherlands: DOKMAR.
Checkpoint
Activity
REFER TO BOE
Exercise number 1

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Do This
Activity
Self-Study Quiz
1. Which statement below contradicts the provisions of Rule 1?

A. Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) may be the adopted by the Organization for the
purpose by of these Rules.
B. The Rules shall interfere with operation of special rules made appropriate authority
for roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes, or inland waterways.
C. The Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the High Seas and in waters connected
therewith made by navigable by seagoing vessels.
D. The Rules shall not interfere operation of special rules the Government of Respect
to additional stations, signal lights, shapes or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals
for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy.
2. Who is/are responsible in construing and complying Rules?
A. The master alone C. The owner and master of the vessel
B. The master and its crew D. The owner and master and all the
vessel compliments
3. Which condition below does not warrant a departure from the Rules to avoid immediately
danger?
A. The type of vessel C. Dangers of navigation
B. Danger of collision D. Limitation of the vessel
4. Vessel engaged in laying of submarine cable, dredging, surveying, replenishment, or mine
clearance operation is termed as ______________.
A. Power – driven vessel C. Vessel constrained by her draft
B. Vessel not under command D. Vessel restricted in her ability to
maneuver
5. A vessel propelled by machinery is termed as____________:
A. Sailing C. Power – driven
B. Sea plane D. WIG (wing – in – ground)

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6. Which vessel is “underway” according to the Rules?

A. A vessel runs aground C. A fishing vessel hauling her nets
B. A pilot vessel at anchor D. A vessel made fast to a single
mooring bouy
7. A vessel is forced to navigate inside the channel because it is only the available area where
she can safely navigate, this vessel is said to be a ___________:
A. Vessel aground C. Vessel not under command
B. Constrained by her draft D. Restricted in her ability to Maneuver
8. A sailing vessel is underway, but she is using her engine to speed her up, this vessel is
considered as _______________.
A. Sailing vessel C. Vessel constrained by her draft
B. Power-driven vessel D. Vessel restricted in her ability to
maneuver
9. How shall a vessel proceed along the course of a narrow channel or fairway?
A. Do not overtake within a channel C. When nearing a bend in the channel,
sound one long blast on the whistle
B. Avoid crossing the channel at right angles D. fairway which lies on hen star-
Board side as is safe as practicable
10. The term “vessel not under command” is a situation where a vessel is__________.
A. Unable to maneuver in exceptional circumstance
B. Unable to maneuver because of her nature of work
C. Moored, aground or anchored in a fairway, thus she is unable to maneuver
D. Unable to maneuver because her draft in relation to the available depth and width
of navigable water.

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Lesson 2
Learning Module 1 Part B – STEERING AND SAILING RULES Section I: Rule 4-8
(6 hours)
Competence:
Maintain a safe navigational watch
Course Outcome/s:
intent of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, as amended.
Learning Outcomes:

1. explain Rule 4: Application
2. explain Rule 5: Look-out
3. explain Rule 6: Safe Speed
4. explain Rule7: Risk of Collision
5. explain Rule 8: Action to avoid collision

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Overview
The International Rules were formalized in the Convention on the International Regulations for
Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, and became effective on July 15, 1977. The Rules (commonly
called 72 COLREGS) are part of the Convention, and vessels flying the flags of states ratifying the
treaty are bound to the Rules.

(IMO). In November 1981, IMOs Assembly adopted 55 amendments to the 1972 COLREGS, which
became effective on June 1, 1983. The IMO also adopted nine more amendments, which became
effective on November 19, 1989.
Collisions at Sea), which are broadly enforced by national and local maritime authorities in member
countries. The IMO has also enacted a Port State Control authority, allowing domestic maritime
authorities such as coast guards to inspect foreign-flag ships calling at the many port states' ports.
Memoranda of Understanding (protocols) were signed by some countries unifying Port State
Control procedures among the signatories
Discussion
PART B. STEERING AND SAILING RULES
Section 1. Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility.

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Rule 4
Application
Rules in this section apply in any conditions of visibility.
The visibility is good or poor Rule shall be apply.

Rule 5
Lookout
Every vessel shall maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing and all available means
appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions to make a full appraisal of the situation
and or the risk of collision
This mean he is the EYE and EAR of the vessel

Rule 6
Safe speed
Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid
a collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and
conditions.
In determining a safe speed, the following factors shall be among those taken into account:

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(a) By all vessels.
_ (i) the state of visibility;
_ (ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
_ (iii) the maneuverability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and
turning ability in the prevailing conditions;
_ (iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back
scatter of her lights;
_ (v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
_ (vi) the draught concerning the available depth of water.
(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
_ (i) the characteristics, efficiency, and limitations of the radar equipment;
_ (ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
_ (iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather, and other sources of
interference;
_ (iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice, and other large floating objects may not be
detected by radar at an adequate range;
_ (v) the number, location, and movements of vessels detected by radar;
_ (vi) the more accurate assessment of the visibility that may be possible when the
radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
Rule 7
Risk of collision.
(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing
circumstances
and conditions to determine if the risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt, such
risk shall be deemed to exist.
(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational,
including long-
range scanning to obtain early warning of the risk of collision and radar plotting or
equivalent systematic observations of detected objects.
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(c) Make assumptions based on scanty information, especially scanty radar information.
(d) In determining if the risk of collision exists, the following considerations shall be
among those taken into account.
_ (i) Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching
vessel does not appreciably change.
_ (ii) Such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is
evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when
approaching a vessel at close range.
Rule 8
Action to avoid a collision.
(a) Any action taken to avoid a collision shall be taken following the Rules of this Part and
shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with
due regard to the observance of good seamanship.
(b) Any alteration of course and speed to avoid collision shall if the circumstances of the
case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually
or by radar; avoid a succession of small alterations of course and speed
(c) If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective
action to avoid a close-quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is
substantial, and does not result in another close-quarters situation.
(d) Action taken to avoid a collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing
at a safe distance. Carefully check the effectiveness of the action until the other vessel is
finally past and clear.
(e) If necessary, to avoid collision of allowing more time to assess the situation, a
vessel shall slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her
propulsion means.
(f)
_ (i) A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to impede the passage or
safe passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances

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of the case, take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe
passage of the other vessel.
_ (ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is
not relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel to involve risk of
collision and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which the
Rules may require of this part.
_ (iii) A vessel, the passage of which is not to be impeded, remains fully obliged to comply
with the Rules of this part when the two vessels are approaching one another
to involve risk of collision.
References
T1 – Chhabra, Yashwant. (2016). A mariner’s guide to preventing collisions: convention on the

international Regulations for preventing collisions at sea, 1972, including all
amendments. 2nd ed. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
T2 – Saeed Farhan. (2015). A practical guide to the rules of the road; 3rd ed. New
York: Routledge.
R2- Abangan, Emeterio Jr. (2013). Deck watchkeeping 1. Mandaue City, Cebu: DMC Busa
Printers.
R3 – Cockroft, A.N and Lameijer NF. (2012). A guide to the collsion avoidance rules. 7th ed.
UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.

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Checkpoint
Activity 1
REFER TO BOE
Exercise number 2
Exercise number 3

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Do This
Activity 2
Self-Study Quiz
1. Under the Rules, proper look-out is maintained during___________.
A. At all times C. Restricted visibility
B. Heavy traffic situation D. Presence of dangers to navigation and
Pirates
2. In determining a safe speed, what factor below shall NOT be taken into account?
A. State of sea, wind and current C. The maneuverability of the vessel
B. The traffic density of the area D. The experience of the vessel personnel
3. The provision of the Rule “Safe speed” is made so that vessel can ____________.
A. Efficiently utilize and save fuel C. Be stopped and reversed immediately in
case of dangers to navigation
B. Take proper and effective action to D. Decide an option when to speed up the
vessel and slow it down to prevent wear
and tear of the main engine
avoid collision
4. Risk of collision may be deemed to exists when an approaching vessel has
a/an______________.
A. Generally steady bearing and increasing range C. Generally steady range and
increasing bearing
B. Generally steady bearing and decreasing range D. Generally steady range and
decreasing bearing
5. Which statement is true concerning use of radar to determine risk of collision?
A. If radar is used, look - out personnel is not C. Long range scanning should be
necessary made to obtain early warning
B. Assumptions shall be made on scanty radar D. Use of radar is not necessary if
information vessels are in sight of one another

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6. Which target data may be in collision with your vessel?
A. 1st Obs: bearing 050 deg., range: 7.0 miles C. 1st Obs: bearing 050 deg., range: 7.0 miles;
2nd Obs: bearing 050 deg., range: 8.0 miles 2nd Obs: bearing 050 deg., range: 6.0 miles
B. 1st Obs: bearing 050 deg., range: 7.0 miles; D. 1st Obs: bearing 050 deg., range: 7.0 miles;
2nd Obs: bearing 030 deg., range: 6.0 miles 2nd Obs: bearing 050 deg., range: 7.0 miles
7. If you need more time to assess the situation and necessary to avoid collision, you shall
__________.
A. Slacken your speed, stopping or reversing C. Immediately alter course to starboard
Your means of propulsion to avoid a close quarter situation
B. Simultaneously alter course and reduce D. Alter course or reduce speed, the
speed to avoid risk of collision alteration must be large enough
and made in ample time
8. You are navigating in the middle of Atlantic Ocean, no other vessels around except you and
the other vessel, if you are obliged to take action by the Rules, what is the most effective
action to avoid close- quarter situation?
A. Alteration of course only C. Simultaneous alteration of course and
reducing speed
B. Steady course and reducing speed D. Alteration of course and stopping/
reversing the engine
9. What is to be avoided in taking action to avoid collision?
A. Large alteration of course C. The action should be positive and made
in ample time
B. Small alteration of courses and/or speed D. The action should not result into
another close quarter situation.
10. If you are navigating in a narrow channel, you should proceed to what side of the channel?
A. Port side C. Starboard side
B. Channel middle D. Anywhere in the channel

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Lesson 3
Learning Module 1 Part B – STEERING AND SAILING RULES Section I Rule 9
(6 hours)
Competence:
Course Outcome/s:
amended.
Learning Outcomes:

1. discuss Rule 9: Narrow Channels
Discussion
Rule 9
Narrow channels.
(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall
keep as near to the outer limit or the channel or fairway which lies on her
starboard side as is safe and practicable.
(b) A vessel of fewer than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not
impede the passage of a vessel that can safely navigate only within a narrow
channel or fairway.

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(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating
within a narrow channel or fairway.
(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage
of a vessel that can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel
may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34 (d) if in doubt about the intention of the
crossing vessel.
(e)
_ (i) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can only take place if the vessel to
be overtaken to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall
indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34 (c) (i).
The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed
by Rule 34 (c) (ii) and take steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt, she may sound the
signals prescribed in Rule 34 (d).
_ (ii) This rule does not relieve the overtaking boat of her obligation under Rule 13.
(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of narrow channel or fairway where an intervening
obstruction may obscure other vessels shall navigate with particular alertness and
caution. It shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34 (e).
(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow
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A vessel must always be navigated on the right (starboard) side of a river or
channel in the direction of journey.
References

international Regulations for preventing collisions at sea, 1972, including all amendments.
2nd ed. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
T2 – Saeed Farhan. (2015). A practical guide to the rules of the road; 3rd ed. New York:Routledge
Printers.
R3 – Cockroft, A.N and Lameijer NF. (2012). A guide to the collsion avoidance rules. 7th ed. UK:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
R4 – Dokkum, Klaas Van.2007). Ship sailing rules: illustrated textbook the COLREGS guide. 2 nd
ed. The Netherlands: DOKMAR.

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Checkpoint
Activity 1
REFER/BOE
Exercise number 4
Do This
Activity 2
Self-Study Quiz
1. If you are navigating in a narrow channel, you should proceed to what side of the
channel?
A. Port side C. Starboard side

B. Channel middle D. Anywhere in the channel
2. In narrow channels, vessels of less than what length shall not impede the passage of
vessels which can only navigate only within the narrow channel or fairway?
A. 10 meters C. 30 meters
B. 20 meters D. 40 meters
3. Which among the choices shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating
within the narrow channel or fairway?
A. Vessel engaged in fishing C. Vessel engaged in underwater operation

B. Vessel engaged in dredging D. Vessel engaged in laying of submarine cable

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4. You are traversing in a narrow channel; a slower vessel is ahead of you. You wish to
overtake this slower vessel on her portside, what would be your signal on the whistle?
A. Two prolonged followed by one short blast C. At least five short and rapid blast
B. Two prolonged followed by two short blasts D. One prolonged, one short, one
prolonged, one short blast in that
order
5. You are cruising in a fairway as this is the only place where you can safely navigate, a
vessel on your portside is about to cross your track, but you are in doubt as to her
intention, what signal on the whistle you are going to transmit?
A. At least five short and rapid blast C. Two prolonged followed by two short
blasts
B. Two prolonged followed by one D. One prolonged, one short, one
short blast prolonged, one short blast in that order

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Lesson 4
Learning Module 1 Part B – STEERING AND SAILING RULES Section I: Rule 10
(6 hours)
Competence:
Course Outcome/s:
amended.
Learning Outcomes:

1. discuss Rule 10: Traffic Separation Scheme.
Overview

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called 72 COLREGS) are part of the Convention, and vessels flying the flags of states ratifying
the treaty are bound to the Rules.

which became effective on June 1, 1983. The IMO also adopted nine more amendments, which
became effective on November 19, 1989.
Collisions at Sea) which are broadly enforced by national and local maritime authorities in
states' ports. Some countries signed the memoranda of Understanding (protocols), unifying Port
State Control procedures among the signatories.
Discussion
Rule 10
Traffic separation schemes.
(a) This rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the organization and does not
relieve any vessel of her obligation under any other Rule:
(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:
_ (i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that
lane;

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_ (ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone;
_ (iii) Normallyjoin or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining
or leaving from either side, shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow
as practicable. (a) This rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the organization
and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any other Rule:
(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:

_ (i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for
that lane;
_ (ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone;
_ (iii) Normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining
or leaving from either side, shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow
as practicable.
(c) A vessel shall, so far as practicable, avoid crossing traffic lanes but if obliged to do so
shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic
flow.
(d)_ (i) Inshore traffic zones shall not normally be used by traffic, which can safely use
the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of
less than 20m in length, sailing vessels, and vessels engaged in fishing may use inshore traffic
zones under all circumstances.
(ii) Notwithstanding subparagraph (d) (i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when
en route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station, or any other place
situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.
(e) A vessel other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not
normally enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except:
_ (i) In cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger.

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_ (ii) to engage in fishing within the separation zone.
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall
do so with particular caution.
(g) A vessel shall as far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or
areas near its terminations.
(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall avoid it by as wide a margin as
practicable.
(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a
traffic lane.
(j) A vessel of less than 20m in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage
of a power-driven vessel following a traffic lane.
(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver when engaged in an operation for the
maintenance of navigation safety in a traffic separation scheme is exempted from
complying with this rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.
(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver when engaged in an operation for the
laying, servicing, or picking up of a submarine cable within a traffic separation scheme
is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out.

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Section II. Conduct of vessels in sight of one another

Always navigate a vessel on the right (starboard) side of a river or channel in
the journey direction.

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References

T2 – Saeed Farhan. (2015). A practical guide to the rules of the road; 3rd ed. New York:Routledge
.
Printers.
R3 – Cockroft, A.N and Lameijer NF. (2012). A guide to the collsion avoidance rules. 7th ed.
Checkpoint
Activity 1
REFER/BOE
Exercise number 5

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Do This
Self-Study Quiz
1. Which of the statements below is a not a requirement for a vessel using the TSS?
A. Proceed in the appropriate C. Keep clear of a traffic separation line or
traffic lane zone
B. Join or leave at the termination of D. As much as possible, avoid overtaking
the lane inside the lane
2. You are about to join the lane of the TSS from the side. The TSS’s general direction of
traffic flow you are about to join has a course of 000°. Which courses of your vessel
below is the best one in compliance with the Rule.
A. 270° then 315° and finally alter to 000° C. 315° then immediately alter to 000°
B. 270° then immediately alter to 000° D. 340° then 350° and finally alter to
000°
3. Vessels of less than 20 meters in length and sailing vessels may in all circumstances use
the, what part of the TSS?
A. Separation zone C. The Inshore traffic zone
B. The appropriate lane D. Only the termination of the lanes
4. 4. You are about to cross the lanes of the TSS. The TSS’s eastbound general direction of
traffic has a course of 090° and the westbound lane has a course of 270°. Which course
of your vessel below is the best one in compliance with the Rule?
A. 135° C. 225°
B. 180° D. 252°
5. Which statement below contradicts the provision of Rule 10?
A. Absolutely, you cannot enter the C. If you are not using the TSS, avoid
traffic separation zone it as wide margin as practicable
B. As much as practicable, avoid D. A vessel engaged in fishing shall not
anchoring in the TSS impede the passage of any vessel
following a traffic lane

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6. Traffic Separation Zone is that part of the TSS which __________________.
A. Is designated as anchorage area C. Is an area between two opposite traffic
flows
B. Is between the scheme and D. Contains all the traffic moving
the nearest land in one direction
7. Inshore traffic zone is that area which ______________________.
A. Is designated as anchorage area C. Is an area between two opposite traffic
Flows
B. Is between the scheme and the D. Contains all the traffic moving in
nearest land one direction
8. You are about to use the TSS, what area of the TSS where you should join?
A. Separation Zone C. Inshore traffic zone
B. Deep water route D. Termination of the lanes
9. You are about to leave the lane of the TSS from the side. The TSS’s general direction of
traffic flow you are about to leave has a course of 000°. Which course of your vessel
below is the best one in compliance with the Rule.
A. 015° C. 045°
B. 030° D. 060°
10. Two sailing vessels are approaching and it involves risk of collision, sailing vessel A has
the wind on her portside while sailing vessel B has the wind on her starboard side. Which
statement below holds true?
A. Sailing vessel B shall keep out of C. No one will keep out as they have winds
the way of sailing vessel A on different sides
B. Sailing vessel A shall keep out of D. Both sailing vessel A and B has to keep out
the way of sailing vessel B as they have winds on different sides

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Lesson 5
Learning Module 1 Part B – STEERING AND SAILING RULES Section I:
Rule 11 – Rule 15 (6 hours)
Competence:
Course Outcome/s:
intent of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, as amended.
Learning Outcomes:
1. explain Rule 11: Application
2. explain Rule 12: Sailing Vessels
3. explain Rule 13: Overtaking
4. explain Rule 14: Head-on Situation
5. explain Rule 15: Crossing Situation

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Overview
called 72 COLREGS) are part of the Convention, and vessels flying the flags of states ratifying the
treaty are bound to the Rules.

(IMO). In November 1981, IMOs Assembly adopted 55 amendments to the 1972 COLREGS, which
became effective on June 1, 1983. The IMO also adopted nine more amendments, which became
effective on November 19, 1989.
Collisions at Sea) which are broadly enforced by national and local maritime authorities in member
countries. The IMO has also enacted a Port State Control authority, allowing domestic maritime
authorities such as coast guards to inspect foreign-flag ships calling at the many port states' ports.
Some countries signed the memoranda of Understanding (protocols), unifying Port State Control
procedures among the signatories.
Discussion
Rule 11
Application.
Rules in this section shall apply to vessels in sight of one another.
Rule 12
Sailing vessels

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(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, to involve risk of collision, one of them
shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:
_ (i) when each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side
shall keep out of the way of the other;
_ (ii) when both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out
of the way of the vessel which is to leeward.
_ (iii) if a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine
with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on her port or starboard side, she shall
keep out of the way of the other.
(c) For this rule, the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite to that on which the
mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that largest
fore-and-aft sail is carried.
Powered vessels normally give way to sail. However, in harbors and channels, small sailing vessels
must give way to large powered vessels that cannot easily maneuver. Sailing vessels must also
give way to vessels engaged in fishing.
Two sailing vessels approaching one another must give-way as follows:
• Port gives way to Starboard. When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel
which has the wind to port must give way;
• Windward gives way to leeward. When both have the wind on the same side, the
windward vessel must give way to the leeward vessel;
• Unsure port gives way. If a vessel, with the wind on the port side, sees a vessel to
windward and cannot determine whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or the
starboard side, they must give way.

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Rule 13
Overtaking.
(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections I and II,
any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel
from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position
regarding the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the
stern light of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt about whether she is overtaking another, she shall
assume that this is the case and act accordingly.
(d) Any subsequent alteration of bearing between the two vessels shall not make the
overtaking vessel, a crossing vessel within the meaning of these rules or relieve her of
the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.
A boat that is overtaking another must steer clear of the overtaken vessel’s
path.
An overtaking vessel (including a sailing vessel) must keep well clear of the vessel being overtaken.

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Rule 14
Head-on situation.
(a) When two power-driven vessels meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses
to involve risk of collision, each shall alter her course to starboard to each shall pass
on the port side of the other.
(b) Deem such situation to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead
and by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line
and both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other
vessel.
(c) Then a vessel is in any doubt whether such a situation exists she shall assume that
it does exist and act accordingly.
Application
Each vessel must alter course to the right (starboard) to pass on the other's port side. When
two vessels are heading toward each other, each must reroute and pass to the other's
right. (A) blows one blast and alters course to starboard, (B) blows one blast and alters
course to starboard.
Rule 15
Crossing situations.
When two power-driven vessels are crossing to involve risk of collision, the vessel which
has the other on her starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances
of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.

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Application: Explanation
If a vessel approaches your right (starboard) side, you must stop, slow down or change course to
keep out of its way. (If a vessel approaches your left (port) side, it should give way to you. Maintain
your present speed and course unless it appears that collision may occur.)
Checkpoint
Activity 1
REFER/BOE
Exercise number 6
Exercise number 7
Exercise number 8
Exercise number 9
Exercise number 10

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Do This
Activity 2
Self-Study Quiz
1. Two sailing vessels are approaching, and it involves the risk of collision; sailing vessel A
has the wind on her port side while sailing vessel B has the wind on her starboard side.
Which statement below holds?
A. Sailing vessel B shall keep out of the C. No one will keep out as they have
Way of sailing vessel A winds on different sides
B. Sailing vessel A shall keep out of the D. Both sailing vessels A and B have to
way of sailing vessel B keep out as they have winds
on different sides
2. Two sailing vessels are approaching, and it involves the risk of collision; sailing vessel A
has the wind on her port side while sailing vessel B has the wind also on her port side.
Which statement below holds?
A. No one will keep out as they have C. Both sailing vessel A and B has to
winds on the same side keep out as they have winds on
the same side
B. way of sailing vessel B. if she is in the D. Sailing vessel A shall keep out of the
leeward way if she is in the windward
of sailing vessel B
3. Which of the scenario below indicates an “overtaking” situation?

A. Vessel A: course 045°, speed 15 kts and C. Vessel A: course 045°, speed 15
Vessel B: course 045°, speed 15 kts. Kts and Vessel B: course 135°,
speed 25 kts.
B. Vessel A: course 045°, speed 15 kts D. Vessel A: course 045°, speed 15

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and Vessel B: course 045°, speed 10 kts. Kts and Vessel B: course 225°,
speed 25 kts.
4. You observe the other vessel's stern light during starry night navigation; eventually, you
also observe her red sidelight and the two masthead lights. What situation between you
and the other vessel?
A. You are overtaking the other vessel C. It is your vessel being overtaken
on her port side by the other vessel who passes
on your starboard side
B. You are overtaking the other vessel D. A crossing situation exists
on her starboard side between you and the other vessel
where you are the “give-way”
vessel
5. In a “head-on” situation between vessel “A” and vessel “B,” which statement below is
true?
A. Vessel A is “give-way”; vessel B C. Both vessels A and B are “give-
is “stand-on” way”
B. Vessel B is “give-way”; vessel A is D. Both vessels A and B are “stand-
“stand-on” on”

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Lesson 6
Learning Module 1 STEERING AND SAILING RULES Section II:
Rule 16 – Rule 19 (6 hours)
Competence:
Course Outcome/s:
amended.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the Learning module, the student can:
1. appraise Rule 16: Action by Give-way vessel
2. appraise 17: Action by Stand-on vessel
3. appraise Rule 18: Responsibilities between vessels
4. appraise Rule 19: Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility

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Overview
The International Rules were formalized in the Convention on the International
Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, and became effective on July 15, 1977.
The Rules (commonly called 72 COLREGS) are part of the Convention, and vessels flying the
flags of states ratifying the treaty are bound to the Rules.

which became effective on June 1, 1983. The IMO also adopted nine more amendments,
which became effective on November 19, 1989.
Collisions at Sea) which are broadly enforced by national and local maritime authorities in
states' ports. Some countries signed the memoranda of Understanding (protocols), unifying
Port State Control procedures among the signatories.
Discussion
Rule 16
Action by Give-way vessel.
Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, as far as
possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.
If you are required to give way to another vessel, take early and positive action to
clear your intentions. Avoid making a series of small changes in speed or course that
may not be readily apparent to the other vessel.

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Rule 17
Action by stand-on vessel.
(a)
_ (i) Where one of two vessels are to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course
and speed.
_ (ii) The latter vessel may, however, take action to avoid collision by her maneuver
alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of
the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with these Rules.
(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself
so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone,
she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid a collision.
(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation following

subparagraph (a) (ii) of this rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel
shall, if the circumstances at the case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on
her port side.
(d) This rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the
way.
If another vessel is required to give way to you, i.e., you have the right of way or are a
stand-on vessel, maintain your present speed and course unless it is obvious that a
collision may occur. In this case, stop, slow down or turn away.
Rule 18
Responsibilities between vessels.
Except where rules 9, 10, and 13 otherwise require:

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(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
(i) A vessel not under command.
_ (ii) A vessel restricted in ability to maneuver.
_ (iii) A vessel engaged in fishing.
_ (iv) A sailing vessel.
(b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
_ (i) A vessel not under command.
_ (ii) A vessel restricted in ability to maneuver.
_ (iii) A vessel engaged in fishing.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the
way of:
_ (i) A vessel not under command.
_ (ii) A vessel was restricted in its ability to maneuver.
(d)
(i) Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability
to maneuver shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe
passage of a vessel constrained by her draught, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28.
ii) A vessel constrained by her draught shall navigate with particular caution having full
regard to her special condition.

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(e) A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid
impeding their navigation. However, in the circumstances where the risk of collision
exists, it shall comply with this Part's Rules.
(i) A WIG craft, when taking off, landing, and in-flight near the surface, shall keep well
clear of all other vessels and avoid impeding their navigation.
(ii) A WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules of this Part as
a power-driven vessel.
Section III. Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility.
Rule 19
Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility.
(a) This rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an
area of restricted visibility.
(b) Every vessel shall proceed safely adapted to the prevailing circumstances and
conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have its engines ready
for immediate maneuver.
(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of
restricted visibility when complying with the Rules of Section I of this Part.
(d) A vessel that detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine
if a close-quarters situation is developing and risk of collision exists. If so, it shall
take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action consists of an
alteration of course, so far as possible avoid the following:
_ (i) An alteration of course to port for a vessel forwards of the beam, other than for a
vessel being overtaken.

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_ (ii) An alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.
(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every
vessel which hears forwards of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which
cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forwards of her beam,
shall reduce her speed to the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. If
necessary, she shall take all her way off and, in any event, navigate with extreme
caution until the danger of collision is over.
Section III (for restricted visibility)

Restricted visibility
Rule 19 applies to vessels (not in sight of one another) in or near restricted

visibility waters. All ships shall reduce to a safe speed for the condition of visibility
(see Rule 6). A power-driven vessel shall standby her engine for immediate use or
stop (particularly for a large ocean-going vessel may take a long time to get her engine
ready to use). All ships shall comply with Section I of this Part (e.g., Rule 5.lookout,
6.safe speed, 7.risk of collision, 8.action to avoid a collision, 9. Narrow Channel & 10.
TSS) for the visibility condition. Take early, and avoid substantial action to avoid the
collision if detecting another vessel by use radar alone (not in sight), avoid any change
of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam except for a vessel being overtaken
(e.g., determined by radar plot), any change of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft
the beam. When hearing any unknown fog signal of another vessel forward, should
reduce the speed to a minimum or make all way off (stop all water speed by an astern
engine) and navigate with extreme caution unless the risk of collision not exist (e.g.,
determined by radar plot, but aware of small crafts may not able be detected or
misidentified in busy waters).
Navigation in restricted visibility

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The following equipment must be check to ensure that it is fully operational:
Radar, ARPA, or other plotting facilities

VHF
Fog signalling apparatus
Navigation lights
Echo sounder (if in shallow waters)
Watertight doors, if fitted
Have lookout(s) been posted and is a helmsman on standby?
Have the master and engine room been informed, and the engines put on standby?
Are the COLREGS being complied with, particularly with regard to rule 19 and proceeding at a
safe speed?
Is the ship ready to reduce speed, stop or turn away from danger?
If the ship's position is in doubt, has the possibility of anchoring been considered
References

T2 – Saeed Farhan. (2015). A practical guide to the rules of the road; 3rd ed. New York:
Routledge.
Manila: Mind shapers Co., Inc.
R1 – Bole, Alan, Alan Wall and Andy Norris. (2014) . Radar and ARPA manual: radar, AIS and
R2- Abangan, Emeterio, Jr. (2013). Deck watch keeping 1. Mandaue City, Cebu: DMC Busa
Printers.

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R3 – Cockroft, A.N and Lameijer, NF. (2012). A guide to the collision avoidance rules. 7th ed.
R4 – Dokkum, Klaas Van. (2007) . Ship sailing rules: illustrated textbook the COLREGS guide.

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Checkpoint
Activity 1
REFER/BOE
Exercise number 11
Do This
Activity 2
Self-Study Quiz
1. During clear night navigation, what light/s can you see with the other vessel that indicates the
situation is “crossing”?
A. Stern light only C. The two masthead lights in line
B. Masthead light and side light D. Two masthead lights and the two
Sidelights
2. If a vessel is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel, she should
_______________________
A. Take early and substantial action C. Call the other vessel through VHF and
inform her of your intention or action
B. Wait for the other vessel’s intention D. Sound the signal as provided in Rule
or action before executing your action 34(Maneuvering signals) and
execute your action
3. Generally, if you are a “give-way vessel” you should _____________________.

A. Keep your course and speed C. Alter course to port and maintain

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speed
B. Alter course to port and reduce speed D. Alter course to starboard and maintain
Speed
4. You are underway in a crossing situation; a risk of collision exists. In your assessment, you
are the stand-on vessel according to the Rules. If the other vessel's evasive action still results
in a close quarter situation, what would be your action?
A. Keep your course and speed C. Alter course to port and maintain speed
B. Alter course to port and reduce speed D. Alter course to starboard and maintain
speed
5. A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall keep out of the way of _____________.
A. Sailing vessel C. Luxury passenger vessel
B. Power driven vessel D. Vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
6. A seaplane in general, or a WIG craft shall keep out of the way of ______________.
A. All vessels C. Power driven vessel
B. Sailing vessel D. Vessel engaged in fishing
7. If you are a power-driven vessel underway you shall keep out of the way of another vessel,
except _____________.
A. Sailing vessel C. Vessel not under command
B. Tanker vessel D. Vessel restricted in her ability to
Maneuver
8. In restricted visibility conditions, where you can only detect the other vessel through radar
that risk of collision exists, what is to be avoided if you want to take evasive action by
alteration, of course?
A. An alteration of course towards a C. An alteration of course to starboard
vessel forward of your beam for a vessel forward of your beam
B. An alteration of course towards a D. An alteration of course to port towards a
vessel abeam or abaft the beam vessel abaft your port your beam

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9. You are underway in fog and hear a fog signal of another vessel forward of your beam; you
are in doubt if the risk of collision exists or not; what is your immediate action?
A. Alter course to port C. Hold your course and speed
B. Alter course to starboard D. Reduce your speed to the minimum
enough to keep her course
10. In a “head-on” situation between vessel “A” and vessel “B,” which statement below is true?
A. Vessel A is “give-way”; vessel B is “stand-on” C. Both vessels A and B are “give-way”
B. Vessel B is “ give-way”; vessel A is “stand-on” D. Both vessels A and B are “stand-on”

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Do This
ORAL EXAM (USING VIDEO CALL)

1. Explain the purpose of COLREG
2. What is RULE 5 and its purpose in navigation
3. Why we use RULE 6 in navigating a vessel
4. In what way RULE 8 applies
5. What is RULE 15 and your action on this situation?
Do This
RESEARCH WORK (SEND TO GOOGLE DRIVE)
1. SEA PLANE when navigating in water following COLREG.

2. SUBMARINE surfacing in the water following COLREG
OUTPUT (SEND TO GOOGLE DRIVE)
RULE 15
Under normal condition. Lay out a crossing situation with vessel A as your vessel and on your
starboard side vessel B. Determine the give way vessel and the stand on vessel.

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Iloilo, Philippines
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Essay Grading Rubric
Score Points Criteria
40-33 Excellent to Very Good: There is one clear, well-focused thesis. Excellent command of
subject matter. Evidence of independent thought. Supporting arguments relate to main
claim & are well organized. Thesis stands out and is supported by details. Relevant,
telling, quality details give important information, going beyond the obvious or
predictable.
32-25 Good to Adequate: Thesis is clear but supporting information is general. A reasonable
command of subject matter. A capacity for independent thought, though not fully realized.
CONTENT Suffiecent substantiation of claim. Supporting details are relevant, but one or more key
40% issues is unsupported.
24-17 Fair to Poor: Thesis is somewhat clear but more supporting details are needed. Relative
absence of independent thought. Inconsistent substantiation of claim. Supporting details
and information are somewhat relevant, but key points are unsupported.
16-0 Failing: Vague or unclear thesis. Inadequate command of subject matter. Unexamined,
cliched thinking. Inadequate substantiation of claims. Supporting details are a seemingly
random collection of information, unclear, or not related to the topic.
. 30-25 Excellent to Very Good: Clear Organization. Introduction is inviting, states the thesis,
and previews the structure of the paper. Details are in logical order. Conclusion is strong
and states the point of the paper.
24-19 Good to Adequate: Clear organization. Introduction clearly states thesis and previews
structure, but is not particularly inviting to reader. Details are in logical order, but may be
presented in less interesting ways. Conclusion is recognizable and ties up almost all
loose ends.
ORGANIZATION
18-13 Fair to Poor: Significant lapses in organization. Introduction states thesis but does not
30%
adequately preview the structure, nor is it particularly inviting. Some details not in logical
or expected order and this is distracting. Conclusion is recognizable, but does not tie up
all loose ends.
12-0 Failing: Poor, hard-to-follow organization. There is no clear introduction of the main topic
or structure of the paper. There is no clear conclusion, the paper just ends. Little or no
employment of supporting evidence - reader left to fill in gaps; thesis meagerly (if at all)
established and introduction vague or too brief + weak or non-existent conclusion =
seeming total disregard for progression of ideas
. 20-18 Excellent to Very Good: Extremely fluent and articulate relation of ideas; effective,
STYLE powerful tone and language use; quotes, paraphrases and summaries expertly woven
20% into own writing; structural design versatile and complex. A variety of thoughtful
transitions show how ideas are connected. Pacing is well-controlled.

S E
MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
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C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST

17-14 Good to Adequate: Reasonably fluent relation of ideas ; attempt at tone and language
use somewhat effective; quotes, paraphrases and summaries left wholly or partially
disconnected, and/or repetitiously or formulaically set up; structure lacks variety and/or
complexity. Transitions clearly show how ideas are connected, but there is little variety.
Pacing is well-controlled, but there is a lack of elaboration in some areas.
13-10 Fair to Poor: Problematic written voice (possibly halting, blunt, confusing, nonacademic)
- ideas unclear; inappropriate and/or mundane tone & language use; quotes,
paraphrases and summaries few and not employed properly ("stranded"); no attempt at
sentence variability; generally repetitious tone and language. Some transitions work well;
connections between other ideas are fuzzy. Pacing is well-controlled, but sometimes the
same point is repeated.
9-0 Failing: incoherent relation of ideas; essentially no thought behind tone and language
use; few or no appropriate quotes, paraphrases or summaries; faulty and/or
inappropriate structural makeup and grammatical sense. Inadequate transitions between
ideas and paragraphs. Pacing is uneven, same point repeated, or too much time on
details.
10-9 Excellent to Very Good: Few errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, sentence
structure and grammar.
8-7 Good to Adequate: Occasional errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, sentence

MECHANICS & structure and grammar, but meaning is not obscured.
GRAMMAR
10% 6-5 Fair to Poor: Frequent errors of spelling, punctuation, capitalization, sentence structure
and grammar; meaning confused or obscured.
4-0 Failing: Dominated by errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, sentence structure

and grammar; meaning at times unidentifiable.
Total Score Overall Comments

Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes: Lesson 1 Learning Module 1 Part A - GENERAL (Rule 1-3) (6 Hours)

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Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes: Lesson 1 Learning Module 1 Part A - GENERAL (Rule 1-3) (6 Hours)

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