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1a Math 2 MT Prelim Revised
1a Math 2 MT Prelim Revised
1 Page 1 of 189
ST. THERESE- MTC COLLEGES
MATH 2
Iloilo, Philippines
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Competence: CO1. Trace the history and apply the basic concept of Trigonometry in the maritime
profession.
CO2. Solve problems on plane trigonometry in relation to maritime profession.
Course Outcomes:
CO1. Trace the history and apply the basic concept of Trigonometry in the maritime profession.
CO2. Solve problems on plane trigonometry in relation to maritime profession.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Discuss the history of Trigonometry.
2. Define Trigonometry and other basic terms.
3. Cite fields that Trigonometry can be useful.
4. Define an angle in the point of view of Trigonometry.
5. Convert decimal form into degrees, minutes and second and vice-versa.
6. Illustrate the different types of angles in Trigonometry.
7. Define the six trigonometric functions, reciprocal functions and co-functions.
8. Find the other five functions of an acute angle when one of its function is given.
9. Determine the value of special angles (300, 450 and 600) given its reference triangle.
10. Use calculator in finding the values of the six functions of any acute angle.
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Overview
This lesson will introduce the history of trigonometry and its importance to different fields such
as astronomy, engineering, and, most importantly, navigation. It will also deal with the definition
of an angle from Trigonometry's point of view, differentiating it from its geometric definition.
Furthermore, this lesson will also discuss the different units of measuring an angle, and finally, the
definition of the different kinds of angles in trigonometry will also be tackled.
It will also deal with the definition of the six trigonometric functions including terms related to
it such as reciprocal functions and co-functions and eventually demonstrate how the other five
functions of an acute angle can be found when one of its functions is given.
Moreover, it will also show how the six functions of special angles 300, 600 and 450 can be
found from the given reference triangle and finally, it will explain how to find the six functions of
any acute angles can be determined using scientific calculator.
Discussion
Do we need to climb Mt. Everest to know its height or cross the river Nile to know how
wide it is, or go up a sailboat mast to know how high it is? No, we do not need to do all that.
For us to know the height of Mt. Everest without climbing it, the width of the river Nile
without crossing and the height of the sailboat mast without going up to its top is simply
basic Trigonometry. As we go along, we will find out. (History of Trigonometry and the
different terminologies will be assigned to the students)
But in this module, only the sexagesimal system and the circular system will be discussed.
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Convert the decimal form into degrees, minutes, and seconds and vice versa.
Illustrative Example 1
1. Express 65.345o in degrees, minute, and seconds.
0.7 x 60 = 42
or use scientific calculators: Press 65.345(degree key) o’’’ = 65o 20’ 42”
25’ = 25 x = = 0.417
56” = 56 x = = 0.0155
Or use scientific calculators: Press 48 o’’’(degree key) 25 o’’’56 o’’’= shift o’’’. It will
display 48.432, which is equal to the manual computation above.
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Reciprocal Functions
Reciprocal functions are two functions whose definitions are the multiplicative inverse of
each other. There are three reciprocal functions: Sine and cosecant, cosine and secant, and
tangent and cotangent. (The lines connecting the functions above shows the reciprocal
functions). Observe that the definitions of the functions are the inverse of each other. For
example, sine is equal to while cosecant is equal to .
Co-functions
Co-functions are two functions that have the same value when two angles are
complementary. There are also three pairs of co-functions. These are sine and cosine,
.tangent and cotangent, and secant and cosecant. Take note that co-functions share the
same name with just an addition of the prefix co that means sharing something. That is why on
a special condition (that is when the reference angles are complementary), co-functions share
the same value.
Notice that the definitions of the functions include hypotenuse. And hypotenuse is defined as the
longest side of the right triangle and is opposite its right angle. Therefore, it can be said that the
reference of the definitions of a trigonometric function is a right triangle.
Remember:
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Sin A = = Sin B = =
Cos A = = Cos B = =
Tan A = = Tan B = =
Cot A = = Cot B = =
Sec A = = Sec B = =
Csc A = = Csc B = =
Let us pay attention to the definition of A and B co-functions that are joined by the lines. What can
you say about it? What relationship exists between the co-functions of A and B? You are right!
They have the same definition. Sin A = a/c is the same as cos B = a/c. The same goes with the
rest of the pairs of co-function. Refer to the list below.
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2. Tan 30o20’ = Cot 59o40’ since 59o40’ is the complement of 30o20’ and
cotangent is the cofunction of tangent.
3. Sec 75o43’50” = Csc 14o16’ 10” since 14o16’ 10” is the complement of
75o43’50” and Cosecant is the complement of secant.
Finding the values of the other five functions when given one of its function.
Illustrative Example1.2:
B
Find the values of the other five
functions if given: c = 13
Solution:
Let us draw the right triangle ACB with C as
the right angle C A
b=?
Since,
sine A = = = Figure 1.2 The Right Triangle
(side b is unknown)
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c2 = a2 + b2 or c = √𝑎 + 𝑏 b2 = c2 – a2 or b = √𝑐 𝑎
a2 = c2 – b2 or a = √𝑐 𝑏
Solve for b:
c2 = a2 + b2 b=√ b=√ b = 12
b2 = c2 – a2 b=√ b=√
Since all the sides of the right triangle are already known, the other five function of angle A
can be solved by using the definitions of these functions. Sine is already given, so we start with
cosine.
Cos A = = = Sec A = = =
Tan A = = = Csc A = = =
Cot A = = =
2. Tan A =
A
Solution:
c=?
b=9
Let us draw right triangle ACB
with C as the right angle. C
a =40 B
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Tan A = =
So, a = 40 and b = 9
And c the hypotenuse can be solved by Pythagorean Theorem.
Solve for c:
c2 = a2 + b2 c=√ +
c=√ + c=√
c=√ + c = 41
Since all the sides of the right triangle had been found, the other five functions of angle A
can be solved by using the definitions of the functions.
Sin A = = = Sec A = =
Cos A = = = Csc A = =
Cot A = = =
3. Sec B = √
A
Solution:
√
Since sec B = = =
C a=1 B
Then b=? Figure 1.4 The Right Triangle (side b is unknown)
IE 1.4.2.3
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Since the given is Secant, therefore the other five functions are:
√ √
Sin B = = = . = Cot B = = = =1
√ √
√ √
Cos B = = = = Csc B = = = =√
√
Tan B = = = =1
2. Functions of 30o
60o 2
Opposite side: 1
1
Adjacent side: √
Hypotenuse: 2 30o
√𝟑
Figure 1.5 The Reference Triangle for
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3. Functions of 450
Reference triangle of 45o is the 45o-
45o-90o triangle.
The 45o-45o-90o triangle is an
isosceles right triangle whose two 45
acute angles measures 45o. o
√
It is shown below. 1
2
Unit triangle 45o-45o-90o.
From the left reference triangle for
45o angle, the functions of 45o are 45
listed below. o
1
Functions of 45o Figure 1.6 The Reference Triangle for 45o-45o-90o
Opposite side = adjacent side = 1 triangle
Hypotenuse = √
√ √
Sin 45o = = . = 0.7071 Cot 45o = = =1
√ √
√ √ √
Cos 45o = = . = 0.7071 Sec 45o = = =√ 1.4142
√ √
√
Tan 45o = = =1 Csc 45o = = =√ 1.4142
Look at the values of the functions of 45o. What do you notice? Yes, you are correct. Since the
reference triangle is a right isosceles triangle, and opposite side is equal to adjacent side as stated
above, co-functions have the same value. Therefore, you will only remember 3 values for the
√
functions of 45o. Those are: 0.7071 for sin and cos 45o, 1 for tan and cot 45o and √ 1.4142
o
for sec and csc 45 .
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Therefore, sin 57o = 0.83867 (Note that the symbol o’’’is the degree key in the calculator)
2. Cos 37o25’
The keys to press are:
o o
cos 3 7 ’’’ 2 5 ’’’ = 0.79424
3. Tan 86o43’22”
So,Tan86o43’22” = 17.46396
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o o o
cos 7 8 ’’’ 5 ’’’ 1 2 ’’’ = 0.20643
o o o
tan 1 2 ’’’ 8 ’’’ 6 ’’’ = 0.21502
o =
tan 2 5 ’’’ x-1 = 2.14451
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References
Textbook:
T1- Baltazar, Ethel Cecille M. (2014). Plane & Spherical Trigonometry Text/Workbook. C &
E Publishing Inc.
T3- Mamhot, M.R. [et.al]. (2012). Plane trigonometry: a calculator approach. PurelyBooks
Trading and Publishing Corporation.
T4- Young, Cynthia. (2010). Trigonometry 2nd edition. NJ, USA. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
References:
R1 -Tungcab, R.G. [et.al]. (2011). Trigonometry: worktext. Philippines. Grand books Publishing,
Inc.
R2- Gabuyo, Y. & Mejia, L.D. (2011). Plane trigonometry: a modern approach. Philippines. Rex
Book Store, Inc.
R3– Sarmiento, A. C. E. [et. al]. (2009). Plane and spherical trigonometry. Philippines.
Books Atbp.Publishing Corporation
R4 – Tupas, S.V. (2004), Plane and spherical trigonometry for maritime students, Phil.:
Bencel 2 Press, Inc.
R5 – Rider, Paul R. (1971). Plane and spherical trigonometry. New York: TheMacmillan
Company (By special arrangement with Macmillan Company printed in the Philippines
by Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong Metro Manila
R6 – Salumbides, Jr., E.N., and Romero, R.C., (1963) Trigonometry plane and spherical.
Q.C., Phil.: Royal Publishing House
R7 – Tayao, A.G., Oronce, O.A., Plazon, L.M., Jauco, M.C. (1992) Secondary mathematics book
IV.Philippines: Rex Book Store
R8 – Reyes, Edgardo A.. (1963). Plane trigonometry simplified and integrated. Mandaluyong City,
Philippines. National Book Store
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Checkpoint
Activity 1. Warm-Up
Try this…
A. What kind of angle is given below? Write your answer in the second column of
the table.
1.
A’ O A
2. 2.
O
A
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
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3. 2.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
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Do This
Activity 2 Follow Up
1. 120.25o = __________
2. 48.75o = __________
3. 88.15o = __________
4. 177.39o = __________
5. 11.5o = __________
1. 38o25’40” = ________
2. 100o40’35” = ________
3. 97o2’ = ________
4. 12o55’35” = ________
5. 8o43’17” = ________
Tan 30o =
√ Tan 60o = √ Tan 45o = 1
Sec 45o = √
Csc 30o = 2 Csc 60o =
√
D. Find the value of the following trigonometric function using scientific calculator.
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F. Find the value of the other five function of an acute angle, given the value of one
of its function.
Show your complete solution.
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Assessment
I. Modified True or False: Write T if the statement is true and change the
underlined word/s if it is false.
2. An angle in trigonometry whose initial side have not done any rotation yet is called.
a. One revolution angle c. reflex angle
b. b. zero-degree angle d. straight angle
4. Which of these central systems of measurement uses radian as the unit of measure?
a. The grade system c. The sexagesimal system
b. The circular system d. The mil system
6. Aside from marine engineering and navigation, in which another field is trigonometry
useful?
a. Entertainment c. Agriculture
b. Astronomy d. Banking and Finance
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b. d.
12. If A and B are complementary angles, then which of these is NOT true?
a. Sin A = Cos B c. Sec A = Csc B
b. Tan A = Cot B d. Cos A = Sec B
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18. Given the value of Tan Q = , where Q is one of the acute angles in Right triangleQRS
with R as the right angle, which of these is the value of r?
a. 17 c. 15
b. 13 d. 19
23. R is one of the acute angles of right triangle RST, where S is 90o. If Cos R = , the
which of these is the value of Tan R?
a. c.
b. d.
b. d.
b. d.
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√
30. Which of the is the measure of O if sin O = ?
a. 60o c. 45o
b. 75o d. 30o
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Competence:
Course Outcomes:
Apply skills in solving (right and oblique) triangle to solve problems in Marine Engineering.
Learning Outcomes: The students are expected to…
1. Recall the definition and the properties of the different kinds of triangle.
2. Identify the different parts of the right triangle by naming the parts using the English
alphabet.
3. Identify the three cases namely: an acute triangle and an opposite side; an acute angle and
the hypotenuse and an acute angle and its adjacent side from the parts of the right triangle
given.
4. Solve for the missing side of the right triangle using Pythagorean theorem when given its a)
two legs of the right triangle and b) a leg and a hypotenuse.
5. Solve for the missing parts of the right triangle using Pythagorean theorem and the six
trigonometric functions.
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Overview
This module will deal with the review of the definition of the triangle and kinds of triangle,
specifically right triangle, and its part in preparation for solving right triangle. Furthermore,
solving right triangle using Pythagorean Theorem which is the main lesson for this module will
be discussed thoroughly to prepare students for the next lesson.
The main lesson that will be discussed is solving for the missing part of the right triangle
using Pythagorean Theorem and the six trigonometric functions. Emphasis will be given to the
strategy and technique on how to identify the correct function and/or correct Pythagorean
Theorem formula.
Discussion
Let us recall the definition and some properties of the triangle that you have studied in
high school. Basically, triangles can be classified according to sides and according to angles.
There are three main types of triangle when classified according to angles. These are: acute
triangle where equiangular triangle belongs, obtuse triangle and right triangle, while there are
three kinds of triangle when classified according to sides. These are: scalene triangle, isosceles
triangle, and equilateral triangle.
What is a triangle?
A triangle is a polygon with three sides. Since it is a polygon then a triangle also has three
angles because one of the properties of a polygon is “the number of angles is the same with the
number of its side”.
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The interior angles of the , are those angles inside the triangle which are formed by
the union of the two consecutive sides. The points of intersection are vertices of the triangle. In
, the angles are or , or , and or . The sum of the measure of the
three interior angles of any triangle is always equal to 180o. Therefore, the sum of the measures of
angle X, Y and Z is equal to 180o.
The sides of the triangle are line segments whose endpoints are two consecutive vertices
of the triangle. In the given , the sides are ̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅ , and ̅̅̅̅ . But the sides can also be names
using small letters of the name of the vertex of the interior angle facing or opposite the side.
Therefore, ̅̅̅̅ is also size z, ̅̅̅̅ is also side y, and ̅̅̅̅ is also side x as shown in the figure. The
sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the third side. Therefore,
x + y > z; x + z > y and y + z > x.
Kinds of Triangle
A. According to Angles
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3. Obtuse Triangle is a triangle with one obtuse angle and the remaining two angles are
acute.
B. According to Side
The above examples of a scalene triangle show that a right, acute and obtuse triangle can
be scalene at the same time. The different markings on the sides of each triangle tell that the
sides do not have the same measure.
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An equilateral triangle can also be proved to be equiangular by using the property of the
triangle which states that: Angles opposite sides which are congruent are also congruent. It
means that since the three sides of an equilateral triangle are congruent or has equal measure;
therefore, all the angles are also congruent or have equal measure. So, it is correct to say that
equilateral triangles are also equiangular triangles.
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1. Legs of the right triangle are the two sides of the triangle that forms the right angle. Example:
a and b (refer to the figure below)
2. Hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle, and it is the longest side of the right triangle
since it is opposite the greatest angle. Example: b (Refer to the figure below)
3. Acute Angles of the triangle are the remaining two angles which are opposite the legs of the
right triangle. These two angles are always complementary.
2.3 Solving for the missing parts of a right triangle when given the measure of its
2.3.1 two legs.
The following illustrative example will show the process of how the missing side of the right
triangle is solved when given the length of its two legs.
Solution:
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c=√ + c=√ + c = 26
c=√ + c=√
Therefore, hypotenuse c = 26
Solve for A:
Functions to be used are tangent and cotangent because the given are opposite side a and
adjacent side b.
Tan A = Tan A =
0
A= 24 10 = shift tan = ’” = 67022’48” or A = 670
Solve for B:
0
B= 10 24 = shift tan = ’” = 22037’11” or A = 230
2. Given: Right
Y = 900
x=8
z = 15
Find: y = ?, Z = ?
Solution:
y=√ + y=√ +
y=√ + y=√ y =17
Therefore, hypotenuse y = 17
Tan Z = Tan Z =
0
Z= 15 8 = shift tan = ’” = 61059’39” or A = 620
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Solution:
q = √ +
q = √ +
q = √ +
q = √
q = 9.12633
q = 9.1
2.3 Solving for the missing parts of a right triangle when given the measure of its
2.3.2 leg and a hypotenuse
1. Given: Right
N = 900
m=9
n = 15
Find: o =? O =? M =?
Solution:
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Since the given are a leg and a hypotenuse, the Pythagorean Theorem to be used is:
o=√ o=√ o = 12
o=√ o=√ Therefore, side o = 12
Solve for O:
Since the given is a leg adjacent to O and a hypotenuse, therefore function to be used is
either Cosine or secant.
Cos O = Cos O =
0
O= 9 15 = shift cos = ’” = 5307’48” or O = 530
Solve for O:
a. M= 90o – 53o
M = 37o or
b. Sin M =
Sin M =
0
M= 9 15 = shift sin = ’” = 36052’12” or T = 370
2. Given: Right
S = 900
r = 12.5
s = 28.3
Find: t =? T =?
Solution:
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By Pythagorean Theorem
t=√ t =√ t = 25.3779
t =√ t =√ t = 25.4
T can be solved by cosine or secant because the given side are r which is adjacent to T
and s which is the hypotenuse.
Cos T = Cos T =
0
T= 12.5 28.3 = shift cos = ’” = 63047’16” or T = 63047’
T = 63047’16” or T = 63047’
3. Given: Right
E = 900
f = 12.5
e = 28.3
Find: d =?
d =√
d =√
d =√
d =√
d = 340.030881
d = 340
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2.3 Solving for the missing part of the right Triangle when given the measure of
its:
2.3.3 acute angle and its opposite side
The previous lesson tackles solving right triangle when given two of its side and the
missing parts that needs to be solved is the third side. The problem is divided into two
groups which are: given two legs of the right triangle and the hypotenuse should be found
and the other group is given a leg and a hypotenuse, and the other leg is to be found. Recall
that the Pythagorean Theorem is the only strategy used to solve both cases. This time, the
remaining three cases of solving right triangle will not only use the Pythagorean Theorem
but will also include the six trigonometric functions as another strategy to solve the problem.
Solution:
(i) Let us draw the triangle.
Let us analyze the given parts. Since angle A and
side a is given, the angle and the side bear the
same name, so it means that the given side is
opposite the given angle.
It is the other acute angle. Recall that acute angles of the right triangle are complementary
angles therefore since one of the acute angle A is given, the other acute angle B can easily be
found by using the definition of complementary angles: The sum of two angles which are
complementary is 90o.
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Next step is to solve for the missing side. We may choose between b or c. Let us bear in mind to
use the given parts to solve for either b or c to minimize the risk of committing mistakes in our
computation.
Solve for b:
The given parts are angle A and side, and we are solving for side b. Let us think of a trigonometric
function that involves the opposite side of angle A and side b is the adjacent side of A since it is the
side of the right triangle which is near angle A and it is not the hypotenuse. Recall from our
definition of the six trigonometric functions that the two functions with opposite side and adjacent
side in their definitions are tangent and cotangent. We may choose between these two options to
solve for b. The solution for each option is given below.
Use scientific calculator to get the value of b. The following keys should be pressed.
0
b= 4 tan 3 6 ’” = b = 5.50553 or b = 5.5
o
b. Cot 36 =
We will do the same as we have done with tangent. We cross multiply. The equation will
become:
b = 4 Cot 36o
Since b is already isolated at the left side, we don’t need to apply MPE. We proceed to solving
for b using the scientific calculator. Cotangent is not found in the calculator keys, so we will use the
reciprocal function tangent. Recall in the previous lesson how cotangent is found using calculator
because those are the same keys that we are going to use.
0
b= 4 (1 tan 3 6 ’”) = b = 5.50553 or b = 5.5
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Although the Pythagorean Theorem can already be used because we already have the measure of
the two sides of the right triangle, we should still opt for the option of using the given only.
This time angle A and its opposite side are given and we will solve for c which is the hypotenuse,
then the function of angle A which involve the opposite side and the hypotenuse are Sine and its
reciprocal cosecant. These are our two options.
In solving for b, observe that if the unknown is in the denominator, we divide the given
numerator by the function and if the unknown is in the denominator, we multiply the denominator
by the function.
0
c= 4 sin 3 6 ’” = b = 6.80521 or b = 6.8
b. Csc A =
Csc 36o =
c = 4 Csc 36o
0
c= 4 x ( 1 sin 3 6 ’” ) = c = 6.80521 or c = 6.8
Answer: B = 54o
Given: Right
C = 900
Q = 50.50
q = 35
Find: E=?; e=?; c=?
Solution:
Let us analyze the given parts. Since angle A and side a is given, the angle and the side
bear the same name so it means that the given side is opposite the given angle. If this is
the case, what missing parts should be solved first?
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Solve for e:
Identify the functions to be used based on the given parts of the right triangle:
a) Tan Q = or b) Cot Q =
Tan 50.5o =
e=
Cot 50.5o =
e = 35 Cot 50.5o
0
e= 35 (1 tan 5 0 . 5 ’” ) =
Solve for c:
a) Sin Q = or b) Csc Q =
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0
c= 35 sin 5 0 . 5 ’” =
C = 45.35885 or c = 45.4
b) Csc Q =
Csc 50.5o =
c = 35 Csc 50.5o
1. Given: Right
U = 900
T = 25030’
t = 108.25
Find: u=?
Solution:
The problem only asks for the value of u, so other parts of the triangle is not labelled because it is
not needed in the problem.
Solve for u:
Since the given is angle T and the opposite side t and the unknown is the hypotenuse, the function
that will solve the problem are:
Sin 25o30’ =
u=
0 0
u= 108.25 sin 2 5 ’” 3 0 ’” =
u = 251.44532 or u = 251.45
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Solving for the missing side of a right triangle when given the measure of its
acute angle and the hypotenuse
Let us try another case. This time let us solve right triangle when the given parts are its
acute angle and its hypotenuse.
1. Given: Right
H = 900
P = 69015’45”
h = 5.56
Find: Y=?; p=? y=?
Solution:
The problem only asks for the value of u, so other parts of the triangle is not labelled
because it is not needed in the problem.
Solve for p:
Identify the functions to be used based on the given parts of the right triangle.
The given are acute angle and hypotenuse and the unknown part to be solved is p which is the
opposite side of the given angle. The functions that involved opposite side and hypotenuse are:
a) Sin P = or b) Csc P =
Sin 69o15’45” =
Since unknown is in the numerator, we multiply denominator by the function.
p = 5.19978 or p = 5.20
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b) Csc P =
Csc 69o15’45” =
We divide the numerator by the function because the unknown p is in the denominator.
p=
0 0 0
p= 5.56 ( 1 sin 6 9 ’” 1 5 ’” 4 5 ’” =
p = 5.19978 or p = 5.20
Solve for y:
Y is and adjacent side of angle P, so the functions to be used are those that involved adjacent and
hypotenuse. These are:
Cos 69o15’45” =
b) sec P =
sec 69o15’45” =
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Solve for b:
a) Cos R = or b) Sec R =
cos 24o32’ =
Since unknown is in the numerator, we multiply denominator by the function.
b = 42 cos 24o32’
b = 38.20823 or b = 38.2
b) Sec R =
Sec 24o32’=
We divide the numerator by the function because the unknown p is in the denominator.
b=
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2.3 Solving for the missing side of a right triangle when given the measure of its
2.3.5 acute angle and its adjacent side.
Let us try another case. This time instead of the hypotenuse, we are given the adjacent side
with the acute angle. Let us study the illustrative example given below.
1. Given: Right
U = 900
F = 420
n = 15
Find: N=? f=? u=?
Solution:
Draw the triangle.
Solve for N: (N is the other acute angle)
Solve for f:
Side f is an opposite side, therefore since the given is an adjacent side the functions to be used
are:
Tan F = or its reciprocal Cot F =
Tan 42o =
0
f= 15 Tan 4 2 ’” =
f = 15 Tan 420
f = 13.50606 or f = 13.5
f=
0
f= 15 ( 1 Tan 4 2 ’” =
f = 13.50606 or f = 13.5Results are the same with our option a.
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Cos 42o =
u=
o’’’
u = 1 5 cos 4 2 =
u = 20.18449 or u = 20
b) Sec F =
Sec 42o =
u = 15 Sec 42o
o’’’
u = 1 5 ( 1 cos 4 2 ) =
u = 20.18449 or u = 20
F
2. Given: Right
L = 90o
Y = 18o25’35”
f = 65.25
Find: l =?
l=?
Solution:
Cos 18o25’35” =
l=
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If we used option b:
a) Sec Y =
Sec 18o25’35” =
i = 65.25 Sec18o25’35”
o’’’ o’’’ o’’’
i = 6 5 . 2 5 ( 1 cos 1 8 2 5 3 5 ) =
l = l = 68.77611 or l = 68.78
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References
Textbook:
T1- Baltazar, Ethel Cecille M. (2014). Plane & Spherical Trigonometry Text/Workbook. C &
E Publishing Inc.
T3- Mamhot, M.R. [et.al]. (2012). Plane trigonometry: a calculator approach. PurelyBooks
Trading and Publishing Corporation.
T4- Young, Cynthia. (2010). Trigonometry 2nd edition. NJ, USA. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
References:
R2- Gabuyo, Y. & Mejia, L.D. (2011). Plane trigonometry: a modern approach.
Philippines. Rex Book Store, Inc.
R3– Sarmiento, A. C. E. [et. al]. (2009). Plane and spherical trigonometry. Philippines.
Books Atbp.Publishing Corporation
R4 – Tupas, S.V. (2004), Plane and spherical trigonometry for maritime students, Phil.:
Bencel 2 Press, Inc.
R5 – Rider, Paul R. (1971). Plane and spherical trigonometry. New York: TheMacmillan
Company (By special arrangement with Macmillan Company printed in the Philippines
by Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong Metro Manila
R6 – Salumbides, Jr., E.N., and Romero, R.C., (1963) Trigonometry plane and spherical.
Q.C., Phil.: Royal Publishing House
R7 – Tayao, A.G., Oronce, O.A., Plazon, L.M., Jauco, M.C. (1992) Secondary mathematics book
IV.Philippines: Rex Book Store
R8 – Reyes, Edgardo A.. (1963). Plane trigonometry simplified and integrated. Mandaluyong City,
Philippines. National Book Store
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Checkpoint
Activity 1. Warm-Up
Try this…
A. Identify the given triangle.
Name the type of triangle given. Write your answer on the space provided.
Triangle Name
1
_____________________
_____________________
105o
_____________________
4
_____________________
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_________________________
Legs: _________
_________
Hypotenuse:
____________
Acute angles:
_______ _______
C. Identify what case is the given. Write A if the given is an acute angle and its
opposite side, B if it is an acute angle and its adjacent side and C if it is an acute
angle and the hypotenuse.
1. Given: Right
Y = 90o; X = 25o; x = 35
Find: Z=? z=? y=? _______
2. Given: Right
C = 90o; A = 56o45’; c = 67
Find: B=?; a=?; b=? _______
3. Given: Right
S = 90o; R = 75o15’45”; t = 8.9
Find: s = ? _______
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Do This
Activity 2 Follow Up
1. Given: Right
A = 900
t=6
p=8
Solution:
Solve for a:
a=√ + a = __________
a = ______
a=√ + a = __________
Solve for P:
____P = ____P =
0
P= 8 6 = shift = ’”
P = 53o7’48” P = 53o
Solve for T:
____T = ____T =
0
T= 6 8 = shift = ’”
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Solution:
Solve for d:
d=√ d=√
d = ________ d = ___________
d = 6.6
Solve for D:
______D = ____D =
0
D= 5.5 = shift = ’”
D = ____________ D = _____________
4. Given: Right
I = 900
m = 20
i = 15
Solve for i:
i=√ + i = ________
i =________
i = _______ i = ________
Solve for M:
______M = ______M =
0
M= = shift = ’”
M = ____________ M = __________________
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Find: z=?
Solve for z:
z = _______
z = _______
z = _______
z = _______
z = _______
6. Given: Right
Y = 90o
X = 25o
x = 35
Find: Z=? z=? y=?
Solution:
Solved for Z:
Z = 90o – X Z = 90o – 9. ______ Z = 10. _____
Solve for z:
a) 11..____ X = or b) Cot X =
z= z = 14.________
z = 75.05774 z = 75.05774
z = 75 z = 75
Solve for y:
a) Sin X = or b) 15_______ X =
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Solve for s:
a) 22._____ R = or b) Sec R =
23._____ = Sec =
s = 24. _________ s = 27. _________
s = 25._________ s = 28._________
s = 26._________ s = 29._________
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Assessment
I. Modified TRUE or FALSE: Write T if the statement is true and change the underlined
word/s to make the statement true if it is false.
_______1. Right triangle is a triangle with one angle that measures 90o.
_______2. Five (5) is the measure of the hypotenuse in aPythagorean triple 3, 4 and 5.
_______3. An obtuse triangle is a triangle whose three anglesare all acute.
_______4. An isosceles triangle is a triangle whose three sides have the same measure.
_______5. If A and B are acute angles of a right triangle and measure of angle A is 25 o, then
measure of B is equal to75o.
_______6. Hypotenuse is opposite one of the acute angles of a right triangle.
_______7. An acute triangle is a triangle with no pair of opposite sides having the same measure.
_______8. The hypotenuse measures fifteen (15)units, if the legs of the right triangle measures
five (5) and twelve (12) units.
_______ 9. If the two angles of a triangle measures 35o and 100o, then the third angle measures
35o.
_______10. The measure of each angle of an equiangulartriangle is 50o.
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Solve for z:
b) 11. ____ X = or b) Cot X =
z= z = 14.________
z = 75.05774 z = 75.05774
z = 75 z = 75
Solve for y:
c) Sin X = or b) 15_______ X =
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Solve for s:
b) 22._____ R = or b) Sec R =
23._____ = Sec =
s = 24. _________ s = 27. _________
s = 25._________ s = 28._________
s = 26._________ s = 29._________
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Competence: Solve the different problems on plane trigonometry in relation to the maritime field.
Course Outcomes:Apply skills in solving (right and oblique) triangle to solve problems in Marine
Engineering.
Overview
This lesson will discuss the application of right triangle in word problems with emphasis to
problems involving angle of elevation, angle of depression, angle of inclination, and subtended
angle. It will also tackle problems on bearing which is related to navigation and problem about
the sine bar which is also related to machine shop of marine engineering.
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Discussion
The understanding of the following key terms is vital in solving word problems involving
right triangle.
- Angle of Elevation is the angle formed by the line of sight and the horizontal line when
the object is above the observer.
The observer is looking up to the object. See illustration below.
- Angle of depression is the angle formed by the line of sight and the horizontal line when the
object observe is below the observer.
The observer is looking down to the object observe. See illustration below.
The angle of elevation (angle BAO in the figure) and the angle of depression (angle AOD in the
figure) of the same situation is equal because the line of sight is a transversal cutting the parallel
lines which are the horizontal lines. The two angles elevation and depression are alternate interior
angles. Based on Geometry, alternate interior angles of parallel lines cut by a transversal have
equal measure. (See the figure above)
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Subtended Angle
Subtended angle is an angle formed by the rays from the point of observation
to the ends of the object.
Before we solve problems involving right triangles, let us first try to illustrate common
situations that form a right triangle.
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3. Angle of depression from lighthouse top to a boat 2 km from its base is 31o.
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H is the angle of inclination and side h is the height that the plane had reach. Always
remember that angle of inclination is always opposite the vertical side or the height.
1. The angle of elevation of the top of a tree 75 ft from its base is 40o45’. Find the height of a
tree.
In writing the given, identify the parts of the right triangle which are given in the problem.
Name these parts. In the case of the above example, angle of elevation is given and 75 ft. from
the base of the tree is a horizontal side of a right triangle therefore small letter is to be used.
Given: Y = 90o
X = 40o45’ Angle of elevation of the top of a tree
z = 75 ft Distance from the point of observation to the base of a tree
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Step 2: Identify the unknown or the part of the triangle that is to be found.
Solution:
Tan X= or b) Cot X =
Tan 40o45’ = Cot 40o45’ =
x = 75 ft Tan 40o45’ x=
x = 64.62413 ft x = 64.62413 ft
x = 64.6 ft. height of the tree x = 64.6 ft. height of the tree
2. A plank is inclined at an angle of 20o4’ on a platform 2.5 m high. Find the length of the plank.
The given are angle of inclination and height of the platform. Notice that the height which
is the vertical side of the right triangle is always opposite the angle of inclination. Therefore, the
given is an acute angle and the opposite side.
Let us name the right angle first so that we will know what small letter we should name the
hypotenuse. Since it is the opposite side of the angle inclination is given, so the name we
choose for the angle of inclination should also be the small letter of what we named the angle
of inclination. Length of the plank
represents the hypotenuse because it is
the plank which is inclined.
Given: C = 90o
B = 20o4’ angle of inclination of the
plank
h = b = 2.5 m the height
of the platform
Find: c=? the length of the plank
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Solution:
An acute angle and opposite side are given and unknown side to be solved is a hypotenuse
therefore the functions to uses are sine and cosecant.
a) Sin B = or b) Csc B =
Sin 20o4’ = Csc 20o4’ =
c= c = 2.5 m Csc 20o4’
c = 7 28622 m c = 7 28622 m
c = 7.3 m length of the plank c = 7.3 m length of the plank
3. An island subtends an angle of 40o from a point 3.8 km directly across one end of the island.
Find the length of the island.
How do we know that the required triangle is a right triangle? It is the phrase “directly
across”. It means that one end of the island and the points of observation are in the same
line. It is implied that the side determined by the end of the island and the point of
observation and the length of the island is perpendicular to each other.
The length of the island should be shorter than the other leg because the angle opposite it
which is the subtended angle is less than 45o. It means that the other acute angle is greater
because acute angles of right triangles are complementary angles.
Given: C = 90o
B = 40o subtended angle of the island
a = 3.8 km distance from the point of
observation to one end of the island
Solution:
Solve for b:
b is opposite the subtended angle B and a
which is 3.8 km is adjacent B, the functions to
be used are tangent and cotangent.
a) Tan B = or b) Cot b =
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4. The angle of depression of the other side of the base of the mountain, from a Helicopter 1000
meters directly above one base is 58o25’32”. Find the length of the tunnel needed to go
through the base of the mountain.
Given: E = 90o
F = 58o25’32”
h = f = 1000 m height of the helicopter
a) Tan F = b) Cot F =
5. A slanting coconut tree casts a shadow of 9.8 m. Find the length of the coconut tree if it is
inclined at an angle of 66o25’50”.
Shadow of the coconut is given. We know that shadow always represented by horizontal
side of the right triangle and the horizontal side is always adjacent to the angle of inclination.
The coconut tree is described as slanting, so it could not be represented by the vertical side.
Therefore, the length of the coconut which is unknown is surely the hypotenuse which is
side q.
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Solve for q:
a) Cos R = b) Sec R =
Bearingis an acute angle which is measured from the north-south line to the line of
direction. In simple words 0o is on positive y-axis or the north line and the direction of
rotation is clockwise for positive angle.
For example:
But bearing can also be expressed as the angle measured clockwise from the north-south line.
This time the direction is not mentioned anymore. Let us convert the above example into this
form.
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The first thing that we need to identify when illustrating bearing is the point observation. It is
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b) Cot P =
Cot P =
Cot P = 1
P = 45o
P = S 45o W bearing of theship from the port
2. The bearing of an island from a vessel sailing directly north at 12 knots is 40o25’30”. The island
is found directly east of the ship after 45 minutes. How far is the island from the first point of
observation? From the second point?
Given: S = 40o25’30” bearing of the island from the ship at first point of observation
i = 9 n.m.
Find: s1 =? distance of the island from the first point of observation
s =? distance of the island from the 2nd point of observation
Solution:
d=i =
d=i =
d=i = 9 n.m.
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Solve for s:
a) Tan S = or b) Cot S =
o o
Tan 40 25’30” = Cot 40 25’30” =
s = 9 n.m. Tan 40o25’30” s=
s = 7.66637 n.m s = 7.66637 n.m.
s = 7.7 n.m. distance of the island froms = 7.7 n.m. distance of the island
the 2nd observation point from the 2nd observation point
2. Two cargo vessels leave a port. One vessel is sailing at a speed of 12 knots at a course of S
56o E while the other is sailing directly north. After 1.5 hours, the 2nd vessel is directly east of
the other vessel. After 1.5 hours, what is the distance traveled by the first cargo vessel? By
the second cargo vessel? What is the distance between the two cargo vessels? What is the
speed of the second cargo vessel?
Let us assign P as the course of the first cargo vessel. Since it is speed which is given for
the first cargo we need to compute the distance traveled using the formula d = vt.
Given: P = S 56oE course of the first cargo vessel
v = 12 knots speed of the first cargo vessel
t = 1.5 hours’ time traveled by the two cargo vessel
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Solution:
Solve for p:
Side p is the opposite side of the given angle P and the known side is c1 the hypotenuse. The
functions to be used are:
a) Sin P = or b) Csc P =
Sin 56o = Csc 56o=
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𝑏
This is the new formula. h=
–
Now let us solve the problem above. We need to identify first, what are given. Always remember
that A is always the farther or smaller angle. As the observer go nearer the object observed the
angle becomes larger which is represented by angle C. So the given are:
Given: A = 32o angle of elevation from the first observation point
C = 47o angle of elevation from the second observation point
b = 120 m the distance between the two observationpoints A and C
(The following are calculator keys to press to solve for h based on the above equation)
o o
h = 120 ( ( 1 tan 32 ” ) - ( 1 tan 47 ” ) ) =
h = 179.68929 ft.
Answer:
h = 180 ft height of the tree
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Let us recall the functions of special angles because 45o and 60o are special angles.
h= √
=
–
h = 23.66025 ft.
h = 24 ft. height of the mast
3. Find the length of the tunnel that will go through the base of the mountain if the angle of
depression from the peak of the mountains 485 m high to the bases on opposite sideis 38o and
63o respectively.
The problem above shows that the angles are not at the same side of the height like our
two previous examples. So our formula failed us this time. So, let us derived another formula
for these cases.
From the given triangle in figure, thefollowing equation can be formed.
Cot A = (1)
Cot C = (2)
𝒃
h=
𝐂𝐨𝐭 𝐀 𝐂𝐨𝐭 𝐂
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o o
b = 485 X ( ( 1 Tan 38 ” ) + ( 1 Tan 63 ” ) ) =
b = h (Cot A + Cot Q)
b = 485 m (Cot 38o + Cot 63o)
b = 867.89153 m
b = 868 m length of the tunnel
3. Find the height of the mountain peak if the angle of elevation of its top is sighted from the two
ends of a 10 km tunnel that go through its base are 29055’ and 42o25’.
The two angles of elevation are sighted at the different side of the height therefore the formula
to be used to find h is:h =
Solution:
h=
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h = 3.53060 km
h = 3.5 km height of the mountain
gauge blocks are metal blocks in different lengths as seen in figure 2.4.33. The height of a gauge
block determines the size of the anglethat the sine bar make with the surface.
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Sin θ =
h = l Sin θ
h = 5 Sin 15o
h = 1.29410 in.
h = 1.2941 in. the length of the gauge
block Figure 2.4.35 The part is set up in the
sinebar
Since the height of the gauge block is already
known, set up the sine bar on the gauge block and place the part on the Sine bar. The part will be
tilted exactly 15o if the upper edge is parallel to the surface just likeFigure 2.4.35 on the previous
page.
The length of the sine bar is 5 inches and the height of the gauge block is 2.75 inches. What is the
angle of inclination of the sine bar?
Sin θ =
Sin θ = 0.54464
θ = 33o
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References
Textbook:
T1- Baltazar, Ethel Cecille M. (2014). Plane & Spherical Trigonometry Text/Workbook. C &
E Publishing Inc.
T3- Mamhot, M.R. [et.al]. (2012). Plane trigonometry: a calculator approach. PurelyBooks
Trading and Publishing Corporation.
T4- Young, Cynthia. (2010). Trigonometry 2nd edition. NJ, USA. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
References:
R2- Gabuyo, Y. & Mejia, L.D. (2011). Plane trigonometry: a modern approach.
Philippines. Rex Book Store, Inc.
R3– Sarmiento, A. C. E. [et. al]. (2009). Plane and spherical trigonometry. Philippines.
Books Atbp.Publishing Corporation
R4 – Tupas, S.V. (2004), Plane and spherical trigonometry for maritime students, Phil.:
Bencel 2 Press, Inc.
R5 – Rider, Paul R. (1971). Plane and spherical trigonometry. New York: TheMacmillan
Company (By special arrangement with Macmillan Company printed in the Philippines
by Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Mandaluyong Metro Manila
R6 – Salumbides, Jr., E.N., and Romero, R.C., (1963) Trigonometry plane and spherical.
Q.C., Phil.: Royal Publishing House
R7 – Tayao, A.G., Oronce, O.A., Plazon, L.M., Jauco, M.C. (1992) Secondary mathematics book
IV.Philippines: Rex Book Store
R8 – Reyes, Edgardo A.. (1963). Plane trigonometry simplified and integrated. Mandaluyong City,
Philippines. National Book Store
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Checkpoint
Activity 1. Warm-Up
A. Illustrate the following.
1. Angle of elevation of the top of the lighthouse from a ship 200 m from its base is 35o25’.
2. A 15 ft. ladder leaning on the wall at an inclination of 48o40’20”.
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a cliff from a boat is 20o10’. 20 nautical miles nearer, the
angle of elevation is 40o.
4. From a helicopter hovering above an island at a height of 3,205 ft., the angle of depression of
both ends are 50o20’ and 36o35’.
5. An airplane taking off at an angle of 15o25’ and reach a height of 525 m.
6. A vessel 115o from a port.
7. Two cargo vessels leave a port, one sailing directly south and the other 150o.
8. A mooring buoy N35o W of a container vessel.
9. A lighthouse 195o from a boat.
10. A container vessel N 58o W from a yacht.
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Do This
Activity 2 Follow Up
A. Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution.
1. Find the length of a wooden plank which is inclined at an angle of 18o that can reach a
platform 210 cm.
2. From a ship at sea the angles of elevation of the base and top of a lighthouse 100 ft high at
the cliff’s edge are 17o24’ and 21o6’. How far is the ship from the base of the cliff?
3. A ship sails 50 nautical miles due south from a port and turned Eastward with a speed of
12.5 knots. Find the bearing of the ship and itsdistance from the port after 3 hours of
turning east.
4. A BSMarE students on the third floor of the Administration Building of St. Therese-MTC
College-Tigbauan found that the angle of depression of a car 10 m from the base of the
building is 20o45’. Find the height of thebuilding.
5. Find the angle to which a 10 inches Sine bar is to be tilted on a 5.25inches height of the
gauge block.
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Assessment
I. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE: Write T if the statement is true and change the
underlined word/s to make the statement true if it is false.
1. Angle of elevation is an angle made by the horizontal line and the line of sight when the
observer is below the object being observed.
2. Subtended angle is formed by the line or a plane usually representing the hypotenuse of the
right triangle with the horizontal line.
3. A gauge block is a precision tool made of metal use for setting up work for machining and
inspection of parts.
4. The problem “The 10 ft. flagpole casts a shadow 8 ft. long. What is the angle of elevation of
the sun?”, can be solved using tangent and cosecantfunctions.
5. Bearing of an object is an acute angle made with the line of direction fromthe north-south
line.
6. The angle of elevation farther from the object observed is the greater angle.
7. The height of an object is usually represented by the horizontal leg of a right triangle.
8. If A is the angle of elevation of the top of the tree and A > 45o, then the leg representing the
height of the tree is longer than the leg opposite the other acute angle of the right triangle.
9. In the problem “The bearing of a ship from a port is 45o. What is the distance from the port
after 1 hour if its speed is 12√ knots?” The distance of the ship from the port is 12 nautical
mile.
10. The bearing of the boat which is S 25o W can also be express as 125o.
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a. 165o c. 15o
b. 195o d. 75o
7. In the problem “From a tanker vessel the angle of elevation of the top of the cliff is
34o20’. 65 nautical miles nearer it became 38o25’. Find the height of the cliff.”, which
formula should be used to find the height?
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ST. THERESE- MTC COLLEGES
MATH 2
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10. The bearing of a lighthouse from a ship traversing directly south at a speed of 10 knots
is 100o. After 3 hours the ship is directly west of the lighthouse. Which of these is
equivalent to the 100o bearing of the lighthouse?
a. N 10o W c. N 80o W
o
b. S 10 E d. S 80o E
12. Which function should be used to find the distance of the lighthouse from the ship after
3 hours?
a. Cotangent c. Cosine
b. Sine d. Secant
13. What is the distance between the ship and the lighthouse after 3 hours?
a. 170 n.m. c. 295 km
b. 29.5 n.m. d. 1701 mi.
14. A machining job required 20o angle to be machined from a part. If a 5 inches sine bar is
to be used, which of these equations is to be used to find the height of the gauge block
to be used in the set up?
a. Sin 20o = c. Tan 20o =
b. Cos 20o = d. Sin 20 =
15. Which of these is the height of the gauge block (refer to the problem in #14).
a. 1.7101 in. c. 1.8198 in.
b. 4.6985 in. d. 14.619 in.
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1. In this activity, you will work with a group of five (5) members.
3. Each group will construct five (5) problems. The description of the problems shall
cover the following topics/problems:
a. 1 angle of elevation
b. 1 angle of depression
c. 1 angle of inclination
d. 1 subtended angle
e. 1 bearing
4. When done, make a video presentation (using PowerPoint as your visual/digital tool)
of the following worded problems and their solutions.
5. Submit the video presentation through email or Microsoft teams assigned class
submission.
7. During the presentation, present and discuss the solution for each problem. Present
this video via Google meet or Zoom with your instructor as the audience or with the
class if the internet connection is good.
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Video Presentation
1. The format of the presentation must be in PowerPoint converted into an mp4 format.
2. The video presentation content must be based on the guidelines in the oral
examination.
3. Provide enrichment/remedial activities if there is any.
4. The video will be graded using the rubric based on the criteria given below:
Criteria
Content -------------------- 45%
Technical Aspects -------------------- 40%
Creativity and elements of design ------- 15%
100%
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Write your answer in a short bond paper. Be sure that you write your references following
the APA format at the last page of your work. You may submit your research work via
messenger as private message, or you may bring it to school to be submitted to your
instructor or whatever is convenient for you.