C Nav 2 LM Prelim-Final

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ST. THERESE- MTC COLLEGES NAV 2
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STUDENT LEARNING MODULE

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Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:
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01 September 2021 QMR President
Lesson 1 - Earth
Learning Module 1.1 Earth System of Coordinates

1.2 Difference of latitude and difference of longitude
(Week 1 & 2) (10 hours)
Competence, Course Outcomes, and Learning Outcomes
Competence:
Plan and conduct a passage and determine the position
Course Outcome/s:
Select appropriate navigational charts using chart catalog
Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Discuss the basic concept about the Earth System of Coordinates and units of
measurement
2. Calculate the difference of latitude and difference of longitude
Overview
What is Navigation?
Navigation is an art and science of bringing one ship from one place to another, most
shortly and safely. It is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or
vehicle from one place to another.
The first record of boats large enough to carry goods for trade is around 3500 B.C., and
from this, navigation comes into the picture.
First, navigators stayed close to shore and navigated by the sight of landmarks or land
characteristics that they could see. Usually, they traveled by day and sought a calm harbor or
anchorage at night. They did not have charts but lists of directions, similar to today's cruising
guides.
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When they did venture out of sight of land, the navigator determined his latitude
(north/south direction) by observing the sun's height during the day and the North Star at
night. About 4,000 years ago, the first western civilizations known to have developed the art of
NAVIGATION at sea were the Phoenicians.
The navigation method used by mariners uses landmarks as reference points, ship's
stability, fuel consumption, ship's speed, and tides and currents.

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Discussion
Key Concept
Earth: A “not-so-perfect” Sphere

The Earth is an oblate spheroid (a close approximation to a sphere), but it is considered a “true”
sphere with a circumference of 21,600 nm for navigational purposes.
EARTH ROTATION -The Earth rotates from the west towards the east. As viewed from North Star or
polestar Polaris, the Earth turns counter-clockwise. The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North
Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation
meets its surface

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Equatorial diameter = 6,888 nm

Polar diameter = 6,865 nm (or 23 nm less) / If the earth were represented by 12 zones globally, it would
be depressed .04 inches or .10 centimeters, Terrestrial Coordinate System To make measurements on the
sphere‟s surface, we must develop a system of reference points. When rotation is introduced, two
reference points are defined- the points at which the spin axis pierces the sphere's surface. On the Earth,
these points are called the north and south poles.
Earth’s Poles
Earth has two geographic poles: The North Pole and the South Pole. They are the places on Earth's
surface that Earth's imaginary spin axis passes through. Our planet also has two magnetic poles: The North
Magnetic Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. The magnetic poles are near but not quite in the same places
as the geographic poles. The needle in a compass point towards a magnetic pole. When you are far away
from a pole, a compass is very helpful if you want to find your way around. The compass needle points
pretty much due North (or South if you live in the Southern Hemisphere!). Meridian is a circle of constant
longitude passing through a given place on the earth's surface and the terrestrial poles.

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Meridians are divided in half:

Upper branch and lower branch, Prime Meridian -upper branch is known as the Greenwich meridian;
the lower branch is the 180th meridian.

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Measurement of Distance
Since latitude lines are parallel, the length of one latitude degree is the same everywhere on earth
(60 NM). As the distance from the equator increases, the length in miles of one degree of longitude
decreases, so NEVER use the longitude scale to determine distances on a chart.
What is a nautical mile?

A nautical mile is based on the circumference of the planet Earth. If you were to cut the Earth in half at the
equator, you could pick up one of the halves and look at the equator as a circle. You could divide that circle
into 360 degrees. You could then divide a degree into 60 minutes. A minute of arc on the planet Earth is
one nautical mile. All nations use this unit of measurement for air and sea travel.
1 meters = 3.28 Feet

1 Fathoms = 1.828 Meters
1 Shackle = 27.4 Meters
EARTH ROTATION- the Earth rotates from the west towards the east. As viewed from North Star or
polestar Polaris, the Earth turns counter-clockwise. The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North

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Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation
meets its surface
Latitude and longitude

The equator divides the earth into the northern and southern hemispheres and references parallels
of latitude. The prime meridian passes through the original position of the Royal Greenwich Observatory. It
serves as the reference for meridians of longitude.
LATITUDE – is an angle that ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of
constant latitude, or parallels, run east to west as circles parallel to the equator.
Latitude - Any small circle perpendicular to the earth‟s axis formed by passing a plane parallel to the
equator's plane.
Meridians are divided in half: Upper branch and lower branch
Prime Meridian -upper branch is known as the Greenwich meridian, the lower branch is the 180th
meridian
MEASUREMENT OF ARC
Positions in relationship to Earth‟s Coordinates system are expressed in:

PRONOUNCED SYMBOL
Degrees (°)
Minutes (´)
Seconds (´´)

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ex. Lat. 20° 35‟40‟‟N
What is Longitude?
LONGITUDE – Angular distance East or West on the earth's surface, measured by the angle between the
meridian of a particular place and some prime meridian, like Greenwich, England, and expressed either in
degrees or by some corresponding difference in time.
Longitude - The angular distance between the Greenwich meridian and the meridian of a particular point
on the earth‟s surface. Longitude is measured in degrees of arc from 0 to 180 degrees.
Ex. 1. (108°, 139°, 180°)
Ex. 2. Long. 130°20‟ 30‟‟E

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Latitude is measured along a meridian. The length of one degree of latitude is the same everywhere on
earth (60 nm). One minute of latitude is 1nm (or 2000 yds.). By convention, the latitude is expressed
using two digits (08°, 39°and 89°).
Ex. 1 Degree = 60 „Minutes or 60 nm / 1 Minute= 1nm
Longitude scale

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Latitude scale
The Latitude of a place is the angular measurement between its parallel of Latitude and the Equator. The
angle is measured at the Centre of the earth and is expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds (or in
degrees, minutes, and decimals of a minute) from 0-90 north or south from the Equator. (ACROSS THE
CHART)
Example of Great Circle

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Calculating the difference of latitude and difference of longitude
Longitude
The Longitude of a place is the angular measurement between its meridian and the meridian of
Greenwich. The angle is measured at the Centre of the earth and is expressed in degrees, minutes, and
seconds (or in degrees, minutes, and decimals of a minute) from 0-180 east or west of the Greenwich
Meridian. (UP AND DOWN THE CHART)
A nautical mile is 1,852 meters or 1.852 kilometers. In the English measurement system, a nautical mile
is 1.1508 miles, or 6,076 feet or 1,852.43 meters.
What is a knot?
A knot is a unit of measure for speed.
Ex: 1. if you are traveling at a speed of 1 nautical mile per hour, you are said to be traveling at a speed of
1 knot.

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2. If you are traveling at a speed of 12.5 nautical miles per hour, you are said to be traveling at a
speed of 12.5 knots.

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The equator divides the earth into the northern and southern hemispheres and references parallels
of latitude. The prime meridian passes through the original position of the Royal Greenwich Observatory. It
serves as the reference for meridians of longitude. Meridians of longitude are great circles
Parallels of latitude are small circles (except the equator)

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Spherical angle- The angle formed at the intersection of two great circles' arcs, the spherical angle ABC
is equal in degrees to the plane angle AOC.

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Spherical Triangle - A spherical triangle is formed on a sphere's surface by three great circular
arcs intersecting pairwise in three vertices.
Great Circle
The great circle is formed by passing a plane perpendicular to its axis halfway between its poles.
The equator divides the earth into northern and southern hemispheres
One of the two great circles from which all locations on the earth‟s surface are referenced
Small Circle
Any other circle formed on a sphere's surface by the intersection of a plane not passing through its
center. Any circle not passing through the center of a sphere. Parallels (of latitude) - Any small circle on the
earth‟s surface is perpendicular to the equator's plane.
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A nautical mile is based on the circumference of the planet Earth. If you were to cut the Earth in
half at the equator, you could pick up one of the halves and look at the equator as a circle. You could
divide that circle into 360 degrees. You could then divide a degree into 60 minutes. A minute of arc on the
planet Earth is one nautical mile. All nations use this unit of measurement for air and sea travel.
A nautical mile is 1,852 meters or 1.852 kilometers. In the English measurement system, a
nautical mile is 1.1508 miles, or 6,076 feet or 1,852.43 meters.

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Checkpoint
Activity 1 of Lesson 1.1: Essay Writing
Discuss the meaning of the following terms
1. Latitude –
2. Longitude –
3. Prime Meridian –
4. Nautical Mile –
Do this
Activity 2: Matching type
Match Column A with Column B
Column A Column B
1. 1 meter a. 3.28 feet
2. 1 fathom b. 6.00 feet
3. 1 shackle c. 27.40 feet
d. 90.00 feet

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Assessment
Identify the following Earth‟s five circles and zones on the surface

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Checkpoint
Activity 1 for Lesson 1.2: Essay Writing
Define the Meaning of the following terms:
1. Great circle –
2. Small Circle –
3. Measurement of Distance –

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Do this
Activity 2 :
Find the two coordinate mark on the chart and find the difference of latitude in degrees and
convert it to nautical miles

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Activity 3:
Get the two coordinate mark on the chart and find the Difference of Longitude in Degrees and convert it into
nautical miles

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Assessment: Problem Solving
Find the difference of latitude and difference of longitude between two places.
1. Long 1=146°32‟E A.074°12‟E / C. 075°12‟E 9. Long 1= 30°‟E A.030° W / C.090° W

Long 2=140°16„W B.074°12‟W/D. 075°12‟W Long 2= 60° W B.030° E / D.090° E
2. Long 1=146°32‟E A.006°16„E /C.005°16„E 10. Lat.1= 34°06‟N A.64°22‟S / C.3°50‟S

Long 2=140°16„E B.006°16„W/D.005°16„W Lat.2= 30°16‟N A.64°22‟N / D.3°50‟N
3. Long 1=146°32‟W A.005°16„E /C.006°16„E 11. Lat.1= 34°06‟ S A.3°50‟N / C.3°10‟N

Long 2=140°16„W B.005°16„E/D.006°16„W Lat.2= 30°16‟S B.3°50‟S / D.3°10‟S
4. Long 1=146°32‟E A.074°16‟E/ C.074°12‟W 12.Lat.1= 34°06‟ N A.3°40‟N / C.64°32‟N

Long 2=140°16„W B.074°16‟W/ D.074°12‟W Lat.2 = 30°26‟N B.3°40‟S / D.64°32‟S
5. Long 1=046°32‟ E A.086°48„W / C.006°16„W 13. Lat.1= 34°06‟S A.66°36‟ N / C.3°30‟ N

Long 2=040°16„E B.086°48„E / D.006°16„E Lat.2= 30°36‟S B.66°36‟ S / D.3°30‟ S
6. Long 1=014°41.5‟E A.035°00„W / C.034°00„W 14. Lat.1 = 34°06‟N A.64°10‟N / C.64°22‟N

Long 2=020°18.5„W B.035°00„E / D. 034°00„W Lat.2 = 30°16‟ S B.64°10‟S /D.64°22‟S
7. Long 1=034°36‟W A.050°24„W / C.049°24„W 15. Lat.1 = 30°16‟ S A.4°10‟ S / C. 3°10‟ S

Long 2=015°48„E B.050°24„E / D.049°24„W Lat.2 = 34°06‟ S B.4°10‟ N /D.4°10‟ N
8. Long 1=129°29‟E A.061°36‟W / C.060°36‟W

Long 2=168°55„W B.061°36‟E / D.060°36‟E

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Lesson 2 - Charts
Learning Module 2.1 Chart Projections
2.2 Chart Requirements
2.3 Nautical chart
(Week 3, 4 & 5) (15 hours)
Competence:
Course Outcome/s:
1. Describe the different types of chart projection

2. Describe the requirements of a chart appropriate for marine navigation.
3. Describe the properties of the chart and also its limitations
4. Classify nautical charts
Overview
“A chart can be a map, but a map cannot be a chart.”

A nautical chart is a graphic representation of a maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water and heights of land (topographic
map), natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and
human-made aids to navigation, information on tides and currents, local details of the Earth's magnetic
field, and human-made structures such as harbors, buildings, and bridges. Nautical charts are essential
tools for marine navigation; many countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them.
Nautical charting may take the form of charts printed on paper or computerized electronic navigational
charts. Recent technologies have made available paper charts printed "on-demand" with cartographic data
downloaded to the commercial printing company as recently as the night before printing. With each daily

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download, critical data such as Local Notice to Mariners is added to the on-demand chart files so that these
charts will be up to date at the time of printing.
What is a map?
A map is defined as a representation, usually on a flat surface, of a whole or part of an area. Maps
can display political boundaries, population, physical features, natural resources, roads, climates, elevation
(topography), and economic activities. A map's job is to describe spatial relationships of specific features
that the map aims to represent. There are many different types of maps that attempt to represent specific
things.
What is a map projection?

A chart projection is a mathematically described technique representing the Earth‟s curved surface
on a flat map. To represent parts of the Earth's surface on a flat paper map or a computer screen, the
curved horizontal reference surface must be mapped onto the 2D mapping plane. The reference surface for
large-scale mapping is usually an oblate ellipsoid, and for small-scale mapping, a sphere
Desirable qualities of a chart projection:
*Correct angular relationships
*Representation of areas in their correct proportions relative to one another
*True scale
*Rhumb lines represented as straight lines
*Great circles represented as straight lines
Note: Rhumb lines are lines on the earth's surface that cross all meridians at the same angle. Ships on a
constant course follow rhumb lines. As we‟ve already discussed, the earth is considered a spheroid or “not-
so-perfect” sphere. This presents a problem: How to represent the round earth on a flat piece of paper. It
is physically impossible to spread it out flat without some stretching or tearing as a rubber ball.
A sphere is “non-developable” - no part of it can be spread flat without significant distortion. We get
around this by projecting the terrestrial sphere's surface features onto other developable surfaces (e.g.,
cone and cylinder).
The three classes of map projections are cylindrical, conical, and azimuthal. The Earth's reference
surface projected on a map wrapped around the globe as a cylinder produces a cylindrical map projection.
Projected on a map formed into a cone gives a conical map projection. When projected directly onto the
mapping plane, it produces an azimuthal (or zenithal or planar) map projection.

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Developed by Gerhardus Mercator some 400 years ago.

Imagine a cylinder rolled around the earth, the tangent at the equator, and parallel to the earth‟s axis. Meridians
appear as straight vertical lines when projected outward onto the cylinder. The Most Common Projection Used in
Maritime Navigation. The point of Tangency is the Equator. Rhumb lines plot as STRAIGHT lines

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ADVANTAGES of the Mercator projection:

 Position, distance, and direction can all be easily determined
 Rhumb lines plot as straight lines
 Meridians plot as straight lines
Disadvantages of the Mercator projection
Distortion of the true size of surface features increases with distance from the equator
Great circles, other than a meridian or the equator, appear as curved lines.
AZIMUTHAL -A perfectly flat piece of paper (a plane) would touch the globe at a point. This projection
is a good choice for maps with circular or square shapes. When tangency is one of the poles, meridians are
shown as straight lines radiating from the pole. If parallels are then drawn as equally spaced concentric
circles, this projection would be equidistant (scale is true along any line radiating from the center point, in
this case, the pole). Gnomonic Projection: Great circle routes (the shortest distance between two points on
the globe) appear as straight lines on this Azimuthal; its advantages are: Great circles appear as straight
lines. Due to this attribute, the gnomonic chart is mainly used to plot the optimum great circle route
(shortest path) between two points. These points are then picked off the gnomonic chart and plotted on a
Mercator chart; Distortion is tolerable within 1,000 miles of the point of tangency. Its disadvantages are:
Rhumb lines appear as curved lines, Distance and direction cannot be measured directly, not conformal
(true shapes are not presented).

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Gnomonic Projection
Advantages of the Gnomonic Projection:

 Great circles appear as straight lines.
 Used to plot the optimum great circle route (shortest path) between two points
Disadvantages of the Gnomonic Projection,

 Distortion of shape and scale increases as the distance from the point of tangency increases.
 Distance and direction cannot be measured directly from a gnomonic projection.
Polyconic Projection
A conic map projection

Having distances between meridians along every parallel equal to those distances on a
globe. The central geographic meridian is a straight line, whereas the others are curved, and the
parallels are arcs of circles.
Chart Projection Summary

Mercator Gnomonic
Parallels: Straight lines Curved (except equator)
Meridians: Straight Straight
Conformal: YES NO
Great Circles: Curved* Straight
Rhumb lines: Straight Curved lines
Applications: Piloting Great-circle
determination

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The appearance of a rhumb line and a great circle on a Mercator versus a gnomonic projection
The Mercator projection's advantage is that Latitude and Longitudes are at right angles, making it
easy to read the bearing. On a small scale, the Mercator projection also gives true distances. Unfortunately,
because the distance in Longitudes is equal to the cosine of the Latitude, the Mercator projection cannot be
used near the poles, where distortion reaches its maximum.
As an example. A Mercator projection at latitude 60º North gives a one-by-one-degree rectangle which is
twice as high as wide (the cosine of 60º is 0.5)

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WHAT IS A CHART PROJECTION – is a process of transferring points in the surface of the sphere or
spheroid onto a plane or onto a developable plane surface such as a cylinder or cone to produce a
systematic drawing of lines representing the parallels of latitudes and the meridians of longitudes of the
earth or portion of the earth?
MERCATOR PROJECTION – is a conformal cylindrical projection in which a sphere or spheroid's

surface is developed on a cylindrical tangent along the equator. Meridians appear as equally spaced vertical
lines and parallels as horizontal lines drawn farther apart as the latitude increases. The correct relationship

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between latitude and longitudes scale at any point is maintained. Also called EQUATORIAL
CYLINDRICAL ORTHOMORPHIC PROJECTION
1 nautical mile = 72,913.39 inches per nautical

Ex: 1 and 2 solve the scale of the chart inches into nautical Miles
How many nautical miles is 2 inches in a nautical chart with a scale of 1:300,000 = 8.23 nm
300,000/72,913.39=4.11447060 x 2 = 8.228941214 or 8.23nm round off
How many nautical miles is 1 inch in a nautical chart with a scale of 1:25,000 = 0.34 nm
25,000/72,913.39=0.34287

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The properties of the chart and its limitations

How to Read a Nautical Chart

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Chart Features
Harbor charts are intended for navigation and anchorage in harbors and small waterways. The scale is
generally larger than 1:50,000. In NIMA's classification system, the sailing charts are incorporated in the
general charts classification (smaller than about 1: 15,000); those coast charts especially useful for
approaching more confined waters (bays, harbors) are classified as approach charts. There is considerable
overlap in these designations, and the classification of a chart is best determined by its use and by its
relationship to other charts of the area. The use of insets complicates the placement of charts into rigid
classifications.

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Large Scale Charts / 1:50,000 – 1: 150,000 / for approaching bays and harbors and
used for coastal navigation outlying reefs and shoals.
1:2,400 – 1: 50,000 -Used Primarily for Inshore Navigation and for Navigating Large
Inland Waterways
Sailing charts are the smallest scale charts used for planning, fixing position at sea, and
plotting the dead reckoning while proceeding on a long voyage. The scale is generally smaller
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than 1:600,000. The shoreline and topography are generalized, and only offshore
soundings, the principal navigational lights, outer buoys, and landmarks visible at considerable
distances are shown.
General charts are intended for coastwise navigation outside of outlying reefs and shoals.
The scales range from about 1:150,000 to 1: 600,000.

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How to Read a Nautical Chart

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Heights of Tides and Currents

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Activity 1 Lesson 2. 1 & 2.2: Essay
What are the 3 ADVANTAGES of the Mercator projection?
1.
2.
3.

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Activity Lesson 2. 1 & 2.2: Essay
What is the disadvantage of the Mercator projection?
Assessment for Lesson 2. 1 & 2.2: Essay
1. What is a chart projection

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2. What is Mercator projection
Activity 1
Identify the image on Number 1 to 6 / 7 to 10

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Pier Ruins
Wharf Causeway
Breakwater Dyke Levee
Jetty Small scale

Pump-out facilities
Jetty (partly below MLLW)
Jetty Submerged

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Assessment 1
Name the different parts on the nautical charts: 1 to 10

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Assessment 2. Multiple Choice
1. The earth comprise of prime meridians which rotates on its ________.

a) Axis
b) Equator
c) Latitude
d) Meridian
2. ECDIS is a computer based navigation system that complies with international maritime
organization and used as an alternative to ___________?
a) Digital nautical charts
b) Electronics chart system
c) Electronic navigational chart
d) Paper nautical chart
3. If 1 nautical mile is 6,076 feet, what is its equivalent in meters?

a) 1848 meters
b) 1849 meters
c) 1852 meters
d) 1854 meters
4. What is the length of the line drawn between any two places?
a. Departure
b. Difference of Latitude
c. Distance
d. Latitude
5. What do you call the circle on the surface of the earth that is parallel to the plane?
a. Elevated pole
b. Equator
c. Hour circle
d. Longitude circle
6. What is the other term for the imaginary earth axis?

a. Equinoxes
b. Nodes
c. Poles of the earth
d. Solstices
7. Polyconic projection on the chart, which based on:

a. Cone tangent at one point
b. Cylinder tangent at one point
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c. Plane tangent at one point

d. Series of cones tangent at selected parallel
8. The earth rotates about one of its diameters referred to as axis of:
a. Deflection
b. Precession
c. Revolution
d. Rotation
9. What is a line on the earth parallel to the equator?

a. Equator
b. Great Circle
c. Latitude
d. Small circle
10. What is the network of latitude and longitude lines laid out in accordance with the principle
in any projection?
a. Coordinates
b. Grid
c. Graticule
d. Neat line
11. Your vessel is in north latitude sailing from position 30° 20‟ N to position 60° 10‟ N; what is
its difference in latitude?
a. 29° 50‟N
b. 29° 30‟N
c. 29° 40‟N
d. 29° 20‟N
12. In finding the difference in latitude and having a different name, which of the process will
you do?
a. Minus and put the name of your direction
b. Minus the smaller number to the greater number
c. Plus and put the course of your direction
d. Plus and put the name of your direction
13. What scale on the Mercator chart is used to measure distance?

a. Latitude scale at the middle of the scale
b. Linear scale near the title block
c. Longitude scale at the bottom of the scale
d. Longitude scale at the middle of the scale
14. If you want to know the facilities of a certain port you wish to avail, what is the best
publication you will refer to?
a. Coast Pilot
b. Notices to Mariners
c. Sailing Directions

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d. World Port Index
15. Which of the following chart is intended for coastwise navigation outside of outlying reefs
and shoals?
a. General chart
b. Harbor chart
c. Pilot chart
d. Sailing chart
16. On a nautical chart, what is the ratio of 1 nautical mile?

a. 1 degree of latitude
b. 1 degree of longitude
c. 1 minute of latitude
d. 1 minute of longitude
17. What is the difference of longitude of your vessel if she sails from Longitude 20° 15‟ W going
to 23° 55‟ E?
a. 43°70‟ E
b. 43°70‟ W
c. 44°10‟ E
d. 44°10‟ W
18. What is the difference of latitude when a vessel came from latitude 12°47‟ N and arrived at
latitude 27° 52‟ N?
a. 15° 05‟S
b. 15° 05‟N
c. 15° 15‟ S
d. 15° 15‟ N
19. What is the difference of longitude when a vessel came from longitude 121°12‟ E and
arrived at longitude 120° 00‟ E?
a. 1° 12‟ E
b. 1° 12‟ N
c. 1° 12‟ S
d. 1° 12‟ W
20. What is the shape of the earth?

a. Oblate eggoid
b. Oblate spheroid
c. Sphere
d. Spheroid of revolution
21. What is a great circle that passes through the poles of another great circle?
a. Primary great circle
b. Primary small circle
c. Secondary great circle

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d. Secondary small circle
22. What is the circle drawn around the earth midway between the poles so that every point on
it is equidistant from each pole?
a. Axis
b. Equator
c. Longitude
d. Poles
23. What is the great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the plane of the meridian?
a. Equator
b. Parallel of latitude
c. Parallel of longitude
d. Tropic of Capricorn
24. It is measured from the equator, which the plane is perpendicular to the earth‟s axis
rotation:
a. Altitude
b. Declination
c. Latitude
d. Longitude
25. A plane that cuts the earth‟s surface at any angle and passes through the center will always
from:
a. A meridian
b. The equator
c. The great circle
d. The small circle

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Lesson 3 – Electronic Charts

Learning Module 3.1 Electronic charts and ECDIS
(Week 6) (5 hours)
Competence:
Course Outcome/s:
1. Acquire basic knowledge of electronic charts and ECDIS.
Overview
An Electronic Chart Display & Information System (ECDIS) is a computer-based navigation

information system that complies with International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. It can be
used as an alternative to paper nautical charts. IMO refers to similar systems not meeting the regulations
as Electronic Chart Systems (ECS).

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Discussion
Key Concept
Electronic Charts
An electronic navigational chart is an official database created by a national hydrographic
office with an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS).
Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC)

Are official databases of chart features used by navigation systems to produce a chart-like
display?
Electronic Chart Display & Information System (ECDIS)

A computer-based system of paper chart graphic representation/ Digital chart either
presented on a plotter or an ECDIS has the advantage of being easier to read because the
information is organized in layers that can be displayed or hidden. Advance ECDIS can display
technology can display digital and radar pictures at the same time. It consists of a computer
database and a display system. It is not simply a digital version of a paper chart. It introduced a
new navigational methodology which is very different from a paper chart, including capabilities
and limitations.

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Differences between RNCs and ENCs

A Raster Navigational Chart is an accurate digital image comprised of pixels displayed on an
electronic screen. Each pixel has a unique color, or it has no color. An Electronic Navigational Chart
(ENC) is navigational features in a vector format. That is achieved by digitizing each feature‟s geometry into
a specific object.

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ELECTRONIC CHART DATA / ENC CHARTS

ENC charts are Vector charts that conform to the requirements for the chart databases for
ECDIS, with standardized content, structure, and format, issued for use with ECDIS on the
authority of government authorized hydrographic offices. ENCs are vector charts that conform to
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) specifications stated in IHO Publication S-57.
A Raster Navigational Chart

It is an accurate digital image comprised of pixels displayed on an electronic screen, each pixel has
a unique color, or it has no color. The pattern of the colored and the empty pixels gives shape to the
individual features of the chart. To better understand the nature of raster charts, we examine the process
that creates them. Like all color printed materials, charts are printed from color-separated negatives. In
1994, OCS began to scan all of the negatives used for chart printing. From this digital files library,
cartographers can update charts efficiently utilizing Computer-Aided Design (CAD), software commonly
used for drafting. From these files, paper charts continue to be printed. The digital files make it possible
to provide navigational information to the public through two new products: Print on Demand (POD) paper
charts and raster navigational charts (RNCs).
To become a raster navigational chart, cartographers add a system of geographic reference
to the digital image. The system enables the cartographer to update charts accurately. Using the
formatted images in electronic display systems called Raster Chart Display Systems (RCDS),
mariners receive accurate real-time vessel positions. However, raster charts are mere
images. There is no digital difference between pixels in a pattern representing a buoy,
representing a submerged wreck. Therefore, using an RNC, mariners must rely on human
intelligence to interpret navigation decisions' images.
An Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) is navigational features in a vector format. That is
achieved by digitizing each feature‟s geometry into a specific object. According to a data standard,
NOAA cartographers collect the vector features, called the S-57 format, recognized by
international treaties obtained through the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). The

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navigational objects are maintained in a database, with additional information about their real-
world characteristics: geographic position, shape, color, the age of the data, etc. Mariners
navigate with an ENC, using an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) that
interprets the stored data. In addition to providing real-time vessel position, the ECDIS allows the
mariner to select features to display that enhance navigating his particular vessel characteristics
and specific weather and marine traffic conditions. Mariners program these parameters into their
ECDIS system to produce visual and audible alarms to warn of dangers.
What is S-57?
*International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) for Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic
data
*Uses International Standard Organization (ISO) 8211 file format
*Platform independent structure
*Provides a standard catalog for chart features
*ENC is a product specification for S-57
S-57 Object Catalog is:

*Chart features belong to object classes
*Over 180 object classes defined
*Each object has a set of descriptive attributes
*Object classes encoded as acronyms
*Attributes encoded as acronyms and enumeration
*Includes attribute data types and value domains
ENCs contain all the chart information necessary for safe navigation and may contain
supplementary information in addition to that contained in the paper chart (e.g., Sailing
Directions) and show dangers. This supplementary information may be considered necessary for
safe navigation and displayed together as a seamless chart. Systems using ENC charts can be
programmed to warn of impending danger about the vessel's position and movement. Chart
systems certified according to marine regulations are required to show these dangers.
Raster Charts
Raster navigational charts are raster charts that conform to IHO specifications and are produced
by converting paper charts to a digital image by the scanner. The image is similar to digital camera
pictures, which could be zoomed in for more detailed information in ENCs.
Resolution MSC.86 (70) permits ECDIS equipment to operate in a Raster Chart Display System (RCDS)
mode in the absence of ENC.
According to the IMO performance standard, ECDIS operated in the Raster Chart Display System
(RCDS) mode meets the chart carriage requirements for areas where ENCs are not available. However, an
appropriate portfolio of up-to-date paper charts should be carried on board by the Flag State requirements
for these areas. Using an ECDIS in the RCDS mode in areas where there are suitable ENCs available is not

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allowed. ENCs meet SOLAS chart carriage requirements when kept up-to-date and used on a type-
approved ECDIS with an adequate back-up arrangement.
Vector Charts
A vector chart is a database where different objects are encoded. Your chart software may sort
these objects into categories and display them in layers.
There are many advantages of vector charts:

*Automatic alarm generation is possible
*Optional information can be displayed (customized settings)
*Zoom option with no deterioration of the readability
*They are easy to correct
*They require little memory capacity (quick loading)
*Information can be added (files, pictures, etc.)
*Good readability in all presentation modes like Head-up, North-up, Course-up
*Presentation is adapted according to the safety parameters of your vessel

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Checkpoint
Activity 1: Essay
1. Discuss what is ECDIS
2. Explain what is Electronic Charts
3. Discuss Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC)

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Assessment
List down the eight (8) advantages of vector charts

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References
T1 – Bartlett, T. (2008). The Adlard Coles Book of Navigation 3rd Edition. London: Adlard Coles
Nautical.
REFERENCES:
R1 - Cotter, Charles H. (2018). The Elements of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, 3rd Ed.
Glasgow, UK: Brown, Son & Ferguson Ltd.
R2 - IMO. (2017). STCW including 2010 Manila amendments: STCW convention and STCW Code.
London. International Maritime Organization.
R3 – Cotter, Charles H. (2017). The elements of navigational and nautical astronomy: a textbook
of navigation and nautical astronomy. 3rd ed.Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson.
R4 – ICS. (2016). Bridge procedures guide. 5th ed. London: Marise c Publications.
R5 – IMO. (2013). Ship‟s routeing. 11th ed. London: International Maritime Organization.
R6 – Hecht, et al. (2012).The Electronic chart, fundamentals, functions, data and other essentials
a textbook for ECDIS Use and Training,3rd Edition. The Netherlands: Geomares Publishing
Lemmer.
R7 – Admiralty. (2011). Symbols and abbreviations used on admiralty paper charts. 5th Ed.
Taunton U.K.: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office.
R8 – Admiralty. (2011). IALA Maritime Buoyage System. Combined cardinal and lateral system.7th
Ed. Taunton U.K.: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office.
R9 – Bole, A.G...[et. al]. (2011). the navigation control manual. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge.
R10 – Ynion, E.J. (2011). Terrestrial Navigation 1. Philippines: Philippines Foundation for Maritime
Teaching Aids, Inc. (MARTA).
R11 – Ramirez, C. C. (2011). Terrestrial Coastal Navigation. Legaspi City, Philippines: Gold Book
Publication.
R12 – Gardner, A.C. and Creelman, W.G. (2007). Navigation for School & College (Rev. ed.).
Glasgow, U.K.: Brown, Son & Ferguson, Ltd.
R13 – Frost, A.B. (2004). Practical Navigation for Officers of the Watch. 1st Ed. Glasgow, U.K.:
Brown, Son & Ferguson, Ltd.
R14 – Larkin, F.J. (1998). Basic Coastal Navigation: An Introduction of Piloting for Sail
And Power. U.S.A.: Sheridan House Inc.
R15 – Bowditch, N (1995). The American Practical Navigator. Maryland: Defense
Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center.
R16– Morgan Technical Books Limited (1992). An Introduction to Coastal Navigation:
Seaman‟s Guide. Gloucestershire, U.K: Morgan Technical Book Limited.

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Oral Assessment (Prelim)
Explain the terminologies in a video clip while wearing white T-Shirts:
1. Earth
2. Earth Rotation
3. Earth’s Pole
ORAL PRESENTATION ON THE CHOSEN RESEARCH TOPIC DIRECTIONS: (This is a

video oral presentation)
1. In this activity, you will work individually.
2. On a paper, please write down what you think is your idea regarding your chosen
research topic. Please accomplish this task in 1-2 minutes.
3. When done, please post your output on Power Point Slides and prepare to present.
4. Each student will be given at least 2 minutes to present his presentation.
5. During the presentation, please explain briefly why you think you listed items that
constitute the terms in your CHOSEN RESEARCH TOPIC.
Rubric for Grading Oral Assessment

CRITERIA SCORE
CONTENT (40%)
The content clearly incorporates salient points discussed about the
topic.
CREATIVITY AND OVERALL PRESENTATION (30%)
The presentation showcases learner‟s creativity and originality
OTHER ELEMENTS (15%)
 The student effectively use gestures, eye-contact, movements,
and facial expressions to convey the message.
 The speaker speaks audibly and clearly.
 The speaker uses props, and costumes appropriately and
effectively
MASTERY (15 %)
The pair has mastered the concepts and delivered it well.

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REQUIRED OUTPUT (Prelim)
Choose one from the given topics and explain in a PowerPoint presentation:
1. Earth 5 Circles and Zones on the surface

2. Small circle
3. Equator
4. Great Circle
PowerPoint Presentation must be a 5-minute presentation of the Chosen Research

Topic. The format of the slides must be:
- Slide 1: Title of the Chosen Research Topic and the name of the student
– Slide 2: Justification for choosing the topic
– Slide 3: Existing problems, issues, gaps relevant to the chosen topic
- Font Size and Style: Title: Arial 36-40” Body: 24-28”
- Animation and Design: Free Style
- Follow 7x7 rule (7 words and 7 lines in a slide)
Rubric for Grading PowerPoint Presentation of a Chosen Research Topic
CRITERIA SCORE
CONTENT (40%)
The content clearly incorporates salient points discussed about the topic.
SLIDE CREATION (15%)
Presentation flows well and logically. Presentation reflects extensive use of tools
in a creative way.
SLIDE TRANSITIONS (15%)
Transitions are smooth. Transitions enhance the presentation
PICTURES, CLIP ART BACKGROUND (15%)
Images are appropriate. Layout is pleasing to the eye.
MECHANICS (15%
No spelling errors. No grammar errors. Text is in authors‟ own words

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RESEARCH WORK (Prelim)
Submit a well-written Literature Review of your Research Topic and explain it:
1. Greenwich Meridian
2. Parallel of Latitude
3. Spherical angle
4. Spherical Triangle
Submit a well-written Literature Review of your Research Topic.
Rubric for grading research work
CRITERIA SCORE
INTRODUCTION (10%)
Clear overview of paper, demonstrates importance of topic
BODY (40%)
Balanced viewpoint: Objective, balanced view from various perspectives.
Coherent theme: Each cited study related to the topic and to other
studies.
Depth and breadth of research: Variety of studies and attention to detail
about the topic
Analysis: Collection of studies analyzed for differences and commonalities
about the topic.
CONCLUSION AND SYNTHESIS (10%)
Information synthesized and brought to a logical conclusion
ORGANIZATION AND ALIGNMENT (15%)
Organization and Alignment: Information logically organized with good
flow. Issues threaded throughout paper
MECHANICS, APA, REFERENCES (25%)
Correct spelling, punctuation, sentence structure, word usage Correct use
of APA in body of paper References correctly typed, appropriate number
and quality

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Lesson 4 – Chart Catalogue

Learning Module 4.1 Chart and Publication Catalogue
(Week 7, 8 & 9) (15 hours)
Competence:
Course Outcome/s:
1. Familiarize the contents of a chart and publication catalog.

2. Extract Area Chart using the chart catalog
Overview

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The scale of a chart refers to a measurement of area, not distance. A chart covering a relatively
large area is called a small-scale chart, and a chart covering a relatively small area is called a large-scale
chart. Scales may vary from 1: 1,200 for plans to 1: 14,000,000 for world charts
SMALL SCALE CHART everything appears Small– less detail. 1:100,000

Means 1 inch on the chart is100, 000 inches on the Earth‟s surface
LARGE SCALE CHART Everything appears Large– more details. 1:1000
Means 1 inch on the chart is 1000 inches on the Earth‟s surface
Types of Charts
SOLAS Chapter V REGULATION 27 - Nautical charts and nautical publications

Nautical charts and nautical publications, such as sailing directions, lists of lights, notices to mariners, tide
tables, and all other nautical publications necessary for the intended voyage, shall be adequate and up to
date.

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Discussion
GENERAL CHARTS: Small Scale Charts / 1:150,000 - 1: 600,000 /Used for voyage planning.
COASTAL CHARTS: Large Scale Charts 1:50,000 – 1: 150,000, for approaching bays and harbors
and used for coastal navigation outlying reefs and shoals.

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HARBOR CHARTS: Large Scale Charts 1:2,400 – 1: 50,000, Used Primarily for Inshore
Navigation and for Navigating Large Inland Waterways

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CHART NUMBERING SYSTEM

Designed for use by The U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard. Built by Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)
who has changed its name to NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INFORMATION AGENCY (NGA)
CHART NUMBERING SYSTEM

5 Digits are of a suitable scale to depict coastal regions with the great detail necessary for piloting.
There are nine coastal regions in the world. Each is divided into several sub-regions:
The first number is the region
The second number is the sub-region
The last three numbers represent the geographic sequence of the chart
Chart Numbering
The Five Digits Combined Make Up the Alpha-numeric (Words& Numbers) Prefix.
First Two Digits Are The Sub-region.
Third Digit Is The Portfolio Assignment Number.
CHART 12245
(1) First Digit Of A Five Digit Chart Is The Region.
(12) First And Second Digit Combined Indicate The Sub Region.
(245) Last Three Digits Are Numbered COUNTERCLOCKWISE Around the Continents.
Portfolio Assignment: The Three Portfolio Assignments A, B, and X.

“A” Portfolio Consist Of:
All Operating Area Charts,
Principal Coastal Charts,
Harbor and Approach Charts.
“B” Portfolios Supplement the “A” Portfolio With:
Additional Coastal Charts,
Harbor and Approach Charts,
For Each Sub-region.
“X” Portfolio:
Designated Standard Nautical Charts Which Have Not Been Assigned To Either an “A” Or “B” Portfolio.

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Chart Numbering System

All charts produced by NIMA and NOS are assigned a number from one to five digits, according to
the scale and area they depict: # of digits Scale
1 No scale involved (supporting pub)
2 1: 9,000,001 and smaller
3 1: 2,000,001 to 1:1,900,000
4 Miscellaneous and special, non-navigational charts
5 1: 2,000,000 and larger
The chart numbering system also allows the navigator to organize his/her charts into chart portfolios.
The Fourth and Fifth Digits of the Prefix Specify the Type of Chart:
“CO” - COASTAL CHARTS
“HA” - HARBOR AND APPROACH CHARTS.
“OA” - OPERATING AREA CHART
“WO” - WORLD
“NR” - NAVY RESTRICTED
“GN” - GENERAL
“TR” – TRAINING
Use of Chart Catalogue for Voyage Planning
Limits of Admiralty Chart Indexes

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Continuation Senbuko, Osaka to Mizushima Ko

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a.)
b.)

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c.)

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d.)

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e.)
f.)

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g.)
h.)

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a.)

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b.)
c.)

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d.)
e.)

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f.)
g.)

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h.)
i.)

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j.)
k.)

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l.)

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a.)

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b.)
c.)

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d.)
e.)

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f.)
g.)

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Checkpoint
Activity 1:
1. On the navigational chart, what is the Ratio of the Harbor and Approach Chart?
2. On the navigational chart, if the chart's ratio is from 1:50,000 to 1:150,000, what place of
navigational water can we use?
3. In what Ratio is the General & Sailing Chart?

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Assessment
There are three (3) Portfolio Assignments A, B, and X in the Portfolio assignment.
1. “A” Portfolio consists of:
1.
2.
3.
2. “B” Portfolios Supplement the “A” Portfolio with:
1.
2.
3.
3. What is an “X” Portfolio?

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Lesson 5 – Notices to Mariners and Other Publication

Learning Module 5.1 Contents of Notices to Mariners and other Publication
5.2 Chart Correction
5.3 Correction of Nautical Publications
(Week 10, 11 & 12) (15 hours)
Competence:
Course Outcome/s:
Update navigational charts and publications by the latest Notice to Mariners
1. Discuss the contents of the Notices to Mariners and other publication

2. Use Notices to Mariners to update the navigational chart and other publications
Overview
Notices to Mariners or NTMs inform mariners of important matters affecting navigational safety
including hydrographic information such as, changes in depths, obstructions to be avoided, dangerous
areas to transit, aids to navigation, and other important data. They are used to amend a vessel‟s nautical
charts and publications portfolio to ensure a vessel is sailing tith the most accurate and reliable navigational
data.

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Discussion
Key Concept
Chart Correction System

Chart corrections are disseminated via Notice to Mariners and Local Notice to Mariners.
Notice to Mariners
Issued by NGA and contain changes relating to oceanic and coastal areas worldwide.
Local Notice to Mariners

Issued by the U.S. Coast Guard districts and contain changes pertaining only to U.S. inland waters.
Navigators are not required to immediately enter changes on every chart.

Corrections are entered on correction cards when received. The navigator‟s staff updates the charts
when the ship is scheduled to operate in an area covered by the chart portfolio.
Radio Broadcast Warnings

Are used to quickly promulgate important changes affecting navigation safety that cannot wait for
printing the Notice to Mariners (the changes will be reflected in the next Notice to Mariners).
Talk about buoy in Che's bay when coming back to port. It has been moved out a mile. Shooting TLAM‟s
in the MED and out of Haifa, Israel, the sunk fishing boat right outside the harbor is not printed on paper
but is electronic.
At this time, ships MUST maintain paper charts and navigate by them. It is illegal for ships to
replace the use of paper charts with electronic charts. They may, however, use them to complement the
traditional paper charts.
Notices to Mariner and other Publication
CHART CORRECTION
This is a very important task. It is a requirement that charts onboard are corrected, so they are
always up to date. One of the officers will have this responsibility, usually the second officer.
First, let's look at the tools required for correcting charts:

 Pens - you need at least two pens with different nib sizes, e.g., 0.15 mm and 0.25 mm. Use
0.15mm to insert information and 0.25mm to delete. Follow manufacturers' instructions and keep
the pens clean and in working order.
 Ink - the color of the ink should be violet so that corrections can be seen clearly.
 Pencils - use 2B.
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 Eraser - for rubbing out pencil marks on the charts.

 Adhesive - for sticking block corrections, notes, and cautions on the charts.
 Parallel ruler - two types available - Roller and Stepping type - either are suitable.
 Dividers - Preferably bow dividers.
 Compass - with pen attachment essential to draw large circles or sectors.
 Hacksaw blade - should have 14 teeth to 1 inch - very suitable for drawing lines to show a cable's
position.
 A straight edge or a long scale about 1 meter long.
 Template - with various sizes of holes for drawing radar stations, beacons, etc.
Correction of Nautical Publications
Publications required for chart corrections:

 NP 133A - Chart correction log and folio index.
 Chart 5011 - Symbols and Abbreviations used on Admiralty charts.
 NP 234 - Cumulative List of Admiralty Notices to Mariners (ANM).
 Weekly Notices to Mariners.
PROCEDURE TO CORRECT CHARTS USING ADMIRALTY NOTICES TO MARINERS (ANM)
1. Highlight the charts which you have on board with a highlighter pen in the correction log
(NP 133A). An example of how to fill the log is shown above.
2. Note down in the correction log correction numbers from all ANM‟s that are to be corrected in an
ascending order.
3. Voyage charts must be corrected first, followed by all charts on board.
4. Pull out the affected chart and confirm from the notice number, whether the last correction
affecting the chart is entered at the bottom left-hand corner of the chart.
5. It may be prudent to check if the chart has been corrected for the last notice.
6. A 'tracing' is often used to position a correction accurately and quickly. If tracings are available
onboard, use them as they are more accurate and less time-consuming when correcting charts.
7. Only proper chart correction pens, ink, and pencils should be used, as shown in the section
above.
8. Chart blocks must be aligned carefully. When pasting chart blocks, it is recommended to use
"Positionable Mounting Adhesive Rolls," as glue distorts within the block.

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9. Only standard chart symbols as mentioned in Chart 5011 should be used.

10. After completing each correction:
•Note down the correction number at the bottom left-hand corner of the chart.
•Strike out the correction number written in Chart Correction Log by pencil.
•Strike out the chart number at the correction in ANM or the tracing.
11. Before moving to the next chart, correct all corrections (as noted from all ANM's) affecting the
chart.
12. "Cumulative List of Admiralty Notices to Mariners" is published every six months and lists
correction numbers affecting each chart for two years. This should be used to verify that
all corrections affecting a particular chart have been carried out. It also gives the date of the
issue of the current edition of each chart.
13. Temporary and Preliminary (T & P) notices are corrected in the following way:
•Only voyage charts to be corrected. Look up the list of T's and P's in force (This is published
monthly in ANM)
•The T & P notices are printed on one side of the page. This is to facilitate them being cut out
and filed by area in the ship's T & P file. The index of this file should be the "Monthly T &
P's in force" list. This has to be renewed monthly when the new one is received.
•Correct voyage charts with the T's & P's in force, in pencil, and note the correction number in
the bottom left-hand corner of the chart, as well as in the correction log.
When a new chart or new edition of a chart is received on board, this procedure must
be followed:
1. Highlight the chart number in the correction log. Erase all the old corrections (in the new edition
and write the edition date in pen).
2. Enter the Chart Folio and sequence number from the index. In the case of a new edition, this
information is already present.
3. Correct the chart for any pending corrections. Record these corrections in the Chart correction
log in pencil.
4. Correct the Admiralty Chart Catalogue (NP 131) if affected.
5. Cancel the old edition of the chart by writing boldly on top "CANCELLED" and remove it from the
bridge.
If a chart has not been kept up-to-date and the last correction effected on the
chart is very old, use the following procedure to correct it:
1. Check that the edition is currently in the Cumulative Notice to Mariners.
2. Check in the latest Cumulative Notice to Mariners against the chart number, the number of
uncorrected notices. Note them down in the correction log.
3. Start by correcting the latest correction first and proceed backward until all the notices are
corrected.

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Navigation warnings in force:

Usually, only the voyage charts are corrected for Navigation Warnings. A proper log of all
Navigation Warnings should be maintained with individual sections for each area. The log is maintained in
the following way:
1. All Navigation Warnings in force until the year-end are published in the Annual Notices to Mariners.
2. All relevant sections of Navigation Warnings are removed from Admiralty Notices to Mariners and
filed in the Navigation Warnings log in serial order.
3. A complete list of all navigation warnings in force is published quarterly, in the weekly notices to
mariners. This list forms the first page of the log.
4. The above list is kept updated as the new notices are received. Old lists are removed on receipt on
the new list at the end of the quarter.
5. Obsolete or canceled notices are removed from the log, as required.
6. All Nav. warnings are removed at the end of the year when new Annual Notices to Mariners are
received.
7. Navigation Warnings in force must be corrected on voyage charts in pencil and number to be noted
in the left-hand corner of the chart also in pencil.
Admiralty Digital Notices to Mariners (ADNM) service:

The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office has recently introduced the Admiralty Digital Notices to
Mariners (ADMN) service. Here all the Notice to Mariners are available, along with tracings and block
corrections on a 3.5" floppy disk. The text is arranged in such a way that there is only one notice per page.
This assists in the electronic transmission of the notices using the latest communications systems. Refer to
publication number NP 294 (How to correct your charts the Admiralty Way) for further details.
Electronic Notice to Mariners

One major impediment to the full implementation of electronic chart systems has been how to keep
them up to date. After reviewing the range standards that might be employed in providing updates to
ECDIS charts, the IMO decided that the correction system must be “hands-off” from the mariner‟s point of
view. The correction system could not rely on the mariner's ability to enter individual correction data
himself, as he would do on a paper chart. The process must be automated to maintain the data's integrity
and prevent data entry errors by navigators.
National hydrographic offices that publish electronic charts must also publish corrections for them.
The manner of doing so varies among the different types of systems. The corrections are applied to the
data as the displayed chart is created, leaving the database unchanged.
Another possibility exists, and that is to reload the entire chart data file with updated information. This is
not as crazy as it sounds when one considers the amount of data that can be stored on a single CD-ROM
and the ease

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NOTICES TO MARINERS
Notices to Mariners (sometimes called Admiralty Notices to Mariners) contain important information
for the navigator enabling him to keep his charts and other publications corrected to the latest information.
They are issued daily by Hydrographic Departments to the Chart Depots and certain Chart Agents and are
published in Weekly Editions for the issue to ships.
Since several Hydrographic Agencies around the world operate in slightly different ways, the actual
publications found onboard may vary slightly from ship to ship. For example, since Australian and New
Zealand Notices are now the sole authority for correcting all Admiralty, Australian, and New Zealand charts
of Australian and New Zealand waters, such Notices as are relevant are included in the Weekly Notices.
The Temporary and Preliminary Australian and New Zealand Notices are not usually republished, but
they can be obtained directly from Australian and New Zealand Chart Agents. Notices and the Weekly
Editions containing such Notices are each numbered consecutively, commencing at the beginning of each
year.
Note: Philippine Local weekly edition NTM Consists of 5 Sections /International weekly edition NTM
consists of 6 sections / WEEKLY EDITIONS OF NTMs
International NTM
Each Weekly Editions consists of the following sections:

I. Explanatory Notes. Indexes to Section II.
II. Admiralty Notice to Mariners - Corrections to Charts.
III. Reprints of Radio Navigational Warnings.
IV. Corrections to Admiralty Sailing Directions.
V. Corrections to the Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals.
VI. Corrections to the Admiralty List of Radio Signals.
Note: Philippine Local weekly edition NTM Consists of 5 Sections
Philippine Notice to Mariners Contents:

I. Index of Chart affected.
II. Notice to Mariners
III. Corrections to nautical publications.
IV. Navigational Warnings.
V. Publications Notices.

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Staples bind each Weekly Edition to enable Temporary and Preliminary Notices and Sections III to
VI to be detached for filing or facilitating Admiralty publications' correction. In addition to the
above information, the Weekly Edition contains the following information:
1. New charts and publications - published during the week, information on forthcoming charts and
publications (to be published), Admiralty Charts and publications permanently withdrawn, Admiralty Chart
agent information, etc.
A list of current hydrographic publications is published quarterly in the weekly Editions of Admiralty
Notice to Mariners. A notice in Section II gives the latest editions of the various volumes of the Sailing
Directions, List of Lights, List of Radio Signals, and certain other miscellaneous publications plus any
supplements affecting them.
2. Temporary and Preliminary Notices are marked as (T) and (P), respectively, and an asterisk adjacent
to the number of a Notice indicates that the Notice is one based on original information, as opposed to one
that republishes information from another country. (T) And (P) Notices in force at the end of the year are
published in the Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners.
3. A list of T & P Notices and corrections to Sailing Directions in force is published monthly in the
weekly Editions of Admiralty Notice to Mariners.
Types of chart corrections:

The following corrections are listed in Weekly Notices to Mariners (ANM):
1. Permanent corrections are listed in the serial numbers from the beginning of the year. A minor
correction can be corrected by pen, and areas of the chart known as "blocks" are issued for major
corrections.
2. Temporary and Preliminary (T & P) corrections are carried out in pencil and erased after being
canceled or superseded by permanent correction.
3. Navigational warnings are listed under NavAreas.
4. A New edition of the chart is issued when the major portion of a chart is revised.
Charts must also be corrected for Local Navigational warnings and Local Notices.

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Each Weekly Editions consists of the following sections: (International Has a 6

section)
I Explanatory Notes. Indexes to Section II.
II Admiralty Notice to Mariners - Corrections to Charts.
III Reprints of Radio Navigational Warnings.
IV Corrections to Admiralty Sailing Directions.
V Corrections to the Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals.
VI Corrections to the Admiralty List of Radio Signals.
Staples bind each Weekly Edition to enable Temporary and Preliminary Notices and Sections III to
VI to be detached for filing or to facilitate Admiralty publications' correction.
In addition to the above information, the Weekly Edition contains the following information :
1. New charts and publications - published during the week, information on forthcoming charts
and publications (to be published), Admiralty Charts and publications permanently withdrawn, Admiralty
Chart agent information, etc. A list of current hydrographic publications is published quarterly in the weekly
Editions of Admiralty Notice to Mariners. A notice in Section II gives the latest editions of the various
volumes of the Sailing Directions, List of Lights, List of Radio Signals, and certain other miscellaneous
publications plus any supplements affecting them.

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2. Temporary and Preliminary Notices are marked as (T) and (P) respectively and an
asterisk adjacent to the number of a Notice indicates that the Notice is one based on original information,
as opposed to one that republishes information from another country. (T) and (P) Notices which are in
force at the end of the year are published in the Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners.
3. A list of T & P Notices and corrections to Sailing Directions in force is published monthly in the
weekly Editions of Admiralty Notice to Mariners.
CUMULATIVE LIST OF ADMIRALTY NTMs (NP234)
The first few Notices of each year are included in the Annual summary, published on 1st
January of each year. Most of these important Notices are Annual Notices which deal with the
same subject each year.
The Annual Summary also contains:

• Admiralty Temporary and Preliminary Notices in force.
• A reprint of corrections affecting Sailing Directions.
• Australian and New Zealand Temporary and Preliminary notices have been republished, and which are
in force at the end of the preceding year. It is obtainable in the same way as Weekly Notices.

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HOW NOTICE NUMBERS ARE INDEXED IN WEEKLY NOTICES

The example shown below is of a correction for a submarine cable that is to be inserted. At the
bottom of the correction, the charts affected are mentioned. As all charts do not cover the entire area and
are of different scales - the positions affecting each chart are also mentioned against the chart number.
E.g. on chart 777 - only position a, b, c & d are to be marked and joined.
Similarly, the last correction (previous to the present one) affecting chart 777 was 2609/91, meaning notice
number 2609 of the year 1991. This does not take into account the temporary and preliminary corrections.
Once this correction is made on the chart - the same is indicated by entering the notice number in the left-
hand corner of the chart 1990: …., …., …., 1991: 2609, 3530 and so on.

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Checkpoint
Activity 1
List down the chart number (in order) to use from Senbuko, Osaka going to Mizushima KO,
Title of Chart or Plan and Natural Scale of the chart/ TOTAL 21 ITEMS

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Do this
Activity 2
Write at least ten (10) procedural correction on the charts using Admiralty Notices to Mariners

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Do this
Activity 3
Write at least 10 tools required on correcting charts and state its functions.Two points (2) for each
answer:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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Assessment 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is to be updated on the Notice to Mariners?

a. Navigational aids c. Navigational instruments
b. Aids to navigation d. Charts and nautical publications
2. In what section of Admiralty Notices to Mariners is the correction and updates of Standard Nautical
Charts?
a. Section I c. Section III
b. Section II d. Section IV
3. What is the most important regarding dates on charts?
a. Date of the first edition c. Latest edition date
b. Hand correction date d. Date of corrected print
4. What publication enables easy maintenance and cross-indexing of correction made to admiralty
standard nautical charts, as well as a record of weekly notices to mariners?
a. NP 133A c. NP 232
b. NP 133C d. NP 294
5. What information is NOT found on the chart title?
a. Scale c. Survey information
b. Projection d. Date of the first edition
6. What publication should be consulted to know icebergs can be encountered in the area?
a. Pilot charts c. Weather charts
b. General charts d. Large scale charts
7. When there are extensive corrections to be made on the chart, and the chart is again printed, the
chart issue is term as __________.
a. Reprint d. Revised edition
b. First edition
c. New edition
8. Which of the following information is found in the chart title?
a. Edition date c. Survey information
b. Adjoining charts d. Variation information
9. What publication provides can be conveniently used to compare distances by different routes
through archipelagos or round landmasses and for connecting routes to other ports .
a. NP 100 c. NP 136
b. NP 314 d. NP 350
10. Where can the tidal level be obtained where depths are reckoned from the chart?
a. Title c. Chart Datum
b. Legend d. Precautionary notes

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References
T1 – Bartlett, T. (2008). The Adlard Coles Book of Navigation 3rd Edition. London: Adlard Coles
Nautical.
REFERENCES:
R2 - IMO. (2017). STCW including 2010 Manila amendments: STCW convention and STCW Code.
London. International Maritime Organization.
R3 – Cotter, Charles H. (2017). The elements of navigational and nautical astronomy: a textbook of
navigation and nautical astronomy. 3rd ed.Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson.
R5 – IMO. (2013). Ship‟s routeing. 11th ed. London: International Maritime Organization.
R6 – Hecht, et al. (2012).The Electronic chart, fundamentals, functions, data and other essentials a
textbook for ECDIS Use and Training,3rd Edition. The Netherlands: Geomares Publishing Lemmer.
R7 – Admiralty. (2011). Symbols and abbreviations used on admiralty paper charts. 5th Ed. Taunton
U.K.: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office.
R8 – Admiralty. (2011). IALA Maritime Buoyage System. Combined cardinal and lateral system.7th
R9 – Bole, A.G...[et. al]. (2011). the navigation control manual. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge.
R10 – Ynion, E.J. (2011). Terrestrial Navigation 1. Philippines: Philippines Foundation for Maritime
R11 – Ramirez, C. C. (2011). Terrestrial Coastal Navigation. Legaspi City, Philippines: Gold Book
Publication.
R12 – Gardner, A.C. and Creelman, W.G. (2007). Navigation for School & College (Rev. ed.).

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Oral Assessment (Midterm)
Answer all the following questions in a video clip while wearing white T-
shirts
1. When do we use Small scale Chart and its details?

2. Where do we use Large scale Chart and its details?
3. Where do we use General Chart and its details?
ORAL PRESENTATION ON THE CHOSEN RESEARCH TOPIC DIRECTIONS: (This is an

video oral presentation)

2. On a paper, please write down what you think is your idea regarding your chosen research topic.
Please accomplish this task in 1-2 minutes.
4. Each student will be given 2 minutes to present his presentation.
5. During the presentation, please explain briefly why you think you listed items that constitute the
terms in your CHOSEN RESEARCH TOPIC.
CRITERIA SCORE
CONTENT (40%)
The content clearly incorporates salient points discussed about The topic.
▪ The student effectively use gestures, eye-contact, movements, and facial
expressions to convey the message.
▪ The speaker speaks audibly and clearly.
▪ The speaker uses props, and costumes appropriately and effectively
MASTERY (15 %)
The pair has mastered the concepts and delivered it well.

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REQUIRED OUTPUT (Midterm)
1. List Down the Tools required for correcting charts and its usage:
2. List Down the required Publications when correcting the Chart and where you are
going to use it?
PowerPoint Presentation must be a 5-minute presentation of the Chosen Research Topic. The
format of the slides must be:
- Slide 1: Title of the Chosen Research Topic and name of the student
- Slide 2: Justification for choosing the topic
- Slide 3: Existing problems, issues, gaps relevant to the chosen topic
- Animation and Design: Free Style - Follow 7x7 rule (7 words and 7 lines in a slide)
CRITERIA SCORE
CONTENT (40%)
The content clearly incorporates salient points discussed about the topic.
Presentation flows well and logically. Presentation reflects extensive use of
tools in a creative way
MECHANICS (15%
No spelling errors. No grammar errors. Text is in authors‟ own words.

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RESEARCH WORK (Midterm)
1. WHY WE NEED TO CORRECT THE CHART WHAT’S THE PURPOSE OF

IT?
2. WHY WE NEED PUBLICATIONS TO CORRECT A NAVIGATIONAL
CHART?
Submit a well-written Research Topic.
Rubric for grading research work on reviewing literature
CRITERIA SCORE
INTRODUCTION ( 10%)
BODY (40%)
Coherent theme: Each cited study related to the topic and to other studies.
about the topic Analysis: Collection of studies analyzed for differences and
commonalities about the topic
Information synthesized and brought to a logical conclusion
Organization and Alignment: Information logically organized with good
flow. Issues threaded throughout paper.
Correct spelling, punctuation, sentence structure, word usage Correct use
of APA in body of paper References correctly typed, appropriate number
and quality

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Lesson 6 – Distances
Learning Module 6.1 Distance Measurement (Week 13) (5 hours)
Competence:
Course Outcome/s:
Measure the distance between two points on a Mercator chart
Measure and calculate the distances between two points on a Mercator chart
Overview
Distance
The distance scale is the scale of Latitude at the side of the chart, one minute of Latitude being equal to
one sea Mile. It is important to remember that this scale alters with the latitude and that the distance
should therefore be measured off that portion of the Latitude scale, which is abreast of the position
which is to be recorded. An object's distance from the ship may be expressed in nautical miles (one
nautical mile equals 1852 meters), in cables (one cable is one-tenth of a nautical mile), or in meters. (A
land mile = 1609 meters).
Cable Length-A measure of length or distance.
Equivalent to (UK) 1/10 nautical mile, approx. 600 feet; 185 meters; 200 yards
(USA) 120 fathoms, 720 feet; 219 meters; 240 yards. Other countries use different values.

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Discussion
Key Concept
Since latitude lines are parallel, the length of one degree of latitude is the same everywhere on earth
A nautical mile is based on the circumference of the planet Earth. If you were to cut the Earth in half at
the equator, you could pick up one of the halves and look at the equator as a circle. You could divide
that circle into 360 degrees. You could then divide a degree into 60 minutes. A minute of arc on the
planet Earth is one nautical mile. All nations use this unit of measurement for air and sea travel.
1 meters = 3.28 Feet / 1 Fathoms = 1.828 Meters / 1 Shackle = 27.4 Meters
Measuring Direction
All rhumb lines on a Mercator projection represent true directions. Measurement of direction on a
Mercator chart is accomplished using a parallel ruler to transfer the direction of a rhumb line to a nearby
compass rose.

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Directions
HEADING – is the direction in which the ship heads and points or the actual angle of the ship‟s
keel or fore and aft line is making with the meridian
COURSE – is the actual angle of the ship‟s keel or fore and aft line is making with the meridian
Example: Ships Heading / Course 324º T

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In the construction of Mercator's chart

The earth is supposed to be a sphere. Yet, instead of converging towards the poles, the meridians
are drawn parallel to each other as they do on the globe. The distance of the meridians, therefore, is
everywhere too great, except at the equator. To compensate for this, the degrees of latitude are
proportionally enlarged. On the artificial globe, the parallels of latitude are drawn at equal distances. But on
Mercator's chart, the distances of the parallels increase from the equator to the poles, so as everywhere to
have the same ratio to the distances of the meridians, which they have on the globe. Thus in latitude 60°,
where the meridians' distance must be doubled, to make it the same as at the equator, a degree of latitude
is also made twice as great as at the equator. The dimensions of places are extended in the projection, in
proportion as they are hearer the poles. The diameter of an island in latitude 60° would be represented twice
as great as if it were on the equator, and its area four times as great.

A nautical mile is based on the circumference of the planet Earth. If you were to cut the Earth in half
at the equator, you could pick up one of the halves and look at the equator as a circle. You could divide that
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circle into 360 degrees. You could then divide a degree into 60 minutes. A minute of arc on the planet Earth
is one nautical mile. All nations use this unit of measurement for air and sea travel.
1 meters = 3.28 Feet / 1 Fathoms = 1.828 Meters / 1 Shackle = 27.4 Meters
DISTANCE – The length in nautical miles of the rhumb line joining any two places on the earth's surface.
In the figure, distance is measured in the chart using compass dividers and the Latitude scale.

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Calculates the speed between two positions / Get the Distance between 2 positions
TRUE COURSE – the course of a ship measured concerning True North

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Use the DST formula
Distance = Speed x Time

Speed = Distance / Time
Time= Distance / Speed
What is a knot? - A knot is a unit of measure for speed.

Ex: 1. If you are traveling at a speed of 1 nautical mile per hour, you are traveling at a speed of 1 knot.
2. If you are traveling at a speed of 12.5 nautical miles per hour, you are said to be traveling at a speed
of 12.5 knots.

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Checkpoint
Activity 1: Essay
1. In the nautical chart, what is the Distance Means?
2. What is a nautical mile?
Do this
Activity 2: Essay
1. Discuss what is a nautical mile
2. Explain what knot is.

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Quiz:
Assessment 1: Essay
1. What does HEADING mean?
2. What does COURSE mean?

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Assessment 2: Problem Solving
1. When traveling by means of vessel or Ship, if your distance is 1,862 nm with a speed of 13
knots, what is your steaming days and time of arrival to your destination?
2. When your vessel travels, if your distance is 1,006.4 nm with a speed of 13 knots, what is
your steaming days and time of arrival to your destination?

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Lesson 7 – Information from Charts, List of Lights, and other

Publications
Learning Module 7.1 Information from Charts, List of Lights and other
Publications (Week 14, 15 & 16) (15 hours)
Competence:
Course Outcome/s:
Recognize information from Charts, List of Lights, and other publication
1. Recognize the symbols, terms, and abbreviations on a chart, especially lighthouses, buoys,
beacons, radio beacons, and other navigational marks
2. Recognize the characteristics and range of lights
3. Recognize the symbols for chart depths, nature of the bottom, coastlines, coast, radar-
responsive targets, coastline contours, bottom topography, traffic lanes, separation zones
Overview
Atmospheric conditions have a major effect on a light‟s range. Fog, haze, dust, smoke, or
precipitation can obscure a light. Additionally, a light can be extinguished. Always report extinguished light so
maritime authorities can issue a warning and make repairs.
On a dark, clear night, the visual range is limited by either: (1) luminous intensity, or (2) curvature of
the Earth. Regardless of the height of the eye, one cannot see a weak light beyond a certain luminous range.
Assuming light travels linearly, an observer located below the light‟s visible horizon cannot see it. The
Distance to the Horizon table gives the distance to the horizon for various heights of an eye. The light lists
contain a condensed version of this table. Abnormal refraction patterns might change this range; therefore,
one cannot exactly predict the range at which light will be seen.

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Discussion
Key Concept
Finding Range and Bearing of a Light at Sighting

A light‟s luminous range is the maximum range at which an observer can see a light under existing
visibility conditions. This luminous range ignores the elevation of the light, the observer‟s height of eye, the
curvature of the Earth, and interference from background lighting. It is determined from the known nominal
range and the existing visibility conditions. The nominal range is the maximum distance at which a light can
be seen in weather conditions where visibility is 10 nautical miles.

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Lights /
Repetition rate of the QUICK FLASHING (QkFl) light is 50-79 flashes/minute
Occulting
The term for the characteristic of light in which the total duration of light is longer than the total
duration of darkness. A lighthouse with characteristics that flashes white and red alternately every thirty
seconds with a height of thirty meters and with a nominal range of twenty eighteen nautical miles shown on
a chart (Al.Fl.WR30s30m18M)
Flashing
Is the term for the characteristic of light in which the total duration of light is shorter than the total
duration of darkness?
The repetition rate of the VERY QUICK FLASHING (VQkFl) light (80-159 flashes/minute)
A lighthouse with characteristics that flashes three times every ten seconds with a height of sixty-two meters
and with a luminous range of twenty-five nautical miles shown on a chart (FL(3)10s62m25M)
Long flashing is the characteristic of light in which the duration of light is for two seconds or more
Quick Flashing = 50 to 80 flashes/min.
V. Quick Flashing = 80 to 160 flashes/min.
U. Quick Flashing = 160 & above flashes/min.
Isophase = duration of light and darkness are all equal.
Flashing = duration of darkness is greater than that of the light.
Fixed = showing continuously or steadily

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Morse Light = light which represents the character of a Morse code.

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The U.S. Coast Guard Light List usually lists a light‟s nominal range. Use the Luminous Range
Diagram shown in the Light List and Figure 407 to convert this nominal range to a luminous range.
Remember that the luminous ranges obtained are approximate because of atmospheric or background
lighting conditions. First, to use the Luminous Range Diagram, estimate the meteorological visibility by the
Meteorological Optical Range Table (Figure 407b. Next, enter the Luminous Range Diagram with the nominal
range on the horizontal nominal range scale. Follow a vertical line until it intersects the curve or reaches the
region on the diagram representing the meteorological visibility. Finally, follow a horizontal line from this
point or region until it intersects the vertical luminous range scale.
Required: The luminous range when the meteorological visibility is (1) 11 nautical miles and (2) 1 nautical
mile.
Solution: To find the luminous range when the meteorological visibility is 11 nautical miles, enter the
Luminous Range Diagram with a nominal range of 15 nautical miles on the horizontal nominal range scale;
follow a vertical line upward until it intersects the curve on the diagram representing meteorological visibility
of 11 nautical miles; from this point follow a horizontal line to the right until it intersects the vertical
luminous range scale at 16 nautical miles. A similar procedure is followed to find the luminous range when
the meteorological visibility is one nautical mile.
Answers: (1) 16 nautical miles; (2) 3 nautical miles.

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Example 1: The nominal range of light as extracted from the Light List is 15 nautical miles.
A light‟s geographic range depends upon the height of both the light and the observer. The sum of
the observer‟s distance to the visible horizon (based on his height of eye) plus the light‟s distance to the
horizon (based on its height) is its geographic range. This illustration uses a light 150 feet above the water.
Table 12, Distance of the Horizon, yields a value of 14.3 nautical miles for a height of 150 feet. Within this
range, the light, if powerful enough and atmospheric conditions permit, is visible regardless of the observer's
eye's height. Beyond 14.3 nautical miles, the geographic range depends upon the observer‟s height of eye.
Thus, by the Distance of the Horizon table mentioned above, an observer with a height of eye of 5 feet can
see the light on his horizon if he is 2.6 miles beyond the horizon of the light. The geographic range of the
light is therefore 16.9 miles. For a height of 30 feet the distance is 14.3 + 6.4 = 20.7 miles. If the eye's
height is 70 feet, the geographic range is 14.3 + 9.8 = 24.1 miles. A height of the eye of 15 feet is often
assumed when tabulating lights‟ geographic ranges. To predict the bearing and range at which a vessel will
initially sight a light, determine its geographic range. Compare the geographic range with the light‟s luminous
range. The lesser of the two ranges is the range at which the light will first be sighted. Plot a visibility arc
centered on the light and with a radius equal to the lesser of the geographic or luminous ranges. Extend the
vessel‟s track until it intersects the visibility arc. The bearing from the intersection point to the light is the
light predicted bearing at first sighting.
If the extended track crosses the visibility arc at a small angle, a small lateral track error may result in large
bearing and time prediction errors. This is particularly apparent if the vessel is farther from the light than
predicted; it may pass the light without sighting it. However, not sighting a light when predicted does
not always indicate the vessel is farther from the light than expected. It could also mean that
atmospheric conditions are affecting visibility.
Example 2:
The nominal range of a navigational light 120 feet above the chart datum is 20 nautical miles. The
meteorological visibility is 27 nautical miles.
Required: The distance at which an observer at the height of an eye of 50 feet can expect to see the light.
Solution: The maximum range at which the light may be seen is the lesser of the luminous or geographic
ranges. At 120 feet, the distance to the horizon, by table or formula, is 12.8 miles. Add 8.3 miles, the
distance to the horizon for a height of an eye of 50 feet to determine the geographic range. The geographic
range, 21.1 miles, is less than the luminous range, 40 miles.
Answer: 21 nautical miles. Because of various uncertainties, the range is rounded off to the nearest whole
mile.

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Each volume of the Light List contains aids to navigation in geographic order from north to
south along the Atlantic coast, from east to west along the Gulf coast, and from south to north
along the Pacific coast. It lists seacoast aids first, followed by the entrance and harbor aids listed
from seaward. Intracoastal Waterway aids are listed last in geographic order from New Jersey to
Florida to the Texas/Mexico border.
The listings are preceded by a description of the aids to navigation system in the United
States, luminous range diagram, geographic range tables, and other information. 409. NIMA List of
Lights, Radio Aids, and Fog

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Signals
The National Imagery and Mapping Agency publish the List of Lights, Radio Aids, and Fog Signals
(usually referred to as the List of Lights, not to be confused with the Coast Guard‟s Light List). In addition to
information on lighted aids to navigation and sound signals in foreign waters, the NIMA List of Lights
provides information on storm signals, signal stations, recons, radio beacons, radio direction finder
calibration near lights, and DGPS stations. For more details on radio navigational aids, consult Pub. 117,
Radio Navigational Aids.
The NIMA List of Lights generally does not include information on buoys, although, in certain
instances, a large offshore buoy with a radio navigational aid may be listed. It does include certain
aeronautical lights situated near the coast. However, these lights are not designed for marine navigation and
are subject to unreported changes.
MISCELLANEOUS NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS
NIMA Radio Navigational Aids (Pub. 117) stations, radio time signals, radio navigation warnings,
distress and safety communications, medical advice via
This publication is a selected list of worldwide radio, long-range navigation aids, the AMVER system,
radio stations that perform services to the mariner. And interim procedures for U.S. vessels in Topics covered
include radio direction finder and radar an outbreak of hostilities. Pub. 117 is corrected via the
Foreign notices to mariners are the main correctional information source for the NIMA Lists of Lights;
other sources, such as ship reports, are also used. Many aids to navigation in less developed countries may
not be well maintained. They are subject to damage by storms and vandalism, and repairs may be delayed
for long periods. Notice to Mariners and is updated periodically with a new edition.
Code No. Yards Weather

0 Dense fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less than 50
1 Thick fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-200
2 Moderate fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-500
3 Light fog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500-1000
Nautical Miles
4 Thin fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/2-1
5 Haze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
6 Light Haze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 1/2
7 Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1/2-11
8 Very Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0-27.0.
9 Exceptionally Clear . . . . . . . . . . . Over 27.0
From the International Visibility Code. Meteorological Optical Range Table

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Checkpoint
Activity 1:
Identify the description and chart abbreviation of lights characteristics 1 to 20

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Assessment: Multiple Choice Questions
1. The information from radio beacons used in marine navigation in foreign waters will be found on
__________?
a. Directory of radio beacons, radio c. Radio navigational aid
direction d. Sailing directions (enroute)
b. List of lights
2. Which of the following information is not on the light list?
a. Characteristic of the light c. Position of the light house
b. Description of the light house d. Vertical and danger angles
3. What individual stations provide details to the operator regarding navigational warnings, medical
advice, and distress procedure?
a. List of radio signals c. Operator‟s guide
b. List of radio stations d. Pilot book
4. What is true concerning new editions of Light lists?
a. New editions are corrected through the date shown on the title page
b. The national ocean survey publishes new editions
c. Sailing directions
d. World port index
5. To find the lighthouse's specific phase characteristics on the United States' sound, what would you
use?
a. American practical navigator c. Nautical chart catalog
b. Light list d. U.S. coast pilot
6. The light list shows a lighted aid to navigation on the left bank; what is the means of the light that
can be seen on the right side of a vessel?
a. Ascending the river c. Crossing the river
b. Descending the river d. Proceeding towards sea
7. The defense mapping agency hydrographic center list of lights for the United States coast, what
possessions does not provide information?
a. Lighted buoys in harbors
b. Radio beacons located at or near lights
c. Radio direction finder stations at or near lights
d. Storm signal station
8. What buoyage system markings are used in conjunction with the compass to indicate the mariner
may find the best navigable water?
a. Cardinal marks c. Isolated danger marks
b. Center line marks d. Lateral marks
9. What is the color of the safe water buoys?
a. Fixed acceleration c. Red and yellow stripes
b. Red and white stripes d. Yellow and black stripe

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10. What area of the earth cannot be shown on a standard Mercator chart?
a. A narrow band along the central meridian
b. Area including both north and south latitudes
c. Equator
d. North and South poles ( the polar regions )
11. What is the shape of the top mark of an isolated danger buoy?
a. Black double cone facing upward c. Black double-canned
b. Black double sphere d. Black cone facing upward
12. What is the definition of the height of the tide?
a. The vertical difference between a datum plane and the ocean bottom
b. The vertical difference between the height of low and high water
c. The vertical distance from the tidal datum to the level of the water at any time
d. The vertical distance from the surface of the water to the ocean floor.
13. The daytime characteristic of a lighthouse can be determined by referring to:
a. Aids to navigation c. World port index
b. Coast pilot d. Light list
14. A light eclipsed at intervals, the duration of light is equal to or greater than that of darkness is
_________.
a. Flashing light c. Occulting light
b. Morse light d. Quick flashing light
15. On the cardinal marks, what do two cones, both points facing upward as the top mark indicates?
a. East c. South
b. North d. West
16. What traffic lanes separate the vessels proceeding in opposite directions?
a. Sectoral zone c. Traffic scheme
b. Separation zone d. Two-way route zone
17. Where will you pass if you have no intention of using the traffic separation scheme?
a. Far away as possible c. Near but outside the zone
b. Inshore traffic zone d. Recommended route
18. What is that symbol described an outlined arrow used in traffic separation schemes and deep-water
routes in the traffic lane?
a. Established direction of traffic flow c. Separation lines
b. Recommended direction of traffic flow d. Separation zones
19. What routing measure aimed at the opposite separation streams of traffic by appropriate means to
established traffic lanes?
a. Established direction of traffic flow c. Ship routing
b. Recommended track d. Traffic separation schemes
20. What is the area in which defined limits on one-way traffic is established for safe navigation?
a. Deep water lane c. Separation lane
b. Recommended track d. Traffic lane

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Lesson 8 – IALA Maritime Buoyage System

Learning Module 8.1 IALA Region A and B (Week 17 & 18) (10 hours)
Competence:
Course Outcome/s:
Distinguish the different regions in the IALA Buoyage System as used in navigation
1. Explain the principles and rules of the International Association of Lighthouse

Authorities (IALA) Maritime Buoyage Systems
2. Recognize the lights and shapes displayed on lateral and cardinal marks
3. Recognize the lights and shapes displayed on other types of buoys in the system
Overview
About IALA or International Association of Lighthouse Authorities

Established in 1957, it enables marine aids to navigation authorities, manufacturers,
consultants, and scientific and training institutes from all parts of the world to exchange and compare
their experiences, achievements, and technical and operational policies via IALA participation Technical
Committees.
The Committee's work to create IALA Recommendations and Guidelines is recognized

worldwide as the international standards for implementing and operating aids to navigation. These
standards help ensure that vessels' movements are safe, expeditious, cost-effective, and harmless to
the environment. IALA‟s scope and expertise extend to e-Navigation and Vessel Traffic Services.

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Discussion
Key Concept
What is IALA Maritime Buoyage System?

Most maritime nations now implement a uniform system of maritime buoyage. Within the single
system, there are two buoyage regions, designated as Region A and Region B, where lateral marks
differ only in the colors of port and starboard hand marks.

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IALA REGIONS
Region – A (Europe, Australia, New Zealand, parts of Africa, and most of Asia other than the
Philippines, Japan, and Korea)

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Region–B (North America, Central America, and South America, Philippines, Japan, and
Korea)

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What is a Buoy? / Buoys

Are floating navigation aids. They mark channels, indicate shoals and obstructions, and warn
the mariner of dangers.

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IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM

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Conventional direction of buoyage:

The mariner took the general direction when approaching harbors, rivers, estuary, or another
waterway from seaward. The proper authority determines the direction. In principle, it should follow a
clockwise direction around landmasses.
General characteristics:
1. Color / 2. Shapes / 3. Numbering or Lettering / 4. Synchronization
IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM LATERAL MARKS – REGION A

Region – A (Europe, Australia, New Zealand, parts of Africa, and most of Asia other than the
Philippines, Japan, and Korea)

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IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM LATERAL MARKS – REGION B

Region – B (North America, Central America, and South America, Philippines, Japan, and Korea)

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CARDINAL MARKS (Definitions :)

*The four quadrants (N, S, E, W) are bounded by the true bearings NW-NE, NE-SE, SE-SW, and
SW-NW, taken from the point of interest,
*A Cardinal Mark is named after the quadrant in which it is placed
*The Cardinal marks in Region A and Region B are the same
Uses:
1. To indicate that the deepest water area is on the named side of the mark
2. To indicate the safe side on which to pass a danger
3. To draw attention to a feature in a channel such as a bend, junction, bifurcation, or the end of
a shoal

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CARDINAL MARKS – (IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM)
Isolated Danger mark

It is a mark erected on or moored on or above, an isolated danger with navigable water all
around it.

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SAFE WATERMARKS:
Safe Watermarks serve to indicate that there is navigable water all-round the mark. These
include Centre line marks and mid-channel marks. Such a mark may also indicate channel entrance,
port or estuary approach, or landfall. The light rhythm may also be used to indicate the best point of
the passage under bridges.

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SPECIAL MARKS:
Marks used to indicate a special area or feature whose nature may be apparent from a chart or
other nautical publication. They are not generally intended to mark channels or obstructions where
other marks are more suitable.

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EMERGENCY WRECK MARKS (Also known as NEW DANGER mark)

The term “New Danger” describes newly discovered hazards not yet shown in nautical
documents. „New Dangers‟ include naturally occurring obstructions such as sandbanks or rocks
or man-made dangers such as wrecks.

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Checkpoint
Activity 1: Identify each symbol
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
10.
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Assessment 1
1. Discuss IALA Maritime Buoyage System.
2. Enumerate places that use IALA Maritime Buoyage System Region A
3. List down places that use IALA Maritime Buoyage System Region B

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Assessment 2
Provide the description of each Cardinal Marks
North Cardinal Mark East Cardinal Mark
Topmark
Colour
Shape of
Buoys
Light (when fitted)
Colour
Rhythm
South Cardinal Mark West Cardinal Mark
Topmark
Colour
Shape of
Buoys
Light (when fitted)
Colour
Rhythm

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References
T1 – Bartlett, T. (2008). The Adlard Coles Book of Navigation 3rd Edition. London: Adlard
Coles Nautical.
REFERENCES:
R2 - IMO. (2017). STCW including 2010 Manila amendments: STCW Convention and STCW
Code. London. International Maritime Organization.
R3 – Cotter, Charles H. (2017). The elements of navigational and nautical astronomy: a
textbook of navigation and nautical astronomy. 3rd ed.Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson.
R5 – IMO. (2013). Ship‟s routing. 11th ed. London: International Maritime Organization.
R6 – Hecht, et al. (2012).The Electronic chart, fundamentals, functions, data, and other
essentials a textbook for ECDIS Use and Training,3rd Edition. The Netherlands: Geomares
Publishing Lemmer.
R7 – Admiralty. (2011). Symbols and abbreviations are used on admiralty paper charts. 5th
R8 – Admiralty. (2011). IALA Maritime Buoyage System. Combined cardinal and lateral
system.7th Ed. Taunton U.K.: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office.
R9 – Bole, A.G...[et. al]. (2011). the navigation control manual. 2nd Edition. London:
Routledge.
R10 – Ynion, E.J. (2011). Terrestrial Navigation 1. Philippines: Philippines Foundation for
Maritime
R11 – Ramirez, C. C. (2011). Terrestrial Coastal Navigation. Legaspi City, Philippines: Gold
Book
Publication.
R12 – Gardner, A.C., and Creelman, W.G. (2007). Navigation for School & College (Rev. ed.).

Iloilo, Philippines
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Oral Assessment (Final)
Explain all the following terminologies in a video clip while wearing white T Shirts
1. Heading
2. Course
3. Nautical mile
4. Distance
ORAL PRESENTATION ON THE CHOSEN RESEARCH TOPIC

DIRECTIONS: (This is a video on oral presentation)

2. On a paper, please write down what you think is your idea regarding your chosen research
topic. Please accomplish this task in 2 minutes.
4. Each student will be given 5 minutes to present his presentation.
5. During the presentation, please explain briefly why you think you listed items that
constitute the terms in your CHOSEN RESEARCH TOPIC.
CRITERIA SCORE
CONTENT (40%)
topic.
▪ The student effectively use gestures, eye-contact, movements, and
facial expressions to convey the message.
▪ The speaker speaks audibly and clearly.
▪ The speaker uses props, and costumes appropriately and effectivel
MASTERY (15 %)
The pair has mastered the concepts and delivered it well

Iloilo, Philippines
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REQUIRED OUTPUT (FINAL)
In Characteristics of Ligths:
Write down the meaning and abbreviation of the Following words:
1. FIXED
2. OCCULTING
3. SINGLE OCCULTING
3. GROUP OCCULTING
4. COMPOSITE OCCULTING
5. ISOPHASE
6. FLASHING
7. QUICK
8. MORSE CODE
9.FIXED AND FLASHING
10. CONTINUOUS QUICK
PowerPoint Presentation be a 5-minute presentation of the Chosen Research Topic. The

format of the slides must be:
- Slide 1: Title of the Chosen Research Topic and Name of student
- Slide 2: Justification for choosing the topic
- Slide 3: Existing problems, issues, gaps relevant to the chosen topic
- Animation and Design: Free Style
- Follow 7x7 rule (7 words and 7 lines in a slide)
CRITERIA SCORE
CONTENT (40%)
topic.
Presentation flows well and logically. Presentation reflects extensive use
of tools in a creative way.
MECHANICS (15%)
No spelling errors. No grammar errors. Text is in authors‟ own words

Iloilo, Philippines
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RESEARCH WORK (FINAL)
1. Research the Maritime Buoyage System- Region A

2. Research the Maritime Buoyage System- Region B
3. Research the Maritime Buoyage Lateral system
4. Research the Maritime Buoyage Cardinal system
Submit a well-written Research Topic.
Rubric for grading research work
CRITERIA SCORE
INTRODUCTION (10%)
BODY (40%
Coherent theme: Each cited study related to the topic and to other studies.
about the topic
Analysis: Collection of studies analyzed for differences and commonalities
about the topic
Information synthesized and brought to a logical conclusion.
Organization and Alignment: Information logically organized with good flow.
Issues threaded throughout paper.
Correct spelling, punctuation, sentence structure, word usage Correct use of
APA in body of paper References correctly typed, appropriate number and
quality

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Issue No.

STUDENT LEARNING MODULE

01 September 2021 QMR President

Learning Module 1.1 Earth System of Coordinates

Competence, Course Outcomes, and Learning Outcomes

Plan and conduct a passage and determine the position

Select appropriate navigational charts using chart catalog

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01 September 2021 QMR President

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STUDENT LEARNING MODULE

01 September 2021 QMR President

Earth: A “not-so-perfect” Sphere

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01 September 2021 QMR President

Equatorial diameter = 6,888 nm

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01 September 2021 QMR President

Meridians are divided in half:

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01 September 2021 QMR President

What is a nautical mile?

1 meters = 3.28 Feet

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01 September 2021 QMR President

Latitude and longitude

Meridians are divided in half: Upper branch and lower branch

Positions in relationship to Earth‟s Coordinates system are expressed in:

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STUDENT LEARNING MODULE

01 September 2021 QMR President

ex. Lat. 20° 35‟40‟‟N

Ex. 1. (108°, 139°, 180°)

Ex. 2. Long. 130°20‟ 30‟‟E

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01 September 2021 QMR President

Ex. 1 Degree = 60 „Minutes or 60 nm / 1 Minute= 1nm

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01 September 2021 QMR President

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STUDENT LEARNING MODULE

01 September 2021 QMR President

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STUDENT LEARNING MODULE

01 September 2021 QMR President

Calculating the difference of latitude and difference of longitude

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STUDENT LEARNING MODULE