JE Foundation 29 October / 8:00AM: Concrete Lecture - 1

JE Foundation
Concrete Lecture - 1
29 October / 8:00AM
Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

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CONCRETE
Concrete
Concrete a composite man-made material is the most widely
used building material in the construction industry.
It consists of a rationally chosen mixture of binding material

such as lime or cement, well graded fine and coarse
aggregates, water and admixtures (to produce concrete with
special properties).
In a concrete mix, cement and water form a paste or matrix

which in addition to filling the voids of the fine aggregate, coats
the surface of fine and coarse aggregates and binds them
together.
The matrix is usually 22-34% of the total volume.

CONCRETE
Freshly mixed concrete before set is known as wet or green

concrete whereas after setting and hardening it is known as set
or hardened concrete.
The moulded concrete mix after sufficient curing becomes hard

like stone due to chemical action between the water and
binding material.
It would be impossible to discuss all the aspects of this material

in few pages and the discussion is confined to the general
characteristics and quality tests necessary for its use by civil
engineers and architects.

CONCRETE
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON CEMENTING MATERIAL:

Concretes are classified as
1. Lime concrete
2. Gypsum concrete
3. Cement concrete
BASED ON PERSPEECTIVE SPECIFICATION:

The cement concrete is specified by proportions of different
ingredients, e.g., 1 (cement) : 1.5 (fine aggregate) : 3 (coarse
aggregate).
It is presumed that by adhering to such perspective

specifications satisfactory performance may be achieved.

CONCRETE
Here, M refers to the mix. This type of concrete mix is also

known as nominal mix.
Conventional nominal mix proportions have limited

significance, since the quantity of fine aggregate is fixed
irrespective of the cement content, water-cement ratio and the
maximum size of aggregate to be used.
The proportions of materials of nominal mix concrete as given

in Table are prevalent in field.
However, IS: 456 restrict its use only up to M-20 grade.

CONCRETE
The usual mix proportions of cement concrete are given in

Table.
Grade of
M10 M15 M20 M25
concrete
Mix proportion 1:3:6 1:2:4 1: 1.5 :3 1:1:2
Perspective
characteristic 10 15 20 25
Strength

CONCRETE
BASED ON PERFORMANCE ORIENTED SPECIFICATION:

When the concrete properties such as strength, water-cement
ratio, compaction factor, slump, etc., are specified the concrete
may be classified as designed-mix concrete.
For a design mix concrete the mix is designed to produce the

grade of concrete having the required workability and a
characteristic strength not less than the appropriate values as
specified in Table
Grade M5 M7.5 M10 M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 M45 M50
Charac
teristic
5 7.5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
streng
th

R.C.C. Lecture -1
Depending upon the Grade of

concrete , Various Grades are used:
Minnimum Grade of Concrete used for
RCC is M20
R.C.C. Lecture -1
Different Exposure Conditions

Exposure Cases
Conditions
Mild A concrete surface protected from rain

Moderate • Concrete surface exposed to rain (but not exposed
to severe rain)
• Concrete in Submereged condition (in Normal
water)
• Concrete in costal environment but protected from
Saturated Salty Air.
Severe • Concrete Exposed to Severe Rain
• Concrete Surface subjected to Alternate Wetting
and Drying (Normal Water)
• Concrete Surface in Coastal Area (Exposed to
saturated Salty Air).
R.C.C. Lecture -1

Exposure Cases
Conditions
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Very Severe • Concrete surface subjected to sea water Spray.
Extreme • Concrete Surface in Todal Zone
• Concrete Surface exposed to harmful chemicals.
R.C.C. Lecture -1

Exposure Minnimum Min.
Conditions Nominal Grade
Cover
Mild 20 M20
Moderate 30 M25
Severe 45 M30
Very Severe 50 M35
Extreme 75 M40
CONCRETE
BASED ON BULK DENSITY:
On the basis of density, concrete is classified as
1. Super heavy (over 2500 kg/m3),

2. Dense (1800-2500 kg/m3),
3. Light weight (500–1800 kg/m3) and
4. Extra light weight concrete (below 500 kg/m3)

CONCRETE
BASED ON PLACE OF CASTING:
When concrete is made and placed in position at the

site it is known as in-situ concrete and when used as a
material for making prefabricated units in a factory is
known as precast concrete.

CONCRETE
PRODUCTION
A good quality concrete is essentially a homogeneous mixture
of cement, coarse and fine aggregates and water which
consolidates into a hard mass due to chemical action between
the cement and water.
Each of the four constituents has a specific function.
1. The coarser aggregate acts as a filler.

2. The fine aggregate fills up the voids between the paste and
the coarse aggregate.
3. The cement in conjunction with water acts as a binder.
The mobility of the mixture is aided by the cement paste, fines

and nowadays, increasingly by the use of admixtures.

CONCRETE
PRODUCTION
Most of the properties of the hardened concrete depend on
the care exercised at every stage of the manufacture of
concrete.
A rational proportioning of the ingredients of concrete is the

essence of the mix design.
However, it may not guarantee of having achieved the

objective of the quality concrete work.
The aim of quality control is to ensure the production of

concrete of uniform strength from batch to batch.
This requires some rules to be followed in the various stages of

concrete production and is discussed as follows
CONCRETE
This requires some rules to be followed in the various stages of

concrete production and is discussed as follows
The stages of concrete production are:
1. Batching or measurement of materials

2. Mixing
3. Transporting
4. Placing
5. Compacting
6. Curing
7. Finishing

CONCRETE
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The most useful property of concrete is its compressive
strength.
However, it is weak in tension.
Till date no relation exists between compressive, tensile,

bending, and shear strengths of concrete.
However, it may be mentioned here that typically the tensile

and bending strength of the concrete are of the order of 10
and 15 per cent, respectively of the compressive strength.
The shear is approximately 20 per cent of the uniaxial

compressive strength.

CONCRETE
TESTS FOR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Testing plays an important role in controlling the quality of

cement concrete work.
Systematic testing of the raw materials, the fresh concrete and

the hardened concrete is inseparable part of any quality
control programme for concrete which helps to achieve higher
efficiency of the materials used and greater assurance of the
performance of the concrete in regards to both strength and
durability.
Since the strength of concrete is related to the structure of

hardened cement paste, it assumes more importance.

CONCRETE
Indian Standard specifies compression test, flexure and test

tensile strength test for assessing the strength of concrete.
COMPRESSION TEST
Cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate (up to 38 mm) to
be used for making concrete are brought to room temperature
(preferably 27± 3°C) before commencing the test.
The ingredients are weighed in the ratio to be used in the field

and are mixed by hand mixing or by machine mixing.
First, the cement and sand are mixed thoroughly till a uniform
colour is achieved.
The coarse aggregate are then added and mixed till these are
distributed uniformly throughout the mix.
CONCRETE
The water is then added and the entire batch mixed until the
concrete appears to be homogeneous and has the desired
consistency.
The test specimens recommended are 150 × 150 × 150 mm

cubes or cylinders of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height.
The mixed concrete is filled into the moulds in layers of 50 mm

to achieve full compaction.
Each layer of mix so placed is tamped with bar, 16 mm in

diameter and 600 mm long, 35 times or with a vibrator.
The test specimens are stored at a temperature of 27± 3°C and

at 90 per cent humidity for 24 ±½ hour from the time of
addition of water to the dry ingredients.
CONCRETE
After this period the specimens are removed from the moulds
and placed in water and kept there until taken out just prior to
test.
Normally, the recognized age of test of specimens is 7 and 28

days.
At least three specimens, preferably from different batches,

are tested at each selected age.
The specimens should be tested immediately after taking out

them from water with surface water wiped off.

CONCRETE
The specimen is placed between the platens of the

compression testing machine with the care that the axis of
specimen is aligned with the centre of thrust of the spherically
seated platen.
The compression testing machine should be able to apply

gradual load of 14 N/mm2 / minute.
Until the specimen is crushed.
Compressive Strength = Maximum Load /Cross-

sectional Area .
The average of the three values is taken as the compressive

strength of concrete of the batch, provided the individual
variation is not more than ± 15 per cent of the average.

CONCRETE
FLEXURE TEST
The flexural tensile strength test is performed to estimate the
tensile load at which concrete may crack.
This is an indirect test for assessing the tensile strength of

concrete.
The test consists in determining the tensile strength at failure

or the modulus of rupture.
The ingredients of concrete are mixed as explained in the

compression strength test.

CONCRETE
FLEXURE TEST
The concrete is filled in the mould of size 150 × 150 × 700 mm and
compacted with the tamping bar weighing 2 kg, 400 mm long and
with a ramming face 25 mm square.
The specimen to be tested is placed in the testing machine on two

38 mm diameter rollers with a c/c distance of 600 mm.
The load is applied through two similar rollers mounted at the third
points, i.e., spaced at 200 mm c/c.
The specimen are stored in water at a temperature of 27± 3°C for

48 hours before testing and are tested in wet condition.
The load is applied without shock and increasing continuously at a

rate of 0.7 N/mm2 /minute until the specimen fails.
CONCRETE
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGHT

Some of the other methods to estimate the tensile strength of
concrete are briquette test (direct method) and split tensile
strength test (indirect method).
Direct methods may not reflect the correct tensile strength

because of the practical difficulties involved (e.g., application of
uniaxial tensile load) in the test.
This has lead to the development of a number of indirect methods

to determine tensile strength of which splitting tests are most
common.

CONCRETE

The test consists in applying a compressive force to the concrete
specimen in a way that the specimen fails due to induced tensile
stresses in the specimen.
The specimen is made of cylindrical shape with the diameter not

less than four times the maximum size of coarse aggregate and not
less than 150 mm.
The length of cylinder varies from one to two diameters.

Normally the test cylinder is 150 mm diameter and 300 mm long.
The test consists of applying compressive line loads along the

opposite generators of the concrete cylinder placed with its axis
horizontal between the platens as shown in Fig

CONCRETE

The load is applied at a rate so as to produce a tensile splitting
stress of about 2.0 N/mm2 / minute until the resistance of the
specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no greater load
can be sustained.
The specimen fails finally by splitting along the loaded diameter.

The maximum load applied is recorded.

CONCRETE

CONCRETE
FACTORS INFLUENCING STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

1. SIZE OF TEST SPECIMEN
it is generally agreed that the cylinder strength of concrete is a
good estimate of the mono axial compressive strength.
A cube of concrete is expected to have a strength 15 per cent

greater than a cylindrical specimen.
2. TYPE OF STRESS
Concrete under triaxial state offers more resistance and fails only
after considerable deformations giving higher crushing strength
than the actual, which justifies uniaxial compression testing and
the use of cylindrical specimen.

CONCRETE

3. MOISTURE CONDITION
Strength of dry sample = (1.1 to 1.2) × strength of
saturated sample.
4. AIR VOIDS
These are formed because of the evaporation of the water used in
making concrete and by entrained air.
If the water used is more than the optimum water required for
maximum strength the concrete becomes permeable and
susceptible to deterioration.

CONCRETE

5. RATE OF LOADING
Strength of concrete increases with the increase in rate of loading.
6. TYPE AND AGE OF CEMENT

With age the strength of cement reduces since it will set by
absorption of moisture from the atmosphere.
Concrete gains strength with age. Initially strength developed is

more.
However, the ratio of gain in strength diminishes with age.
It is customary to assume the 28 days strength as full strength of

concrete.

CONCRETE

CONCRETE

7. CEMENT AGGREGATE RATIO
Provided other factors are kept constant, cement-aggregate will
greatly influence concrete strength. With an increase in cement to
aggregate ratio the ultimate strength will increase to some extent
8. WATER CEMENT RATIO

The effect of w/c ratio on the strength of concrete has been
discussed .kindly go through water cement ratio section.
9. TYPE AND SIZE OF AGGREGATE

The strength of aggregate does not affect that of concrete greatly
as long as it is higher than the design grade of concrete

CONCRETE

10. DEGREE OF COMPACTION
Inadequate compaction leading to air void contents of 5 per cent
and of 10 per cent result in a loss of strength of 30 per cent and 55
per cent, respectively
11. MIXING TIME

The strength of concrete increases with increase in time of mixing
up to two minutes beyond which no significant improvement is
observed.

CONCRETE
12. CURING METHOD AND CURING TEMPERATURE :
The effect of method of curing on strength has been discussed

NEXT CLASS
The higher the temperature, the greater is the rate of hardening of

concrete. 10 hours curing at temperatures of about 90°C, concrete
may attain 70 per cent of its 28 day strength.

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JE Foundation

Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

▪ Qualified : GATE & SSC JE Like Exams

▪ Post Graduate : Urban Planning and Development

▪ Area of Expertise : Civil Engineering JE & AE Level

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

It consists of a rationally chosen mixture of binding material

In a concrete mix, cement and water form a paste or matrix

The matrix is usually 22-34% of the total volume.

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

Freshly mixed concrete before set is known as wet or green

The moulded concrete mix after sufficient curing becomes hard

It would be impossible to discuss all the aspects of this material

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

BASED ON CEMENTING MATERIAL:

BASED ON PERSPEECTIVE SPECIFICATION:

It is presumed that by adhering to such perspective

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

Here, M refers to the mix. This type of concrete mix is also

Conventional nominal mix proportions have limited

The proportions of materials of nominal mix concrete as given

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

The usual mix proportions of cement concrete are given in

Mix proportion 1:3:6 1:2:4 1: 1.5 :3 1:1:2

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

BASED ON PERFORMANCE ORIENTED SPECIFICATION:

For a design mix concrete the mix is designed to produce the

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

Depending upon the Grade of

Different Exposure Conditions

Mild A concrete surface protected from rain

Different Exposure Conditions

Different Exposure Conditions

Very Severe 50 M35

BASED ON BULK DENSITY:

On the basis of density, concrete is classified as

1. Super heavy (over 2500 kg/m3),

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

BASED ON PLACE OF CASTING:

When concrete is made and placed in position at the

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

Each of the four constituents has a specific function.

1. The coarser aggregate acts as a filler.

The mobility of the mixture is aided by the cement paste, fines

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

A rational proportioning of the ingredients of concrete is the

However, it may not guarantee of having achieved the

The aim of quality control is to ensure the production of

This requires some rules to be followed in the various stages of

This requires some rules to be followed in the various stages of

The stages of concrete production are:

1. Batching or measurement of materials

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

Till date no relation exists between compressive, tensile,

However, it may be mentioned here that typically the tensile

The shear is approximately 20 per cent of the uniaxial

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal

TESTS FOR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Testing plays an important role in controlling the quality of

Systematic testing of the raw materials, the fresh concrete and

Since the strength of concrete is related to the structure of

Join Telegram : civilbyShubhamsir Mentor - Shubham Aggarwal