Physical properties of CO2 

:-
Carbon dioxide is a colorless & odorless gas. It is soluble in water, ethanol ,
acetone and has the following properties :

 Melting Point : -55.6 degC

 Boiling Point : -78.5 degC
 Density : 1.977

 
Chemical properties of CO2 :-

 Carbon dioxide is a linear covalent molecule.

 Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide and reacts with water to give carbonic acid.
 CO2 + H2O ==> H2CO3
 Carbon dioxide reacts with alkalis to give carbonates and bicarbonates.
 CO2 + NaOH ==> NaHCO3 (Sodium BiCarbonate )
 NaHCO3 + NaOH ==> Na2CO3 (Sodium Carbonate) + H2O

Process of Developing Genetically Modified

(GM) Crops
Genetic modification refers to techniques used to manipulate the genetic composition of an
organism by adding specific useful genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains
information that determines a particular characteristic/trait. All organisms have DNA
(genes). Genes are located in chromosomes. Genes are units of inheritance that are passed
from one generation to the next and provide instructions for development and function of
the organism. Crops that are developed through genetic modification are referred to as
genetically modified (GM) crops, transgenic crops or genetically engineered (GE) crops.
The main steps involved in the development of GM crops are:
1. Isolation of the gene(s) of interest: Existing knowledge about the structure,
function or location on chromosomes is used to identify the gene(s) that is
responsible for the desired trait in an organism, for example, drought tolerance or
insect resistance.
The developer provides regulators detailed information about the characteristics of
the gene of interest and other functional sequences such as promoters. This
includes functions of the gene and its products in the donor organism and intended
 function in the recipient organism to help regulators in determining potential
adverse effects before experiments are done.
2. Insertion of the gene(s) into a transfer vector and plant transformation:
The most commonly used gene transfer tool for plants is a circular molecule of DNA
(plasmid) from the naturally occurring soil bacterium,  Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The
gene(s) of interest is inserted into the plasmid using recombinant DNA (rDNA)
techniques. For additional information see Plasmids link.
The modified A. tumefaciens cells containing the plasmid with the new gene are
mixed with plant cells or cut pieces of plants such as leaves or stems (explants).
Some of the cells take up a piece of the plasmid known as the T-DNA (transferred-
DNA). The A. tumefaciens inserts the desired genes into one of the plant’s
chromosomes to form GM (or transgenic) cells. The other most commonly used
method to transfer DNA is particle bombardment (gene gun) where small particles
coated with DNA molecules are bombarded into the cell. For additional information
see Plant Transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Plant Transformation
using Particle Bombardment links.
3. Selection and regeneration of the modified plant cells into whole plants:
After transformation, only a small fraction of the plant cells take up the gene of
interest and most often, selectable marker genes that confer antibiotic or herbicide
resistance are used to favor growth of the transformed cells relative to the non-
transformed cells. For this method, genes responsible for resistance are inserted
into the vector and transferred along with the gene(s) conferring desired traits to the
plant cells. When the cells are exposed to the antibiotic or herbicide, only the
transformed cells containing and expressing the selectable marker gene will survive.
The transformed cells are then regenerated into whole plants using tissue culture
methods.
Information about the marker genes and whether they will be present or absent in
the developed GM plant is provided to the regulators.
Note: Detailed information about the genes of interest, promoters, marker genes,
vectors and transformation methods (step 1, 2 and 3) must be presented to the
regulators by the developer before the experiments are done  .
4. Verification of transformation and characterization of the inserted DNA
fragment.
 Verification of plant transformation involves demonstrating that the gene has been
inserted and is inherited normally. Tests are done to determine the number of
copies inserted, whether the copies are intact, and whether the insertion does not
interfere with other genes to cause unintended effects. Testing of gene expression
(i.e., production of messenger RNA and/or protein, evaluation of the trait of interest)
is done to make sure that the gene is functional.
Methods and results used to determine: if gene was inserted, number of copies
inserted, if the copies are intact, if insertion does not interfere with normal plant
function, and gene expression are well presented to the regulators by the developer.
5. Testing of plant performance
After transformation, only a small fraction of the plant cells take up the gene of
interest and most often, selectable marker genes that confer antibiotic or herbicide
resistance are used to favor growth of the transformed cells relative to the non-
transformed cells. For this method, genes responsible for resistance are inserted
into the vector and transferred along with the gene(s) conferring desired traits to the
plant cells. When the cells are exposed to the antibiotic or herbicide, only the
transformed cells containing and expressing the selectable marker gene will survive.
The transformed cells are then regenerated into whole plants using tissue culture
methods.
Information about the marker genes and whether they will be present or absent in
the developed GM plant is provided to the regulators.
Note: Detailed information about the genes of interest, promoters, marker genes,
vectors and transformation methods (step 1, 2 and 3) must be presented to the
regulators by the developer before the experiments are done.
6. Safety assessment.
Food and environmental safety assessment are carried out in conjunction with
testing of plant performance. Descriptions of safety testing are described in the Food
Safety Assessment and Environmental Safety Assessment links.
 Schedule of Minoo’s Diet

09.00 – 10.00 Breakfast (Fruit and Rice with Tuna*)

13.00 – 14.00 Lunch (Rice + meat + vegetables)
19.00 – 20.00 Dinner (Rice + meat + milk)
Recommended diet; Beef, Tuna, Shrimp, yogurt,
Lettuce, pumpkin, spinach, shitake mushroom,
sunflower seed + high protein milk.
* optional
Avoid, Soya, cabbage, sweet potato, broccoli.
 OUTLINE for Project MES
1. Tentukan tema
Review!
2. Kumpulkan hasil riset
yang terdahulu!
3. Cari gap yang belum
dilakukan!
4. Jelaskan Tantangan
dan peluangnya!
5. Berikan Rekomendasi
ke depan!
6. Usulkan riset yang
akan dilakukan!