HOW THE INSTITUTIONS AT DIFFERENT

POLICYMAKING LEVELS MAKE AND

INFLUENCE TRANSPORT POLICY

Principal difference between

UK and INDIA

Presentation By
Surajit Bhattacharya
MSc. Transport Planning
INTRODUCTION

2
 INTRODUCTION
Map of UK Map of INDIA

England, Scotland and Noth. Ireland 28 States and 7 Union territories

Geographic area-243,610 SQK(Wikipedia) Geographic area- 3,287,263SQK (Wikipedia) 3
Population 2001- 58.8 million (Wikipedia) Population 2001- 1.02 billion (Census IND)
3
 OVERVIEW OF THE UK SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

The United Kingdom is a
- Parliamentary democracy
- A king or queen is the head of state
- Prime minister is the head of central government.
- The people vote to elect Members of Parliament (MPs)
- Unitary system of government, meaning a system where power is
held in the centre.
- Although some powers have been devolved to Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland.

Governments in the UK:

 Central Government - (Directly elected)

 Regional Government - (Only London RDA Elected.The nine

regional government offices are to be abolished as part of plans to
devolve power to local authorities, http://londonoffices.com)

 Local Government - (Directly Elected)

4

Source: http://www.direct.gov.uk/
4
 OVERVIEW OF THE INDIAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

INDIA is a
- Parliamentary democracy
- President who is the head of state
- Prime minister is the head of central government.
- The people vote in elections for Members of Parliament (MPs

States in India
- have their own elected governments
- whereas Union Territories are governed by an administrator
appointed by the president.
- The states' chief ministers function in the same way in Assembly as
the prime minister is responsible to parliament.
- Each state also has a presidentially appointed governor.

Governments in INDIA
 Central Government - (Directly Elected)
 State Governments - (Directly Elected)
 Local Governments – ( Directly Elected)

Urban Local Bodies for urban areas and Panchayat for rural areas (by
73rd and 74th Constitutional amendment in 1992) 5

Source: http://india.gov.in/
5
POLICY MAKING & INFLUENCING

6
 PRE ELECTION POLICY MAKING INITIATIVE BY POLITICAL
PARTIES

In Great Britain In India

Source : http://www.conservatives.com Source: http://www.bjp.org/

Source: http://www.labour.org.uk/policydevelopmentcycle Source: http://www.aicc.org.in/new/manifesto-2004.php

POST ELECTION POLICY MAKING INITIATIVE BY POLITICAL PARTIES

In Great Britain In India

The coalition agreement
In India as well the

in the UK has the
transport portion of the
agreement containing
elements of both parties’
manifestos ( Butcher, L
2011).
congress led coalition
government at centre
has National Common
Minimum Programme
of the Government of
India (PM’s Speech).

8
 UK CENTRAL GOVERNMENT VS INDIA –FOR TRANSPORT POLICY

6
UK –Department of Transport
9
INDIA- Ministries
Source: www.dft.gov.uk Source: http://india.gov.in/ 9
 POLICY MAKING –AT NATIONAL LEVEL UK

Transport policy is mainly, made by the team of transport ministers, led
by the Secretary of State for Transport in UK.

The Department for Transport (DfT) is the lead Government
department on this subject .

Other departments play a role in some policy areas
- Treasury (setting budgets and taxes)
- Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(environmental policy)
- Communities and Local Government (planning policy)
- Home Office (road traffic and other transport-related offences and
the licensing of wheel clampers) ( Butcher, L 2011).

Though DfT makes transport policy for the whole of the UK but there
are some areas where European Union legislation takes precedence or
where power has been devolved.
10
 POLICY EXAMPLE FOR THE UK
1. 1998 White Paper

2. 2007 White Paper 3. 2011 White Paper 4. Localism Green paper

11

Source : http://www.dft.gov.uk/publications
INSTITUTIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN THE UK – TRANSPORT POLICY

12

Source: Who is responsible for transport in UK, Melia, S. Black Board

INFLUENCE OF OTHER GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION ON TRANSPORT
IN UK

Budget and Taxes Environmental Policy

13

Planning Policy transport-related offences

 POLICY MAKING –AT NATIONAL LEVEL INDIA

In India there are six central government ministries responsible for
the framing of transport policies as under:

Ministry of Unban Development -Urban Transport

Ministry of Railway - Railway Transport

Ministry of Civil Aviation - Aviation

Ministry of Road Transport & Highways - Road Transport

Ministry of Shipping - Shipping

Ministry of Rural Development - Rural Roads

Other departments play a role in policy areas

Planning Commission - National Policy Guidelines for 5
year Plan (Ex-12th 5 year Plan)

Ministry of Finance - Budget and taxation (except
railway, rail budget is separate)

Ministry of Environment & Forest - Environment Policy

State Governments -State Policy Proposal 14

14
 POLICY EXAMPLE FOR INDA

National Urban Railway White

Transport Policy Planning Commission Planning Commission
Paper policy policy

Source: http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/

Source: http://www.indianrailways.gov.in
15
Source: http://planningcommission.nic.in/
 INSTITUTIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN INDIA – TRANSPORT POLICY

Level 1- Central Government Ministries

Interstate
Rail Aviation National
transport Urban Inter State Inland and
domestic Highway Rural
and and Transport Internation Roads
suburban Transport al Shipping
international (within City)
railways in 4
mega cities

Level 2- State Government Departments

Dept. of Transport Public Works

Dept of Urban Devmt. Department
Licensing (Motorised
Vehc.) , State Bus sev. For new development State road & state
Highways

Level 3-Urban/ Rural Local Bodies 16

City Roads, City Parking, Licensing of Non Motorised Vehicles

INFLUENCE OF OTHER GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION ON TRANSPORT
IN INDIA

National Policy Guideline Budget Taxation

Transport

State Governments
of India
17
Environmental Policy State Policy
FINANCING AND FUNDING

18
 FINANCING TRANSPORT PROJECT
Great Britain

Funding of Transport projects
mainly by Central government
except in some occasion by
Local government subject to
arrangement of finance.

Special schemes of National
importance are financed by
Central Government like High
Speed Rail (HSR).
India

Funding of Rail, Aviation,
National Highways, Sea Ports
and schemes under 5 year plan
(Capital Investments in nature)
are financed by Central Govt.

State transport projects are
financed by respective State
Governments and also that of
Local Bodies.

Special schemes announced
by Central Government are
financed by them like Jawahal
ala Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission (JNNURM) 19
PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES

20
 PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES
Great Britain

Policy Making National Level
One Institution i.e Department of
Transport is responsible for Rail,
Road, Aviation and Shipping.

Policy Making at Regional Level
Regional Government at regional
level. Three key overarching bodies
in each region (outside of London)
are the Government Office, the
Regional Assembly and the
Regional Development Agency

Institutions Influencing Policy
- Treasury, Department for the
Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs, Communities and Local
Government and Home Office
influence Transport Policy.
India

Policy Making National Level
Six different Central Government
Ministries are responsible for
Transport Policies apart from the
State Government.

Policy Making at State Level
As state transport is state subject,
state transport policies are framed
by State Governments and that of
Local Bodies

Institutions Influencing Policy
- Planning Commission, Ministry of
Finance, Ministry of Environment
and State Governments at National
Level. 21
 PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES
Great Britain

Finance and Funding
Transport Projects are mainly
Financed by the Central.
India

Finance and Funding
Those which are Central
Government subjects with in
Transport sector are financed by
Central Governments

Planned expenditure (Capital
Investment in nature are also
financed by Central Government
approved by Planning Commission
and National Development Council.
22
CONCLUSION

23
 CONCLUSION

Multiplicity of Institutions in India in the transport sector

compared to a few in the United Kingdom.

Process of financing in India is very complex compared
to that in the United Kingdom.

Many a time State Policies are not aligned with that of
Central Government as state transport is a State subject
and more dependant on political atmosphere. Better
coordination between same party being in Centre and
State Government India.

As the at the completion of the five year plan the,
projects under Plan Expenditure become States Project
and are then put under the Non Plan Expenditure.
Because ever increasing of such projects, States have
little to initiate new projects. 24
 REFERENCES

Butcher, L. (2011) Transport policy in 2011: a new direction? Research Paper
11/22, House of Commons, pp. 1-57

India. Planning Commission (2011) Low Carbon Strategies
for Inclusive Growth India: Government of India.

India. Ministry of Railway (2009) White Paper On Indian Railways India:
Government of India.

India. Planning Commission (2012) Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive
Growth: India Government of India.

Melia, S. (2011). Transport Administration, Who is Responsible for Transport in
the UK? Available from: https://my.uwe.ac.uk/ [Accessed 27 April 2012].

India. Ministry Urban Development (2010) Institutional Framework for Urban
Transport India: Government of India.

Singh, S. (2005) Review of Urban Transportation in India. Journal of Public
Transportation. Vol. 8,. (no.1), pp. 79-97

TRL, Transport Research Laboratory (2010) UK transport policy – update (2008–
2010). Crowthorne House, Nine Mile Ride, Wokingham, Berkshire, RG40 3GA

25

Department of Transport (2012) http://www.dft.gov.uk/ [Accessed 27 March 2012].

Department of Communication & Local Government (2012)
http://www.communities.gov.uk [Accessed 27 March 2012].

Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2012) http://www.defra.gov.uk/
[Accessed 27 March 2012]

Government of West Bengal (2012)/ http://www.westbengal.gov.in [Accessed 31 March
2012]

H M Treasury (2012) http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/ [Accessed 27 March 2012]

Home Office (2012) http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ [Accessed 27 March 2012]

Kolkata Municipal Corporation (2012)/ https://www.kmcgov.in [Accessed 31 March 2012]

National website of India (2012) http://india.gov.in [Accessed 30 March 2012]

National Website The UK (2012) http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm [Accessed 30
March 2012]

Ministry of Railway (2012) http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/ [Accessed 29 March 2012]

Ministry of Civil Aviation(2012) http://www.civilaviation.gov.in [Accessed 29 March 2012]

Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (2012) http://morth.nic.in/ [Accessed 29 March
2012]

Ministry of Shipping (2012) http://shipping.nic.in/ [Accessed 29 March 2012]

Ministry of Urban Development (2012) http://shipping.nic.in/ [Accessed 29 March 2012]

Ministry of Rural Development (2012) http://rural.nic.in / [Accessed 29 March 2012]

Ministry of Environment and Forest (2012)/ http://moef.nic.in/index.php [Accessed 30
March 2012] 26

Planning Commission (2012) http://planningcommission.nic.in/ [Accessed 30 March 2012]