Acknowledgement: ZES's Zeal Polytechnic, Narhe, Pune

Acknowledgement
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI
We have a great pleasure in presenting this project report on “Use of plastic waste for
ZES’s
Zeal
building and road construction” Polytechnic,
and to express Narhe,
our deepPune
regards towards those who have
offered their valuable time and guidance in our hour of need because when any work is to be
successfully completed, it should beAsupported
PROJECTand guided
REPORT ONby proper persons. For completing
this project we really got inspiration and guidance from many persons.
We would
Use like to express
of plastic our building
waste for sincere and whole heartedconstruction
and road thanks to our guide
Prof. A. S. Patil without his support we were unable to express our ideas in this project. We also
SUBMITTED TO
thank to Prof. P. L. Jadhav, Head of Department for his support and encouragement.
MAHARASHTRA
We are also glad toSTATE
expressBOARD OF TECHNICAL
my gratitude EDUCATION,
and thanks to my parents and MUMBAI
my friends who
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
directly or indirectly
FORsupported me for completion
THE AWARD of this project.
OF THE DIPLOMA CERTIFICATE
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY
1. Bagwan Faiz-Ali Nisar
2. Dhumal Sahil Prabhakar
3. Pasalkar Om Vitthal
4. Mesare Ajay Sanjay
Under the guidance of

Prof. A. S. Patil
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Academic Year- 2021-2022)
Department
Departmentof Engineering
of Civil Engineering
Zeal Polytechnic, Narhe, Pune.
iii
ZES’s
Zeal Polytechnic, Narhe, Pune
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project titled “Use of plastic waste for building and road construction”
has been completed in the academic year 2021 -2022,
1) Bagwan Faiz-Ali Nisar
2) Dhumal Sahil Prabhakar
3) Pasalkar Om Vitthal
4) Mesare Ajay Sanjay
in partial fulfilment of the Diploma in the Civil Engineering as prescribed by the

MSBTE, Mumbai.
Name of Guide: Prof. A. S. Patil HOD
External Examiner Principal
Department of Engineering
i ii
ZES’s
Zeal Polytechnic, Pune.
Certificate by Guide
This is to certify that Mr. Bagwan Faiz-Ali Nisar has completed the Project work under my guidance
and supervision and that, I have verified the work for its originality in documentation, problem
statement, implementation and results presented in the Project. Any reproduction of other necessary
work is with the prior permission and has given due ownership and included in the references.
Place: Narhe, Pune
Date: 03/01/2022 Name and Signature of Guide
iv
ZES’s
Vision and Mission of the Civil Engineering Department
VISION
To develop Civil Engineers of high competence, technical skills and moral values to meet
intellectual, Communal and professional challenges and serve the society and nation
MISSION
M1: To promote ethically strong civil engineers to deal with global challenges through quality
education and application oriented learning and teamwork.
M2: To train students on design, construction, maintenance and advancements in civil engineering
for providing solutions to real time problems.
M3: To build up and transmit innovative applications to improve civil engineering practices for
sustainable development of the nation.
vi
ZES’s
Vision and Mission of the Civil Engineering Department
VISION
To develop Civil Engineers of high competence, technical skills and moral values to meet
MISSION
education and application oriented learning and teamwork.
M3: To build up and transmit innovative applications to improve civil engineering practices for
sustainable development of the nation.
vi
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
ZES’s
1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science
Vision
and engineering and Mission
fundamentals of the
and engineering Civil Engineering
specialization Department
to solve the engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse VISION

well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard
Tomethods.
develop Civil Engineers of high competence, technical skills and moral values to meet
3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well -defined technical problems
and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified needs.
4. MISSION
Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
education and
5. Engineering application
practices orientedsustainability
for society, learning and teamwork.
and environment: Apply appropriate
technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.
6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team
member
M3:or To
a leader
build to
up andmanage
transmitprojects and effectively
innovative applicationscommunicate aboutengineering
to improve civil well -defined
practices for
sustainable development
engineering activities. of the nation.
7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes.
vi
vii
and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard methods.
4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate


member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well -defined
engineering activities.
vii
standard methods.


vii
standard methods.


vii
standard methods.


vii
ZES’s
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
1. Construction, Planning and Designing: Perform optimal civil engineering construction, planning
and designing activities of desired quality at optimal cost
2. Construction, Execution and Maintenance: Execute civil engineering construction and

maintenance using relevant materials and equipment
xvii
xviii
ZES’s
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
PEO 1: Provide socially responsible, environment friendly solutions to Civil engineering related broad-
based problems adapting professional ethics
PEO 2: Adapt state-of-the-art Civil engineering broad-based technologies to work in multi-disciplinary

work environments
PEO 3: Solve broad-based problems individually and as a team member communicating effectively in
the world of work.
xix
ZES’s
COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)

1. Write the problem/task specification in existing systems related to the occupation.
2. Select, collect and use required information/knowledge to solve the problem/complete the task.
3. Logically choose relevant possible solution(s).
4. Consider the ethical issues related to the project (if there are any).
5. Assess the impact of the project on society (if there is any).
6. Prepare 'project proposals' with action plan and time duration scientifically, ha&
beginning of project.
xx
ZES’s
COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)

1. Write the problem/task specification in existing systems related to the occupation.
2. Select, collect and use required information/knowledge to solve the problem/complete the task.
3. Logically choose relevant possible solution(s).
4. Consider the ethical issues related to the project (if there are any).
5. Assess the impact of the project on society (if there is any).
6. Prepare 'project proposals' with action plan and time duration scientifically, ha&
beginning of project.
xxi
Use of plastic waste in building and road construction
INDEX (Appendix A)
Sr. No. Name of topic Page no.
1 Title page I, II, III
2 Certificate (Annexure A )
3 Acknowledgement
4 Abstract 5
5 Chapter 1. Introduction 6
6 Chapter 2. Literature Survey 11
7 Chapter 3. Scope of Project 21
8 Chapter 4. Methodology 22
9 Chapter 5. Details of Design 39
10 Chapter 6. Results and Discussion 44
11 Chapter 7. Conclusions 46
12 Chapter 8. References 47
13 Photos Related to Project 51
1
Department Of Civil Engineering, Zeal Polytechnic, Narhe, Pune
List of Figures
SR. Fig. No Name of figure Page no.

No
1 2.1 Shredded Plastic 7
2 2.2 Mixing Shredded plastic with heated aggregate 8
3 4.3.1 Shredded plastic 24
4 4.3.2 Shredded plastic 24
5 4.3.3 Heating Aggregate 25
6 4.3.4 Mixing the aggregate and plastic 25
7 4.3.5 Plastic coated aggregate 26
8 4.4.1 Concrete Moulds 28
9 4.4.2 Plastic coated aggregate 29
10 4.4.3 Preparing concrete 30
11 4.4.4 Mixing concrete 30
12 4.4.5 Finishing of concrete 30
13 4.4.6 Curing of concrete 32
14 4.4.7 Compressive test on Concrete 34
List of Tables
Sr. Table no. Name of Table Page

2
No No.
1 2.1 Properties of plastic 8
2 4.1.1 Material Specifications 22
3 4.2.1 Equipment specification 23
4 4.4.1 Mixed proportion 28
6 4.4.3 Impact test on Aggregates 38
7 5.1.1 Material specifications 39
8 5.2.2 Properties of cement 40
9 5.2.3 Properties of fine aggregate 40
10 5.2.4 Properties of coarse aggregate 41
11 5.3.1 Specifications of Materials 41
12 5.3.2 Mix proportion 43
13 6.1 Plastic-coated aggregate block 44
14 6.2 Traditional aggregate block 45
15 6.3 Impact value test on Aggregates 44
List of Graphs
3
SR. Graph No Name of figure Page no.

No
1 6.1 Compressive test on Concrete 44
2 6.2 Impact test on aggregate 45
Abstract
Plastic waste is a non-biodegradable waste which cannot decompose and this creates
water, land pollution and air pollution. Also, while we burn the plastic waste in
Dumping Ground, the percentage of plastic waste is increasing rapidly. It is estimated
4
that the plastic waste will double after a decade as we use hundreds grades of plastic
in our daily life. We can recycle, reuse the plastic waste. In this paper the study of
some of plastic waste materials which we can reuse by coating-plastic with aggregate
and use it in building and road construction. Plastic coated aggregate can be good
alternative for traditional aggregate up to some extent. The plastic-coated aggregate
has shown to be better in resistance to impact test than the traditional aggregate i.e.
0.44% (exceptionally strong). Coating the aggregate will result in better strength and
durability of aggregate used in various building materials.
Keywords – plastic waste, shredded plastic, plastic-coated aggregates, concrete, road.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The problem of disposing and managing solid waste material in all countries has
become one of the major environmental, economical and social issues. A complete
waste management system including source reduction, reuse, recycling, land-filling,
and incineration needs to be implemented to control the increasing waste disposal
problems. Typically plastic is not recycled into the same type of plastic products made
from recycled plastics or often not recyclable. The use of bio-degradable plastics is
increasing. If some of these get mixed in the other plastics for recycling. The
reclaimed plastic is not recyclable because variance in properties and melt
temperatures. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the possibility of using
granulated plastic waste material to partially substitute for coarse aggregate in
concrete composites among different waste fractions, plastic waste deservers special
attention on account non biodegradable property which is creating a lot of problems
5
in the environment. In India approximately 40 million tons of solid waste is produced

annually. This is increasing at a rate of 1.5 to 2 % every year. Plastic constitutes 12.3
% of total waste produced most of which is from discarded water bottles. The plastic
waste cannot be disposed off by dumping or burning, as they produce uncontrolled
fire or contaminate the soil and vegetation.
Generation of plastic waste is one of the fastest growing areas. Because the usage of
plastics are increasing day by day in domestic and industrial wise. In Tamil nadu per
day 3,400 tons of plastics are generated in each cities, 35 to 45 tons is plastic wastes
and most of that is plastic bags. Each year 500 billion to trillion plastics are generated
in world wide. It estimated that the rate of expansion is doubled every year. This
wastes produced today will remain in the environment hundreds and perhaps
thousands of years. It estimated that the rate of expansion is doubled every year.
Thiswastes produced today will remain in the environment hundreds and perhaps
thousands of years. As landfill areas are rapidly depleting the cost of solid waste
disposal is rapidly increasing. One solution to this crisis lies in recycling wastes into
useful processes. So these types of plastic wastes are used in construction process.
Research into new and innovative use of waste materials being undertaken world-wide
and innovative ideas that are expressed are worthy of this important subject. Many
highway agencies, private organizations and individuals have completed or are in the
process of completing a wide variety of studies and research projects concerning the
feasibility, environmental suitability and performance of using waste plastics in
highway construction. These studies try to match societal need for safe and economic
disposal of waste materials with the help of environmental friendly highway
industries, which needs better and cost-effective construction materials.
Plastic is a non-bio-degradable substance which takes thousands of years to

decompose that creates land as well as water pollution to the environment. The
quantity of plastic waste in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is expanding rapidly. It is
estimated that the rate of usage is double for every 10 years. The Plastic usage is large
in consumption and one of the largest plastic wastes is polyethylene (PE). The
utilization of earth based clay material resulted in resource depletion and
environmental degradation. As amount of clay required for brick is huge, in this
project these waste plastics are effectively utilized in order to reduce the land space
required to dump these wastes. This creates the prevention from various harmful
diseases. Polyethylene (PE) bags are cleaned and added with fine aggregate at various
ratios to obtain high strength bricks that possess thermal and sound insulation
properties. This is one of the best ways to avoid the accumulation of plastic waste. It
also helps to conserve energy, reduce the overall cost of construction and hence in this
project, an attempts made to manufacture the plastic-coated aggregate by utilizing the
waste plastics.
6
Building materials like bricks, concrete block, tiles, etc. are popularly used in
construction. However, these materials are expensive and hence common people find
it difficult to easily afford them. Moreover, these building materials require certain
specific compositions to obtain desired properties. Plastic is one of the recent
engineering materials which have appeared in the market all over the world. It is a
material consisting of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds
that are malleable and can be molded into solid objects.
Fig2.1: Shredded Plastic
By definition, plastics can be made to different shapes when they are heated. It
exists in the different forms such as cups, furniture, basins, plastic bags, food and
drinking containers and they become waste material. Accumulation of such wastes can
result into hazardous effects to both human and plant life. Therefore, need for proper
disposal, and if possible, use of these wastes in their recycled forms arises.
Nowadays, human apply all of its potentiality to consume more. The result of
this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing
the landfill. In recent times, human from the one hand is always seeking broader
sources with lower price and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the
wastes.
The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed, and remind
him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature.
This paper introduces the development and low cost housing in India Plastic have
become an essential part of our day to day life since their introduction over hundred
years ago.
7
Fig2.2: Mixing Shredded Plastic With Heated Aggregate
2.2 Waste Plastic

Plastics are commonly used substances which play an important role in almost every
aspect of our lives. The widespread generation of plastics waste needs proper end-
oflife management. The highest amount of plastics is found in containers and
packaging’s (i.e. bottles, packaging, cups etc.), but they also are found in durables
(e.g. tires, building materials, furniture, etc.) and disposable goods (e.g. medical
devices). Diversity of plastics applications is related with their specific properties, low
density, easy processing, good mechanical properties, good chemical resistance,
excellent thermal and electrical insulating properties and low cost ( in comparison to
other materials). Post-production and post-consumer plastics are utilized in a wide
range of applications.
2.3 Properties of plastic

Plastic have many good characteristics which include versatility, light-ness, hardness,
and resistant to chemicals, water and impact. It makes up much of the street side litter
in urban and rural areas. It is rapidly filling up landfills as choking water bodies.
Plastic bottles make up approximately 11% of the content landfills, causing serious
8
environmental consequences. Due to the consequences some of the plastic facts are as
follow:
More than 20,000 plastic bottles are needed to obtain one ton of plastic.
It is estimated that 100 million tons of plastic are produced each year.
The average European throws away 36 kg. of plastics each year.
Some plastic waste sacks are made from 64% recycled plastic.
Plastics packaging totals 42% of total consumption and every year little of this is
recycled. According to ENSO Bottles, in the 1960’s plastic bottle production has been
negligible but over the years there was an alarming increase in bottles produced and
sold but the rate of recycling is still very low.
Table 2.1 Properties of plastic
2.4 Disadvantages of Plastic Bottles

Decomposition: The main disadvantages of plastic bottles is the shear amount of time
they take to decompose he averages plastic bottle takes 500 years plastics
decomposition can be agented by various factors, such as the types of plastic, the
climate and acids in the landfill; plastic still lasts a long time, filling landfills for an
indefinite period.
Non-renewable: Plastic is manufactured using oil by products and natural gas material
that could be used in numerous other applications or conserved were plastic usage
lower. Natural gas for example, can be used to heat houses and cook food. Using
plastic in the volume we currently do reduces the availability of these resources,
which are gone forever when used up.
Hard to use: The standard disposable plastic bottle is meant for one use, not many.
Recycled plastic bottles are not refilled in mass they glass beer bottles are , and flimsy
plastic bottles do not lead themselves well to at home re-usage.
9
Difficult to recycle: Glass bottles can be meted and easily reused as can tin cans.
Recycling plastic is not so simple. Instead recycled plastic bottles are used to make
nonrecyclable products, such as t-shirts, lactic lumber or parking lot bueners. This
means more raw materials need to be used to create new plastic bottles than is the case
with easily recycled material, such as glass or tin.
2.5 Aim: To utilize the plastic waste in building and road construction
2.6 Objective:
1. The objective of this project is to replace some amount of aggregate with
plasticcoated aggregate.
2. The main objective of this project is to reduce the plastic waste.
2.7 Need:
Reducing the use of plastic is important because plastic production requires an
enormous amount of energy and resources. This causes carbon emissions and
contributes to global warming.
Recycling plastic is not efficient – only 9% of plastic ever produced has been
recycled. About 60% is discarded in landfills and oceans. There, it stays for thousands
of years, transforming into “microplastic,” leaching into our water supplies and food.
CHAPTER2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Use of waste plastic in concrete mixture as aggregate replacement (2008) :

Zainab Z, IsmailEnas A, et.al
Industrial activities in Iraq are associated with significant amounts of
nonbiodegradable solid waste, waste plastic being among the most prominent. This
study involved 86 experiments and 254 tests to determine the efficiency of reusing
waste plastic in the production of concrete. Thirty kilograms of waste plastic of
fabriform shapes was used as a partial replacement for sand by 0%, 10%, 15%, and
20% with 800 kg of concrete mixtures. All of the concrete mixtures were tested at
room temperature. These tests include performing slump, fresh density, dry /density,
10
compressive strength, flexural strength, and toughness indices. Seventy cubes were
molded for compressive strength and dry density tests, and 54 prisms were cast for
flexural strength and toughness indices tests. Curing ages of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days for
the concrete mixtures were applied in this work. The results proved the arrest of the
propagation of micro cracks by introducing waste plastic of fabriform shapes to
concrete mixtures. This study insures that reusing waste plastic as a sand-substitution
aggregate in concrete gives a good approach to reduce the cost of materials and solve
some of the solid waste problems posed by plastics.
2. Utilization of Waste Plastic in Concrete (April 2019) :

KarthikeyanMuniraj, BalamuraliKanagaraj, et.al
This paper investigates the effect of using waste plastic materials on the concrete.
Waste plastic were collected from homes. Most plastics are not biodegradable. They
will stay in landfills until they are cleaned up. An important problem we are facing is
dumping of plastic materials it causes lot of problems. In order to decrease the plastic
waste, it can be used in construction field, plastic is inorganic in nature so it does not
alter the chemical properties of concrete and also it does not affect the quality and
consistency of concrete. The plastic can be as filler material in concrete as well as it
can be used to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. Concrete is a composite
material consists of Cement, Water, Fine Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate. High
strength concrete was prepared of W/C 0.35 and the percentage of waste plastic
replaced by 10% of cement, Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate used in concrete.
The sizes of cubes 150x150x150mm and cylinders 150mm dia. and length 300mm
were casted.
3. Use of Plastic Aggregates in Concrete

Azad Khajuria, Puneet Sharma
There is no doubt concrete is most useful thing in construction industry but it has a
negative impact also, just like a coin has two faces. Raw materials used in
manufacturing of concrete affects the environment in one or the another negative way.
Like manufacturing of cement produce carbon dioxide whereas the production of
aggregates adds dust to the environment. Production of coarse aggregates also impact
the geology of the area from they were extracted. A step taken in this direction is the
use of waste products along with or in replacement of cement. Many of these
materials are already in use, like silica fume, fly ash etc. In this study, plastic coarse
aggregates were used in place of natural coarse aggregates. Plastic aggregates were
11
produced by little processing of waste plastic. Plastic is the biggest threat to the
environment, and it is affecting the environment rapidly. Some recent studies show
that it can be used construction industry due to some of its properties like inert
behavior, resistance to degradation etc. Also use of waste plastic can help in reducing
plastic waste
Various experiments were performed to test the mechanical properties of the concrete
with plastic coarse aggregates. Concrete was prepared using plastic coarse aggregates
in varying proportions of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%.
4. A Study on using Plastic Coated Aggregate in Bituminous Mix for

Flexible Pavement
C.Venkata Siva Rama Prasad
This research paper tries to shed light on the use of PCA in asphalt mix and study the
performance of PCA using different testes. Use of disposed plastics waste is the need
of the hour. The studies on the thermal behavior and binding property of the molten
plastics promoted a study on the preparation of plastics waste – bitumen blend and its
properties to find the suitability of the blend for road construction. A modified
technique was developed and the stone aggregate was coated with molten plastics and
the plastics waste coated aggregate (PCA) was used as the raw material for flexible
asphalt concrete. PCA showed better binding property, It had less water absorption
and also the sample showed higher Marshall Stability value.
5. Experimental Investigation of Plastic Coated Aggregate

YogitaBhivaAlave, SanikaShekharMahimkar, et.al
The increasing traffic load requires the pavements to be more efficient with longer life
spans. To improve the present situation of the road networks, proper maintenance and
use for modern construction technologies is important. Plastic waste poses a major
problem for their disposal and thus have a great impact on the environment.
Researches have showed that plastic can be used for the construction of bituminous
roads as well, in fact plastic imparts more strength to the aggregates in comparison to
the natural aggregates. In this project, we have carried out certain tests like crushing
test, impact test, abrasion test, stripping value test and test for specific gravity on
conventional as well as plastic coated aggregates and the results are compared. The
tests were performed on 0%, 5%, 5.5%, 6% and 8% of plastic, coated on the
aggregates. The Marshall method of mix design is used for the determination of
optimum bitumen content which is further used for the design of flexible bituminous
pavement using VG30 grade of bitumen. Certain tests performed on the bitumen are
ductility test, penetration test, softening point test and viscosity test. Through this
project we aim to impart strength and increase the life span of the flexible pavements
designed using plastic coated aggregates.
12
6. Re-Use of Polyethylene Plastic Waste In Concrete

M Mahesh, B Venkat Narsimha Rao, et.al
The increase in population and the changed lifestyle has resulted in a significant rise
in the quantity of plastic waste. This project in particular deals with the possibility of
using the waste polyethylene as partial replacement of fine or coarse aggregate in
concrete. Concrete with 2%, 4%, 6% pulverized/non pulverized polyethylene material
is prepared after doing the mix design. Various tests on cement like specific gravity,
fineness, setting time, etc., tests on coarse and fine aggregates like sieve analysis,
fineness modulus, specific gravity, etc. are performed. Mix design using IS Code
method is done and cubes and cylinders are cast for M25 grade concrete with and
without plastics and tests on concrete like slump, cube tests and cylinder tests are
performed to understand their behavior and usefulness as replacement. The standard
mechanical properties of concrete like compressive strength, split tensile strength are
tested and compared with the results of standard specimen.
7. Use of Plastic Waste in Concrete Mix

Mahaveer prasad, Devesh Jaysawal, et.al
Dumping of plastic waste in environment is considered to be a giant issue due to its

very low biodegradability and existence in huge quantities. Present time use of such,
industrial and urban wastes from polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terepthalate
(PET) were considered as substitute replacements of part of the conventional
aggregates of concrete. As a result, finding substitute methods of disposing waste by
using affable methods are becoming a main research problem. In this research, high
density polyethylene waste is mixed with Portland cement to examine the option to
make plastic cement, and learn the outcome of replacing sand by fine polyethylene
waste with different quantities and percentage on the properties of product. The
research was done by using the waste of polyethylene parcels including bottle and
food crates and other wastes. As much as 60% of both industrial and urban plastic
waste is recycled which carried from various sources. People in India have released
many types of wastes in which plastic waste on large scale have huge economic value,
as a result of this, recycling and dumping of waste plastic plays an important role in
providing employment.
8. Use of Plastic Waste in Road Construction (2017):

Azmat Shaikh, Nabeel Khan, et.al
Plastic waste is one such resource, a major component of solid waste which is
abundantly available and disposed of without proper treatment. There has been an
exponential growth in municipal plastic waste disposal especially in urban areas
13
which deteriorates the beauty of the landscape. Plastic was found to be an effective
binder for bitumen mixes used in flexible pavements. This efficient method helps the
pavements to resist higher temperature by minimizing the formation of cracks and
reducing rainwater infiltration which otherwise leads to the development of potholes.
These pavements have shown improved crushing and abrasion values and reduced
water seepage. Plastic roads would be a boon for India’s hot and extremely humid
climate, where temperatures frequently cross 50°C and torrential rains create havoc,
leaving most of the roads with big potholes.
Bituminous Concrete (BC) is a composite material mostly used in construction
projects like road surfacing, airports, parking lots etc. It consists of asphalt or bitumen
(used as a binder) and mineral aggregate which is mixed together & laid down in
layers then compacted. Now a day, the steady increment in high traffic intensity in
terms of commercial vehicles, and the significant variation in daily and seasonal
temperature put us in a demanding situation to think of some alternatives for the
improvisation of the pavement characteristics and quality by applying some necessary
modifications which shall satisfy both the strength as well as economic aspects. Also
considering the environmental approach, due to excessive use of polythenes in the day
to day business, the pollution to the environment is enormous. Since the polythenes
are not biodegradable, the need of the current hour is to use the waste polyethene in
some beneficial purposes.
9. Plastic Roads: A Recent Advancement in Waste Management (2016):

Huda Shafiq, Ansar Hamid, et.al
Plastics are the non-biodegradable materials and so a means to degrade our
environment. Plastic wastes have proved to be a source of health hazard as it is toxic
in nature. Plastic waste is a big nuisance in today’s world. So, this plastic waste
should be reused to eliminate the threat to the surroundings. One such reuse can be in
the construction of flexible pavements. Plastic coated aggregates have proved to offer
better resistance to abrasion and wear and tear. Moreover the bond between these
plastic coated aggregates and the bitumen is also very strong due to increased contact
area between plastic (polymers) and bitumen. Such roads show better performance
and have increased life spans
10. Study on recycled waste concrete (2014)
P. Manikandan, Dr.S. Senthamil Kumar
Utilization of waste materials and byproducts is a partial solution for environmental
and ecological problems. Here Plastics are the most important and toxic waste
materials compare to other wastes. Use of these plastic materials are not only helps in
getting them utilized in cement, concrete and other construction materials, it helps in
reducing the
Cost of cement and concrete manufacturing, but also has numerous indirect benefits
such as reduction in landfill cost, saving in energy, and protecting the environment
14
from possible pollution effects. Plastic wastes consist of the waste of plastics bags,
water bottles, drums, straws and some polythene sheets. An experimental study is
made on the utilization of plastic waste particles as coarse aggregates in concrete with
a percentage replacement ranging from 0 % to 20% on the strength criteria of M25
Concrete. This project gives the basic mechanical properties and strength of
conventional concrete M25 grade.
11. Potential use of Plastic Waste as Construction Materials: Recent Progress

and Future Prospect (2017):
M A Kamaruddin , M M A Abdullah, et.al
Plastic associates products based have been considered as the world most consumer
packaging solution. However, substantial quantities of plastic consumption have led to
exponential increase of plastic derived waste. Recycling of plastic waste as valued
added product such as concrete appears as one of promising solution for alternative
use of plastic waste. This paper summarized recent progress on the development of
concrete mixture which incorporates plastic wastes as partial aggregate replacement
during concrete manufacturing. A collection of data from previous studies that have
been researched which employed plastic waste in concrete mixtures were evaluated
and conclusions are drawn based on the laboratory results of all the mentioned
research papers studied.
12. Plastic waste to construction product : Status, limitations and future

perspective (2020) :
P. O. Awoyera, A. Adesina
Plastic waste is becoming extremely threatening to the environment due to their high
quantities generated which pose serious harm to both the environment and its
inhabitants. A major victim of this menace is the marine environment. Plastic wastes
generated on land find their way to water bodies where they cause detrimental effects
such as flooding and poisoning of the animals in the marine ecosystem. The plastics in
the marine environment, which are ingested in fish, are also deleterious to human
health if such fish are consumed. Cancer is a major disease that emanates as a
consequence. In order to find an effective way to manage these wastes and improve
the sustainability of our environment, this study, therefore, explores various
approaches to recycling plastic wastes into new products. The critical threat of the
presence of plastic wastes in our marine environment is also presented. The limitation
of the use of plastic waste for construction applications alongside the prospects is
discussed. It is concluded that the use of plastic wastes for construction applications
will improve the sustainability of the environment significantly, and also serve as a
reliable source of materials for construction purposes. In addition, the use of recycled
plastic wastes as a component in cementitious composites has been found to be the
most beneficial as it can be used to replace all solid components of the composite.
Finally, areas for further studies are also presented.
15
13. An Overview of Use of Waste Plastic In Road Construction (2018):

Ms. Amruta Mundhe, Dr. Prof. A. W. Dhawale
Disposal of waste plastic is major problem in India .waste plastic both commercial
and industrial can be problem of disposal of waste plastic .Therefore it is necessary to
utilize waste effectively with technical development day by in each field .Many of
products are produced by using plastic waste . plastic waste consisting carry bags cups
and other utilized plastic can be utilized plastics can be used as a coating over
aggregate and this coated stone can be used for road construction.This economic
method helps the pavements to resist higher temperature by reducing the making of
cracks and reducing the rainwater infilteration which otherwise leads to development
of potholes.
Plastic roads would be boon for our country and near future we will have strong ,
durable, and ecofriendly roads which will relieve the earth from all type of plastic-
waste this process is ecofriendly and economical too.
14. Use of plastic waste in road construction (2015):

Shweta N. Rokdey, P. L. Naktode, et.al
In this paper the study of some of plastic waste materials which we can reuse by
certain processing and use in road construction..the materials as a result we are
equipped with useful and valuable information about these materials. The discussed
materials have many advantages over conventional/traditional materials and methods..
This project will conduct a study on recycling plastic waste and blending it with
bitumen to lay roads in India and compare with the environmental and economic
conditions Some of these materials are relatively cheaper and provide more strength
as compared to traditional road materials. This project will come up with useful
information and creating awareness amongst the learner in the industry regarding
waste material. So that one can have a step towards further detailed information about
these materials and thus be able to implement on field which will definitely improve
the level of construction.
15. Utilization of Plastic Waste in Construction of Roads (2017) :
G. Paul Pandi, S. Raghav, et.al
The plastic waste quantity in municipal solid waste is increasing due to increase in
population and changes in life style. Thus disposal of waste plastic is a hazardous and
become a serious problem globally due to their Non-biodegradability. Plastic roads
are found to perform better than ordinary roads and therefore use of plastic road
construction has gained importance these days. Disposal of waste plastic bags has
become a serious problem and waste plastics are burnt for disposal which causes
environmental pollution. Utilization of waste plastic bituminous mixes has proved that
these enhance the properties of mix in addition to solving disposal problems. Waste
16
like plastic bottles, polymers, cups, etc. can be re-used by powdering or blending it
with crusher and can be coated over aggregate and bitumen by any heating process.
This paper describes the various aspects of utilization of plastic waste in construction
of roads.
16. The application of waste plastics in road construction (2017):

Mr. Yashodhan Arvind Jagtap, Digvijay Pramod Bhosale
Disposal of plastic waste in the environment is considered to be a big problem
because it is very low in biodegradability and its presence is large. Chocolate,
chocolate, chips, handbags, cold drink bottles and other plastic packaging can cause
major environmental and economic problems. They consume a lot of energy and other
natural resources and exhaust the environment in various ways. In recent years, the
use of industrial waste to replace a part of conventional concrete aggregate is being
studied. Most of Indian plastic recycling occurred. Up to 60% of industrial and
municipal plastic waste is recycled and available from various sources. The Indians
release large quantities of plastic waste with enormous economic value. Therefore, the
recycling of plastic waste plays an important role in job creation. The “Maale” village
located in the Pune district proposes a 2.8 kilometer road suggestion to use the asphalt
blend. Building asphalt mixed plastic roads in the village can reduce the plastic waste
generated in the village. The adhesion properties of bitumen can be changed by
mixing with plastic waste. It can be used for building purposes. In this paper, we
propose construction of asphalt mixed plastic roads addressing the problem of
nonbiodegradable waste in Pune’s “MAALE” village.
17. Application of Plastic Waste in Building and Road Works: A Technical

Review (2020);
Aman Kumar Jha, Cyrus Mahesh Bonde, et.al
Increasing economic growth and anthropogenic activities are important driving forces
leading to increase in the quantity of the plastic waste generated in India. This plastic
waste is disposed in open dumps or unscientific landfills which is not sustainable.
Based on 3R’s rule of waste management, reduce, reuse and recycle should be
adopted before choosing to other methods of waste treatment and disposal. The aim of
this work is to present researches on how the plastic waste can be effectively utilized
in road works and buildings. The concrete with Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
plastic waste is promising in eco-friendly construction. The physical properties of
bitumen mix at variation of 10 to 40% of waste plastic (PET), has given better finish,
stability, binding property, resistance to water and durability. Due to use of waste
materials, it has also help in cost reduction when compare to ordinary bitumen. This
work also present changes in characteristics of concrete and bitumen when partially
replaced with plastic waste.
17
18. Use of Waste Plastic as a Construction Material (2017): Anand Daftardar,

Rashmi patel, et.al
In today’s world, increasing problems related to plastics is a concern for every living
species, so there is a need to find a solution to this problem. Hence, working on this
issue, the main aim of this study is to tackle the plastic waste generated in abundance
throughout the world. To gain success in this, a systematic method is employed which
makes use of plastic extrude for reutilizing waste plastic into suitable construction
materials. Using only plastic waste or adding some other ingredients such as powder,
fly ash, etc plastic is converted into useful construction materials such as pavers,
railway sleepers, building blocks, etc. A number of trials with different combinations
were conducted to efficiently convert waste plastic into bricks. It was noted that
maximum compressive load which the LDPE plastic beads brick could sustain was
13.69 N/mm2. This was followed by LDPE fly ash composite brick with a strength of
11.48 – 10.42 N/mm2, which is higher than the compressive strength of the
conventional bricks available in the market made up of clay which had a compressive
strength of 3-5 N/mm2.
19. A Study on using Plastic Coated Aggregate for evaluation of modified

Bituminous Concrete Mix
Gurpreet Singh, Dr. Rajiv Chauhan
Road network system of India is deteriorating day by day due to rapid increase in
traffic and improper maintenance. This paper aims to shed light on the use of plastic
coated aggregate (PCA) in bituminous concrete (BC) and analyze PCA's efficiency
using various tests in eco-friendly way to achieve efficiency in economical manner.
The major advantage of using PCA to construct pavement in sustainable way is by
reduction in usages of bitumen and also improve the properties of aggregate. Dry mix
(DM) method was adopted to mixed the waste plastic by utilizing shredded waste
plastic bottles made of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) in bituminous mixes .The
physical properties of traditional aggregate and PCA were also compared. The
Marshall blend was prepared by using bitumen grade 80/100 , PCA, stone dust and
cement as a filler to make BC Grade -2. The aggregates used for prepared total mix
coated with PET content of 3 %, 5%, 7%, 9% and 11% by weight of optimum binder
content. To find out its suitability in field, Marshall stability, flow value and
volumetric characteristics of mix were determined and compared to traditional
bituminous concrete mixtures (without plastic). PCA had better binding property, less
water absorption, and higher Marshall Stability value was also shown in the results,
and is a better option to solve environment pollution due to plastic waste.
20. Engineering Properties of Concrete with Waste Recycled Plastic: A

Review
18
Adewumi John Babafemi, BrankoŠavija, et.al

The abundance of waste plastic is a major issue for the sustainability of the
environment as plastic pollutes rivers, land, and oceans. However, the versatile
behavior of plastic (it is lightweight, flexible, strong, moisture-resistant, and cheap)
can make it a replacement for or alternative to many existing composite materials like
concrete. Over the past few decades, many researchers have used waste plastic as a
replacement for aggregates in concrete. This paper presents a comprehensive review
of the engineering properties of waste recycled plastic. It is divided into three
sections, along with an introduction and conclusion. The influence of recycled waste
plastics on the fresh properties of concrete is discussed first, followed by its influence
on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Current experimental results
have shown that the mechanical and durability properties of concrete are altered due
to the inclusion of plastic. However, such concrete still fulfills the requirements of
many engineering applications. This review also advocates further study of possible
pre-treatment of waste plastic properties for the modification of its surface, shape, and
size in order to improve the quality of the composite product and make its use more
widespread.
21. Use of Plastic Waste in Road Construction

Shweta N. Rokdey, P. L. Naktode, et.al
In this paper the study of some of plastic waste materials which we can reuse by
certain processing and use in road construction. The materials as a result we are
equipped with useful and valuable information about these materials. The discussed
materials have many advantages over conventional/traditional materials and methods..
This project will conduct a study on recycling plastic waste and blending it with
bitumen to lay roads in India and compare with the environmental and economic
conditions Some of these materials are relatively cheaper and provide more strength
as compared to traditional road materials. This project will come up with useful
information and creating awareness amongst the learner in the industry regarding
waste material. So that one can have a step towards further detailed information about
these materials and thus be able to implement on field which will definitely improve
the level of construction.
22. Plastic Roads: A Recent Advancement in Waste Management

Huda Shafiq, Anzar Hamid
Plastics are the non-biodegradable materials and so a means to degrade our
environment. Plastic wastes have proved to be a source of health hazard as it is toxic
in nature. Plastic waste is a big nuisance in today’s world. So, this plastic waste
should be reused to eliminate the threat to the surroundings. One such reuse can be in
the construction of flexible pavements. Plastic coated aggregates have proved to offer
better resistance to abrasion and wear and tear. Moreover the bond between these
19
plastic coated aggregates and the bitumen is also very strong due to increased contact
area between plastic (polymers) and bitumen. Such roads show better performance
and have increased life spans.
23. Use of Plastic Waste in Road Construction
Azmat Shaikh, Nabeel Khan, at all
Plastic waste is one such resource, a major component of solid waste which is
abundantly available and disposed of without proper treatment. There has been an
exponential growth in municipal plastic waste disposal especially in urban areas
which deteriorates the beauty of the landscape. Plastic was found to be an effective
binder for bitumen mixes used in flexible pavements. This efficient method helps the
pavements to resist higher temperature by minimizing the formation of cracks and
reducing rainwater infiltration which otherwise leads to the development of potholes.
These pavements have shown improved crushing and abrasion values and reduced
water seepage. Plastic roads would be a boon for India’s hot and extremely humid
climate, where temperatures frequently cross 50°C and torrential rains create havoc,
leaving most of the roads with big potholes.
Bituminous Concrete (BC) is a composite material mostly used in construction
projects like road surfacing, airports, parking lots, etc. It consists of asphalt or
bitumen (used as a binder) and mineral aggregate which are mixed together & laid
down in layers then compacted. Now a day, the steady increment in high traffic
intensity in terms of commercial vehicles, and the significant variation in daily and
seasonal temperature put us in a demanding situation to think of some alternatives for
the improvisation of the pavement characteristics and quality by applying some
necessary modifications which shall satisfy both the strength as well as economic
aspects. Also considering the environmental approach, due to excessive use of
polythenes in the day to day business, the pollution to the environment is enormous.
Since the polythenes are not biodegradable, the need of the current hour is to use the
waste polyethylene in some beneficial purposes.
20
CHAPTER 3
SCOPE OF PROJECT
The community has great challenges and it needs useful solution for the challenges as
like the global climate change. We get most of the aggregates by quarrying the stones
and then crushing. As quarrying of stones cause change in geological aspects of the
area, crushing causes the entry of dust particles in the environment. So causing bad
impact to the environment in dual manner. To minimize this researcher focused on
the usage of waste materials that were also adversely affecting the environment. Some
of these are already in use such as Iron slag, Crusher Dust, etc. and many others are
under research. So usage of these waste materials helping in dual role by minimizing
the usage of raw material of concrete and by using the waste materials that are
affecting the environment. The other advantage of using these waste materials is that
they are helping in improving the properties of concrete. The waste materials we have
taken for our study is Plastic. Plastic has very bad impact on our environment but due
to some of its properties it can be used in concrete.
21
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
In this project we are coating the aggregate with plastic waste to reduce the plastic that
is harming our environment.
4.1 Materials used and their specifications:

Following are different materials that we collected for our project with their
specifications:
Sr. No Material Specification
1 Coarse Aggregate Retained on 10 mm IS standard sieve
2 Shredded Plastic 2.5mm – 4.36mm
3 Cement 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement
4 Crushed Sand Locally available sand passing from 4.75mm IS

standard sieve
5 Water Portable water
Table 4.1.1: Material Specification
22
4.2Equipment used and their specifications:
SR. NO Equipment Specifications
1 Hand Pan 1 no
2 Burner 1 no
3 Brick Towel 1 no
4 Gauging Towel 1 no
5 Tamping Rod 1 no
6 Concrete cube 3 no’s
7 Waste Oil 150 ml
Table 4.2.1: Equipment Specification
4.3 Procedure For Plastic Coated Aggregate

Step 1: Collection
Collect the plastic carry bags in our environment to utilize it in our project.
Step 2: Shredded plastic
23
By shredding the plastic in the plastic shredder, minimize the plastic size to 2.5mm –
4.36mm.
Fig: 4.3.1 Shredded plastic
Fig: 4.3.2Shredded plastic
Step 3: Arrangement of Burner
Arrange a burner and a pan to heat the coarse aggregate. The aggregate used should be
heated at 160℃ temperature.
24
Fig: 4.3.3 Heating Aggregate
Step 4:Mix the aggregate and plastic
Once the aggregate is heated at 160℃ sprinkle and mix the shredded plastic on
aggregate so that the plastic covers the aggregate properly in 1:10 proportion.
Fig: 4.3.4 Mixing the aggregate and plastic
Step 5: Coated Aggregate
25
When the aggregate is fully coated with plastic remove the pan from the burner and let
the hot aggregate cool down to normal temperature.
Fig: 4.3.5 Plastic coated aggregate
4.4 Procedure of casting a concrete cube
26
Step 1: Mix proportion
The mix design is carried out as per IS 10262:2009 & IS 456:2000. The
proportioning is carried out to achieve strength at a specified age, workability of fresh
concrete, and durability requirements.
We used M20 grade concrete and its mix ratio is 1:1.5:3
Volume of one cube =
= 0.003375 𝑚3
• Volume of cement = × 1.54 = 0.28𝑚3
• Volume of crushed sand = × 1.54 = 0.42𝑚3
• Volume of aggregate = × 1.54 = 0.84 𝑚3
For 1𝒎𝟑 concrete:

• Cement required = 0.28 ×1440 = 403.2 kg
= 8.064 bags
≈ 9 bags
• = 0.42 × 1750 = 735 kg

Crushed Sand required
• Aggregate required = 0.84 × 1450 = 1218 kg

• Water required = 0.50 × 50 = 25 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑔
= 25 × 9 = 225 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
Per cube material required:
• Cement = 0.003375 x 403.2 = 1.37 kg

• Crushed Sand = 0.003375 x 735 = 2.48 kg
• Aggregate = 0.003375 x 1218 = 4.11 kg
• Water = 0.003375 x 225 = 0.76 litres
27
W/C CEMENT CRUSHED COARSE WATER

RATIO (KG) SAND AGGREGATE (LITRE)
(KG) (KG)
0.50 1.37 2.48 4.11 0.76
Table 4.4.1 Mix Proportion
Mixing of Concrete for Cube Test

Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer
Hand Mixing
1. Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a watertight none-absorbent platform

until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color.
2. Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the
coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch.
3. Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of
the desired consistency.
Step 2: Concreting
The M20 grade of concrete is prepared. Before filling these cubes with concrete they
were cleaned and coated with oil, so that, the concrete cubes would not adhere to the
moulds. Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5 cm thick. Compact
each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel bar 16mm
diameter and 60cm long, bullet-pointed at lower end).Level the top surface and
smoothen it with a trowel.
28
Fig 4.4.1: Moulds
Fig 4.4.2 Plastic coated aggregate
29
Fig 4.4.3 Preparing Concrete
30
Fig 4.4.4: Mixing concrete
Step 3: Finishing
After filling the moulds with concrete the cubes need to be given proper finishing for
plain surface and aesthetic appearance. Name of our group was given to the cube
using paper to identify our cubes.
31
Fig 4.4.5: Finishing
Step 4: Removing of mould
After 24 hours, we removed the mould. The castes mould was kept undisturbed on
the levelled platform. Then it was de-moulded carefully after 24 hours from casting.
Immediately after de-moulding, the cube specimen were marked by their repective
mark/numbers.
Step 5: Curing
Curing is the process of maintaining adequate moisture in concrete with a proper

temperature range in order to aid cement hydration at early ages.
Fig 4.4.6: Curing of concrete cubes
32
Step 6: Compressive Strength Test Conducted on blocks:
Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its
surface without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to reduce
the size, while in tension, size elongates.
Compressive strength formula for any material is the load applied at the point of
failure to the cross-section area of the face on which load was applied.
Compressive Strength = Load / Cross-sectional Area
The compressive strength of a material is the value of uniaxial compressive stress at

which the material fails completely. It is determined by doing an experiment of
compressive strength.
The compressive strength is determined by casting the cubes of different sizes (eg.
150mm x 150mm x 150mm).This concrete is poured in the mold and appropriately
tempered so as not to have any voids. After 24 hours, molds are removed, and test
specimens are put in water for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be
made even and smooth. This is done by placing cement paste and spreading smoothly
on the whole area of the specimen.
These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after seven days curing or
28 days curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute
till the Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the
compressive strength of concrete.
Apparatus for Concrete Cube Test: Compression testing machine
The compressive strength of concrete in 7, 14, 28 days is shown in figure and the test
is conducted by compressive testing machine.
Procedure for Concrete Cube Test
I. Remove the specimen from the water after specified curing time and wipe out
excess water from the surface.
II. Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m
III. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine
IV. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be
applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
V. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
VI. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of
the specimen.
VII. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140
kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails
Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
33
34
Fig 4.4.7: Compressive Test
Fig 4.4.8: Compressive Test
Compressive strength test on cube is conducted after 7, 14, 28 Days
35
• Aggregate Impact Test

Uses of the test
1. To determine the impact value of the aggregates used in pavement

construction(Road);
2. To assess their suitability in road layers (base course, surface course ) construction
on the basis of impact value.
• Apparatus used in Impact test

The apparatus of the aggregate impact value test consists of:
1. A testing machine weighing 45 to 60 kg and having a metal base with a plane lower
surface of not less than 30 cm in diameter. Level and plane concrete floor of
minimum 45 cm thickness are used to support it. The base of the machine should
also have provisions for fixing its base.
2. A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 102 mm, depth 50 mm and minimum
thickness 6.3 mm.
3. A metal hammer or tup weighting 13.5 to 14.0 kg the lower end is cylindrical in
shape, is 50 mm long, 100.0 mm in diameter, with a 2 mm chamfer at the lower
edge and case hardened. The hammer is arranged in such a way that it should slide
freely between vertical guides and be concentric with the cup. It is arranged that the
free fall of the hammer should be within 380±5 mm.
4. A cylindrical metal measure having an internal diameter of 75 mm and depth 50
mm for measuring aggregates.
5. One end rounded tamping rod 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm long.
6. A balance of capacity not less than 500 g, and readable and accurate up to 0.1 g.
• Procedure of Aggregate Impact value test

The test sample: normally aggregates sized 10.0 mm to 12.5 mm. the aggregates
should be dried by heating at 100-110 0C for a period of 4 hours and cooled.
1. Sieve the material through 12.5mm and 10.0 mm IS sieves. The aggregates passing
through 12.5 mm sieve comprises the test material.
2. Then, just 1/3 rd depth of measuring cylinder is filled by aggregate by pouring.
3. Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of the
tamping rod in the cylinder.
4. Two more layers are added in a similar manner, to make cylinder full.
5. Strike off the surplus aggregates.
6. Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest gram (W1).
7. Bring the impact machine to rest without wedging or packing upon the level plate,
block or floor, so that it is rigid and hammer guide columns are vertical.
36
8. 25 gentle strokes with tamping rod are used to compact the test sample by fixing
the cup firmly in position on the base of the machine with placing the whole of the
test sample in it.
9. After that raise the hammer until its lower face is 380 mm above the surface of the
aggregate in the cup and allow it to fall freely on the aggregate sample. 15 such
blows at an interval of not less than one second between successive falls are acted
on it.
10. Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36 mm IS sieves
until no further significant amount passes in one minute. Weight the fraction
passing the sieve to an accuracy of 1 gm (W2). The fraction retained in the sieve is
weighted.
11. Note down the obversations in the proformance and compute the aggregate impact
value. The ‘Aggregate Impact Value’ is the mean of two observations, rounded to a
nearest whole number.
• Precautions
1. Place the plunger centrally so that it falls directly on the aggregate sample and does
not touch the wall of the cylinder in order to ensure that the entire load is
transmitted on the aggregates.
2. In the operation of sieving the aggregates through 2.36 mm sieve, the sum of
weights of fractions retained and passing the sieve should not differ from the
original weight of the specimen by more than 1 gm.
3. The tamping is to be done properly by gently dropping the tamping rod and not by
hammering action. Also, the tamping should be uniform over the surface of the
aggregate taking care taking care that the tamping rod does not frequently strike
against the wall of the mold.
Interpretation of results
Aggregate impact value is used to classify the stones in respect of their toughness
property that is shown in table below:
• < 10 % = Exceptionally strong.
• 10 - 20 % = Strong.
• 20 – 30 = Satisfactory for road surfacing.
• > 35 % = Weak for road surfacing.
37
• Test performed on aggregate:
1. Impact test performed on normal aggregate
Weight of empty cup (W1) = 1.982 kg
Weight of aggregate filled cup (W2) = 2.396 kg
Weight of aggregate (W3) = (W2-W1) = 0.414 kg
Weight of 2.36mm sieve with aggregate = 0.712 kg
Weight of empty 2.36mm sieve = 0.314 kg
Fine aggregate retained with flat sieve = 0.398 kg
Weight of Empty flat sieve = 0.340 kg
Retained fine aggregate in flat sieve (W4) = 0.018 kg
• W1 = 1.982
• W2 = 2.396
• W3 = W2 – W1 = 0.414
• W4 = 0.018
Aggregate impact value (%) = 𝑊 4

× 100
𝑊3
= × 100
Aggregate impact value (%) = 4.35 %
38
2. Impact test performed on plastic-coated aggregate
Weight of empty cup (W1) = 1.982 kg
Weight of aggregate filled cup (W2) = 2.434 kg
Weight of aggregate (W3) = (W2-W1) = 0.452 kg
Weight of 2.36mm sieve with aggregate = 0.766 kg
Weight of empty 2.36mm sieve = 0.314 kg
Fine aggregate retained with flat sieve = 0.452 kg
Weight of Empty flat sieve = 0.340 kg
Retained fine aggregate in flat sieve (W4) = 0.002 kg
• W1 = 1.982
• W2 = 2.434
• W3 = W2 – W1 = 0.452
• W4 = 0.002
Aggregate impact value (%) = 𝑊 4

× 100
𝑊3
= × 100
Aggregate impact value (%) = 0.44%
• < 10 % = Exceptionally strong.
• 10 - 20 % = Strong.
• 20 – 30 = Satisfactory for road surfacing.
• > 35 % = Weak for road surfacing.
•
Sr.no Material Impact value (%)
1 Normal aggregate 4.35 %
2 Plastic-coated aggregate 0.44 %
Table 4.4.3: Impact value test
39
Hence, Plastic-coated aggregate is exceptionally strong than the normal aggregate.
CHAPTER 5
DETAILS OF DESIGN
5.1 Material Specifications:-

The basic materials used for manufacture of plastic-coated concrete are cement,
aggregate, crushed sand and shredded plastic. Table 5.1.1 shows the important
specifications of these materials.
Sr. No Material Specification
1 Coarse Aggregate Retained on 10 mm IS standard sieve
2 Shredded Plastic 2.5mm – 4.36mm
3 Cement 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement
4 Crushed Sand Locally available sand passing from

4.75mm IS standard sieve
5 Water Portable water
Table 5.1.1: Material Specification
5.2 Materials used:-

• Cement:
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the most common cement used in general
concrete construction when there is no exposure to sulphates in the soil or
groundwater. Cement canbe defined as the bonding material having cohesive
& adhesive properties which makes itcapable to unite the different
construction materials and form the compacted assembly.Ordinary Portland
cement is one of the most widely used type of cement used as a
basicingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout. The
name Portlandcement was given by Joseph Aspdin in 1824 due to its similarity
in color and its qualitywhen it hardens like Portland stone. Portland stone is
white grey limestone in island ofPortland, Dorset. The OPC was classified into
40
three grades namely 33 grade, 43 grade and53 grade depending upon the
strength of the cement at 28 days when tested.
• Properties of Cement:
Sr.No Properties Values obtained
1 Fineness of cement as retained on 90 micron 3%

sieve
2 Grade of cement 43
3 Specific gravity 3.15
4 Initial Setting Time 30 min
Table 5.2.2: Properties of cement
• Fine aggregate:
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock
and mineral particles. It is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than
silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type; i.e. a soil containing
more than 85% sand-sized particles by mass. The composition of sand varies,
depending on the local rock sources and conditions.
Sr.No Properties Values obtained
2 Fineness modulus 2.64
Table 5.2.3: Properties of fine aggregate
41
• Coarse Aggregate:
It should be hard, strong, dense, durable and clean. It must be free from vein, adherent
coatings and injurious amount of disintegrated pieces, alkalis, vegetable matters and
other deleterious substances. It should be roughly cubical in shape. Flaky pieces
should be avoided. Coarse Aggregates are used of 6-10 mm size. Properties of coarse
aggregate.
Sr. No Properties Values obtained
1 Size of aggregate 10mm
2 Fineness modulus 5.01
Table 5.2.4: Properties of coarse aggregate
• Water:
Water should be free from acids, oils, alkalies, vegetables or other organic
impurities. Softwaters also produce weaker concrete. Water has two functions
in a concrete mix. Firstly, it reacts chemically with the cement to form the
cement paste in which the inert aggregates are held in suspension until the
cement paste has hardened. Secondly, it serves as alubricant in the mixture of
fine aggregates and cement.
5.3 Mix Design For M20 Grade Concrete
(As per IS 10262:2009 & IS 456:2000)

Grade of concrete M20
Grade of cement OPC 43 Grade (IS 12269)
Specific gravity of cement 3.15
Coarse aggregate 10mm
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 2.74
Fine aggregate Passing from 4.75mm IS sieve
Specific gravity of fine aggregate 2.74
Water cement ratio 0.50
Table 5.3.1: Specifications
42
• Mix Design
The mix design is carried out as per IS 10262:2009 & IS 456:2000. The
proportioning is carried out to achieve strength at a specified age, workability of fresh
concrete, and durability requirements.
We used M20 grade concrete and its mix ratio is 1:1.5:3
Volume of one cube =
= 0.003375 𝑚3
• Volume of cement = × 1.54 = 0.28𝑚3
• Volume of crushed sand = × 1.54 = 0.42𝑚3
• Volume of aggregate = × 1.54 = 0.84 𝑚3
For 1𝒎𝟑 concrete:
• Cement required
= 0.28 ×1440 = 403.2 kg
= 8.064 bags
≈ 9 bags
= 0.42 × 1750 = 735 kg
• Crushed Sand required
• Aggregate required = 0.84 × 1450 = 1218 kg

• Water required = 0.50 × 50 = 25 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑔
= 25 × 9 = 225 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
43
Per cube material required:

• Cement = 0.003375 x 403.2 = 1.37 kg
• Crushed Sand = 0.003375 x 735 = 2.48 kg
• Aggregate = 0.003375 x 1218 = 4.11 kg
• Water = 0.003375 x 225 = 0.76 litres
W/C CEMENT CRUSHED COARSE WATER

RATIO (KG) SAND AGGREGATE (LITRE)
(KG) (KG)
0.50 1.37 2.48 4.11 0.76
Table 5.3.2: Mix Proportion
CHAPTER 6
44
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Concrete made by plastic-coated aggregate:

Compressive strength test on plastic-coated aggregate block is conducted after 7, 14,
28 Days
SR Material 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
NO. (N/𝑚𝑚2) (N/𝑚𝑚2) (N/𝑚𝑚2)
1 Aggregate-coated 24.11 27.89 32.10

with aggregate
2 Traditional 21.23 23.92 26.87

Aggregate
Table 6.1: Concrete made by using plastic-coated aggregate
Compressive Strength of Concrete

35 32.1
30 27.89 26.87
24.11 23.92
25
21.23
20
15
10
0
7 days (N/mm²) 14 days (N/mm²) 28 days (N/mm²)
Traditional aggregate Plastic-coated aggregate
Graph 6.1: Compressive Strength of concrete
2. Test performed on aggregate:
45
Sr.no Material Impact value (%)
1 Normal aggregate 4.35 %
2 Plastic-coated aggregate 0.44 %
Table 6.3: Impact value test
Hence, Plastic-coated aggregate is exceptionally strong than the normal aggregate.
Impact test (%)

5.00%
4.50%
4.00%
3.50%
3.00%
2.50% Impact test (%)
2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.50%
0.00%
Traditional aggregate Plastic-coated aggregate
Graph 6.2: Impact Test on aggregate
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
• The experimental process of coating was successfully carried out.
• Plastic in building and road construction can help reduce the environmental
pollution in some content, thereby making the environment clean and healthy.
• Plastic coated aggregate can be good alternative for traditional aggregate upto
some extent.
46
• The plastic-coated aggregate has shown to be better in resistance to impact test

than the traditional aggregate i.e. 0.44% (exceptionally strong).
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
[1] S. G. Dhundalwar, A. Moon, V. C. Patle, and S. K. Jaiswal, “Use of plastic
waste in bituminous road construction,” no. April, pp. 3637– 3644, 2017.
[2] H. Bhat, R. Gupta, and C. E. Deptt, “a Review Paper on Study of Traffic
Volume and Its Safety,” vol. i, no. July, pp. 1346–1348, 2018.
[3] P. Singh and R. R. K. Yadav, “Effect of Plastic Waste on Properties of Road
Aggregate,” IJIRST –International J. Innov. Res. Sci. Technol., vol. 2, no. 11,
pp. 2012–2015, 2016.
[4] S. Rajasekaran, R. Vasudevan, and S. Paulraj, “Reuse of Waste Plastics Coated
Aggregates-Bitumen Mix Composite For Road Application – Green Method,”
Am. J. Eng. Res., no. 11, pp. 1–13, 2013.
[5] M. Chavan, “Use of Plastic Waste in Flexible Pavements,” Ijaiem.Org, vol. 2,
no. 4, pp. 540–552, 2013.
[6] “Empirical Research on Using Plastic Coated Aggregate and Eggshell As Filler
Material in bitumenous road construction” no. 5, pp. 67–72, 2018.
[7] I.Ali, R.Kumar, U.K.Mev, M.Jakhar, and I.Ali, “Application of Plastic Waste
Management in Road Construction,” Int. J. Civil,
Mech. Energy Sci., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 22–25, 2018, doi: 10.22161/ijcmes.4.2.2.
[8] R. Jayaram, P. K. Babu, N. Poojaari, A. Shetty, and B. J. Sanjith, “Partial
Replacement of Bitumen by Waste Plastic in Road Construction,” vol. 3, no. 6,
pp. 7–12, 2017.
47

Acknowledgement: ZES's Zeal Polytechnic, Narhe, Pune

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Acknowledgement

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(Academic Year- 2021-2022)

1) Bagwan Faiz-Ali Nisar

2) Dhumal Sahil Prabhakar

4) Mesare Ajay Sanjay

in partial fulfilment of the Diploma in the Civil Engineering as prescribed by the

Name of Guide: Prof. A. S. Patil HOD

External Examiner Principal

Place: Narhe, Pune

Date: 03/01/2022 Name and Signature of Guide

Vision and Mission of the Civil Engineering Department

Vision and Mission of the Civil Engineering Department

2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse VISION

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

2. Construction, Execution and Maintenance: Execute civil engineering construction and

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO 2: Adapt state-of-the-art Civil engineering broad-based technologies to work in multi-disciplinary

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)

Sr. No. Name of topic Page no.

1 Title page I, II, III

6 Chapter 2. Literature Survey 11

7 Chapter 3. Scope of Project 21

9 Chapter 5. Details of Design 39

10 Chapter 6. Results and Discussion 44

13 Photos Related to Project 51

SR. Fig. No Name of figure Page no.

2 2.2 Mixing Shredded plastic with heated aggregate 8

3 4.3.1 Shredded plastic 24

4 4.3.2 Shredded plastic 24

5 4.3.3 Heating Aggregate 25

6 4.3.4 Mixing the aggregate and plastic 25

7 4.3.5 Plastic coated aggregate 26

8 4.4.1 Concrete Moulds 28

9 4.4.2 Plastic coated aggregate 29

10 4.4.3 Preparing concrete 30

11 4.4.4 Mixing concrete 30

12 4.4.5 Finishing of concrete 30

13 4.4.6 Curing of concrete 32

14 4.4.7 Compressive test on Concrete 34

15 4.4.8 Compressive test on Concrete 34

Sr. Table no. Name of Table Page

2 4.1.1 Material Specifications 22

3 4.2.1 Equipment specification 23

4 4.4.1 Mixed proportion 28

5 4.4.2 Compressive test on Concrete 34

6 4.4.3 Impact test on Aggregates 38

7 5.1.1 Material specifications 39

8 5.2.2 Properties of cement 40

9 5.2.3 Properties of fine aggregate 40