Basic Calculus

Activity Sheet
Quarter 3 – MELC 5
Computing the limits of exponential, logarithmic,
and trigonometric functions using tables of
values and graphs of the functions

REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS

REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS

Mathematics – SHS Grade 11 Basic Calculus
Activity Sheet No. 5
First Edition, 2020

Published in the Philippines

By the Department of Education
Region 6 – Western Visayas

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalties.

This Basic Calculus Learning Activity Sheet is developed by DepEd Region 6 –

Western Visayas.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this learning resource may be reproduced

or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical without written
permission from the DepEd Regional Office 6 – Western Visayas.

Development Team of Basic Calculus Learning Activity Sheet

Writer: Marichu U. Figuracion

Illustrator: Patrick T. Lomigo

Layout Artist: Krishea Mae P. Jaruda

Division Quality Assurance Team:

Dr. Julio J. Villalon
Dr. Kim Jay C. Encio
Rosanna A. Daitao

Division of Iloilo Management Team: Dr. Roel F. Bermejo, Dr. Nordy D. Siason, Jr.
Dr. Lilibeth T. Estoque, Dr. Azucena T. Falales
Ruben S. Libutaque, Lilibeth E. Larupay
Dr. Kim S. Arceña
Regional Management Team:
Ma. Gemma M. Ledesma,
Dr. Josilyn S. Solana,
Dr. Elena P. Gonzaga,
Mr. Ronald T. Genine

1
Introductory Message

Welcome to Senior High School Grade 11 Mathematics (Basic Calculus).

The Basic Calculus Learning Activity Sheet is a product of the collaborative

efforts of the Schools Division of Iloilo and DepEd Regional Office VI – Western Visayas
through the Curriculum and Learning Management Division (CLMD). This is developed
to guide the learning facilitators (teachers, parents, and responsible adults) in helping
our learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum.

The Learning Activity Sheet is self-directed instructional materials aimed to

guide our learners in accomplishing activities at their own pace and time using the
contextualized resources in the community. This will also assist learners in acquiring the
lifelong learning skills, knowledge and attitudes for productivity and employment.

For the learning facilitator:

The Learning Activity Sheet will help you facilitate the teaching-learning
activities specified in each Most Essential Competency (MELC) with minimal or no face-
to-face encounter between you and learner. This will be made available to the learners
with the references/links to ease the independent learning.

For the learner:

The Learning Activity Sheet is developed to help you continue learning even if
you are not in school. This learning material provides you with meaningful and engaging
activities for independent learning. Being an active learner, carefully read and
understand the instructions then perform the activities and answer the assessments.
This will be returned to your facilitator on the agreed schedule.

2
 Quarter 3 Week 2

Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) No. 8

Name of Learner:______________________________Grade and Section:_________
Date:____________________

BASIC CALCULUS LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Computing the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions
using tables of values and graphs of the functions

I. Learning Competency with Code

Computes the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions using tables
of values and graphs of the functions (STEM _BC11LC-IIIb-1)

II. Background Information for Learners

Real–life circumstances can be modelled in terms of functional relationships.

These relationships are in the form of mathematical models. In the previous lesson you
were exposed to mathematical models consisting of algebraic functions. You were
evaluating the limits of algebraic functions using tables of values, graphs of functions,
and limit laws application.

Non-algebraic functions are called transcendental functions. These include

exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. Possible real-life applications of
these functions are the modelling of corona virus infection rate, population growth,
mortality rate, rate of spread of a social media post, interest and investment rates, and
many more.

This learning activity sheet focuses on evaluating the limits of transcendental

functions using tables of values and graphs.

Let us start this lesson by recalling exponential and logarithmic functions and
their graphs. The following are the properties.
1. If b > 0, b ≠ 1, the exponential function with base b is defined by

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℛ.
2. Let b > 0, b ≠ 1. If 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 then 𝑦 is called the logarithm of 𝑥 to the base 𝑏, denoted

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥.
Determining the Limits of Exponential Functions

Consider the natural exponential function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 , where 𝒆 is called the Euler
number with a value of 2.718281828…

3
III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites
Basic Calculus Learner’s Material. First Edition (2016). Pasig City: Department of
Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR), pp 43-61.
Leithold, L. 2002. The Calculus 7. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd 23-25 First Lok Yang
Road Singapore 629733.

IV. Activity Proper

Example 1: Evaluate the 𝒙 𝒆𝒙 .

Solution: Let us construct the table of values for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 , starting with the
values of 𝑥 approaching 1 from the left or through values less than and infinitesimally
(endlessly) close to 1. Similarly, we construct the table of values for 𝒇(𝒙) starting with
the values of 𝑥 approaching 1 from the right or through the values greater than and
infinitesimally close to 1. Please refer to table 1 and figure 1 below.

Table 1
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙
-1 0.367879441
0 1
0.5 1.648721271
0.9 2.459603111
0.99 2.691234472
0.999 2.715564905
0.9999 2.718010014
0.99999 2.718254646
1 2.718281828
1.00001 2.718309011
1.0001 2.71855367
1.001 2.72100147
1.01 2.745601015
1.1 3.004166024
1.5 4.48168907
2 7.389056099
3 20.08553692 Figure 1

From the above table and graph, as the values of 𝒙 get closer and closer to 1 from the

left, the values of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 get nearer and nearer to 2.718281828...

Hence, 𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 = 2.718281828...

Similarly, as the values of 𝒙 get closer and closer to 1 from the right, the values of the

function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 get closer and closer to 2.718281828…

Thus, 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 = 2.718281828...

4
 Since the two-sided limits exist and they have a common value, 2.718281828... Then we
can conclude that 𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒆𝒙 = 2.718281828...

With reference to the table and graph above, we can directly verify the following results:
𝒙
1. 𝒙 𝟎𝒆 = 𝒆𝟎 =
𝒙 .𝟓
2. 𝒙 .𝟓 𝒆 =𝒆 = . 𝟎
3. 𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒆− = 𝟎.

Remarks: The limit laws for algebraic functions can be applied also to transcendental
functions, except for cases or indeterminate forms.

Calculating the Limits of Logarithmic Functions

Consider the natural logarithmic function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙. Recall that ln 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥.

The natural logarithmic and the natural exponential functions are inverses of each other.

Example 2: Evaluate the 𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙. Example 3: Evaluate the

𝒙 𝒍 𝒈 𝒙.

Solution: We construct the table of values for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒍 𝒈 𝒙.

First, let 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙) approach 2 from the left or through values less than 2 and

infinitesimally close to 2. Table 2 below shows the function values at 𝒙 equal to and
infinitesimally close to 2 from the left.

Table 2

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒍 𝒈 𝒙
1 0 0
1.5 0.405465108 0.176091259
1.9 0.641853886 0.278753601
1.99 0.688134638 0.298853076
1.999 0.692647055 0.300812794
1.9999 0.693097179 0.30100828
1.99999 0.69314218 0.301027824
2 0.69314718 0.301029995

The 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 = 𝟎. and 𝒙 − 𝒍 𝒈𝒙=𝒍 𝒈 =

𝟎. 𝟎 𝟎 𝟓.

5
 In the same fashion, let 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙) approach 2 from the right or through values

greater than 2 and infinitesimally close to 2. Table 3 shows the function values at 𝒙 equal
to and infinitesimally close to 2 from the right. Figure 2 is the sketch of the graphs of
𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙).
Table 3

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒍 𝒈 𝒙
2 0.69314718 0.301029995
2.00001 0.69315218 0.301032167
2.0001 0.693197179 0.301051709
2.001 0.693647055 0.301247088
2.01 0.698134722 0.303196057
2.1 0.741937344 0.322219294
2.5 0.916290731 0.397940008
3 1.098612289 0.477121254

The 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 = 𝟎. and

𝒙 + 𝒍 𝒈𝒙=𝒍 𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟎 𝟎 𝟓.

f(x)=ln x

g(x)= log x

Figure 2

By inspection using figure 2, table 2 and table 3, we have the following conclusions:

𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎.

−
𝒍 𝒈𝒙= +
𝒍 𝒈𝒙= 𝒍 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎 𝟎 𝟓
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙

Remarks:
i) The function 𝑓(𝒙) = 𝒍 𝒈𝒃 𝒙 is called a common logarithmic function.

6
ii) If the base b = 10 usually it is not written in the logarithmic expression, as in the case of
Example 3.

Exercises 1
Evaluate the limit of the following using tables of values and graphs.

𝒙− 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒍 𝒈𝒙
1. 𝒙 𝒆 2. 𝒙 3. 𝒙

Evaluating the Limits of Trigonometric Functions

Example 4: Evaluate the 𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝒙.

(Note: The values on the given table below were computed using scientific calculator set
to radian mode.)

Solution: Let 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒊𝒏 𝒙. We construct table 4 for the table of values of 𝑔(𝑥 )

starting with values of 𝒙 approaching from the left or through values less than and
𝜋
infinitesimally close to . Also, included in table 4 are values of 𝒙 approaching from the
2
𝜋
right or through values greater than and infinitesimally close to .
2
Table 4

𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒊𝒏 𝒙
0 0 1

0.09801714 0.995184726

0.195090322 0.98078528

0.382683432 0.923879532

0.707106781 0.831469612

0.773010453 0.773010453

0.831469612 0.707106781

0.923879532 0.382683432

0.98078528 0.195090322

0.995184726 0.09801714

1 0

7
 𝜋
By inspection using table 4, as the values of 𝒙 get closer and closer to , the values of 𝒈(𝒙)
2
get closer and closer to 1. Symbolically,
𝒙
− 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = + 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = . Figure 3, the graph of 𝒈(𝒙) =
𝒙

𝒊𝒏 𝒙 validates the above limit.

g(x)= sin x

Figure 3

Using figure 3 above, the graph of 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒊𝒏 𝒙, we can evaluate the following limits.

1. 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒊𝒏 ( )= 2. 𝒙 𝟎 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒊𝒏 (𝟎) = 𝟎
𝒙 −

3. 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒊𝒏 ( )=𝟎 𝟓
𝒙 4. 𝒙
𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒊𝒏 ( ) =

Example 5: Evaluate the 𝒙 𝒙.

(Note: The values on the given table below were computed using scientific calculator set to
radian mode.)

Solution: Let 𝑕(𝒙) = 𝒙. We construct the table of values of 𝑕(𝑥 ) starting with
𝜋
values of 𝒙 approaching from the left or through values less than and infinitesimally close to .
2
Also, included in the table are values of 𝒙 approaching from the right or through values greater
𝜋
than and infinitesimally close to . Refer to table 5 below.
2

Table 5

𝒙 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒙 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙
0 1 0

0.995184726 -0.09801714

0.98078528 -0.195090322

0.923879532 -0.382683432

0.707106781 -0.555570233

0.634393284 -0.634393284

8
 0.555570233 -0.707106781

0.382683432 -0.923879532

0.195090322 -0.98078528

0.09801714 -0.995184726

0 -1

𝜋
As the values of 𝒙 get closer to and closer to , the values of 𝑕(𝒙) get closer and closer
2

to 0. In symbol, 𝒙
− 𝒙= + 𝒙= 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟎. The graph 𝑕(𝒙) =
𝒙

𝒙 below validates the above limit.

h(x)= cos x

Figure 4

Using figure 4, the graph of 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙, we can evaluate the following limits.
1. 𝒙 𝒙= 2. 𝒙
𝒙=𝟎

√
3. 𝒙= 4. 𝒙 𝒙=
𝒙

Exercises 2
Evaluate the limit of the following using tables of values and graphs. Set your
scientific calculator to radian mode in finding the function values using tables.

1. 𝒙
𝒊𝒏 𝒙 2. 𝒙 𝒙