Radish

GROWTH AND YIELD OF RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.
)
INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT ORGANIC CONCOCTIONS
ALMER JAMES V. LAGLIVA

(BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE)
A Thesis in Agri 451 with course description thesis outline in partial

fulfillment for the course subject
MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT)
MAY 2022
GROWTH AND YIELD OF RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.)
INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT ORGANIC CONCOCTIONS
A Student Thesis Outline Submitted to the Agriculture Department

of Makilala Institute of Science and Technology Makilala,
North Cotabato in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
MAY 2022
ii
ACCEPTANCE
The student thesis entitled “GROWTH AND YIELD OF RADISH
(RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.) INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT ORGANIC
CONCOCTIONS) prepared and submitted by ALMER JAMES V. LAGLIVA in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture, is hereby accepted.
SANDER O. DOMINGO, LA
Adviser
_____________________
Date
This is accepted as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture.
RIGOR K. ALVARADO, RN, MAN

Research coordinator
______________________
Date
iii
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
The author, ALMER JAMES VILOAN LAGLIVA, was born on February 7,
1986, in Bgry., Agriculture, Midsayap, North Cotabato to Mr. Eduardo Abenojar
Lagliva and Mrs. Rosalie Viloan Lagliva. He is presently residing at Brgy.
Saguing, municipality of Makilala.
He attended Agriculture Primary School for his elementary education and
Agriculture High School for his senior education. The researcher earned a
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from Makilala Institute of Science and
Technology in Makilala, North Cotabato.

Researcher
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher received a great lot of assistance and support while
preparing this thesis. He wishes to express his deep gratitude to their advisor
teacher, Sander O. Domingo, who generously donated his time and counsel in
order for them to continue this thesis; your insightful input pushed him to refine
his thoughts and enhance his work.
The author wishes to thank everyone who helped him with this and other
similar projects. He gave me substantial personal supervision and taught the
author a great deal till he was able to complete this thesis.
He wanted to express his gratitude to his colleagues for their remarkable
contributions to the success of this thesis, and he wanted to underline the trust
and hard effort that they put in every day that they worked on this dissertation.
He wishes to express his gratitude to his parents for their financial aid as
well as their love and knowledge. Furthermore, his parents are valued for their
continuous support and trust, as well as their wise counsel and sympathetic ear.
No one has been more essential to him in the pursuit of this aim than his family.
Finally, he could not have finished this thesis without the help of his pals,
who offered stimulating chats via online chatting and phone calls owing to the
epidemic. He may not have gotten your personal support, but he sensed your
care, and he thanks you all for offering such wonderful distractions from his
thesis.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES PAGE
Title page ii
Acceptance iii
Biographical sketch iv
Acknowledgment v
Table of contents vi
List of tables vii
List of figures ix
Abstract xi
CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1

Objectives of the Study 2
Significance of the Study 3
Time, Place, and Duration of the Study 3
CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 4
CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY
Materials 7
Experimental Design and Layout 7
Data to be Gathered 10
CHAPTER IV – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12
CHAPTER V – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary 35
Conclusion 36
Recommendation 37
vi
LITERATURE CITED 38
APPENDICES 40
LIST OF TABLES
No. Description Page

1 Experimental Design and Layout 8
2 Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average Plant 13
Height of Radish in cm at 14 Days After Planting (DAP)
with Four Replications in RCBD
3 Analysis of Variance (Influence of Different Concoctions 13
on the Average Plant Height of Radish in cm at 14 Days
After Planting (DAP) with Four Replications in RCBD
12 Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average 22
Number of Leaves of Radish at 14 Days After Planting
(DAP) with Four Replications in RCBD
13 (Analysis of Variance) Influence of Different Concoctions 22
on the Average Number of Leaves of Radish at 14 Days
vii
22 Influence of Different Concoctions on the Length of the 27
Tubers (Radish) in cm at 45 Days After Planting (DAP)
on the Length of the Tubers (Radish) in cm at 45 Days
Weight of the Tubers (Radish) in (g) at 45 Days After
Planting (DAP) with Four Replications in RCBD
on the Average Weight of the Tubers (Radish) in (g) at
45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four Replications in
RCBD
Diameter of the Tubers (Radish) in (cm) at 45 Days
Number of Marketable of Tubers (Radish) in at 45 Days
on the Average Number of Marketable of Tubers
(Radish) in at 45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four
Replications in RCBD
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
No. Description Page

1 The layout of the experimental area for the study 9
“Influence of Different Concoctions to the Growth and
Yield of Radish” with five treatments was replicated four
times.
2 Graph showing the influence of Different Concoctions on 13

the Average Plant Height of Radish in cm at 14 Days

7 Graph showing the Influence of Different Concoctions 22
on the Length of the Tubers (Radish) in cm at 45 Days
on the Average Weight of the Tubers (Radish) in (g) at
ix
45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four Replications in
RCBD
on the Average Diameter of the Tubers (Radish) in (cm)
at 45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four Replications
in RCBD
Number of Marketable of Tubers (Radish) in at 45 Days
x
ABSTRACT
LAGLIVA, ALMER JAMES VILOAN. Growth and Yield of Radish (raphanus

Sativus l.) Influenced by different organic concoctions. Student Thesis. College of
Agriculture, Makilala Institute of Science and Technology, Makilala, Cotabato
Adviser, SANDER O. DOMINGO, LA
Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) is a common root vegetable that may be

cultivated in a variety of climates, from tropical to temperate. It is produced for
the use of the young fragile tuberous root, which may be cooked or eaten raw in
salads. Organic fertilizer application has long been seen as a noble and
traditional method of preserving soil health and fertility. The usage of organic
fertilizers leads to increased crop growth, yield, and quality. They include
macronutrients, critical micronutrients, many vitamins, growth factors such as IAA
and GA, as well as helpful bacteria (Natarjan,2007; Sreenivasa et al, 2010).
The main goal of this study was to see how different agricultural
concoctions such as Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO), Fermented Plant Juice
(FPJ), Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ), and (4) Fish Amino Acid affect radish
vegetative growth and yield; and to determine the effect of different concoctions
in terms of plant height, number of leaves per plant, the diameter of tubers,
number of marketable tubers and average weight (grams) of yield per plant.
The different agricultural concoctions such as Indigenous Microorganisms
(IMO), Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ), Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ), and (4) Fish
Amino Acid will be used in the study. It also utilized a 180 square meter
experimental area to ensure that uniform growth and strong root development
were achieved.
Based on the study's findings, it can be stated that each of the several
concoctions used in this study has a different function in boosting Radish
development. Furthermore, the researcher may conclude from this study that
foliar fertilizer is not intended to be a replacement for soil fertilizer and soil
conditioning, but rather as a supplement that will boost efficiency and improve
plant health, similar to the concept of (FAO, 2004).
Combining organic and chemical fertilizers are both need to improve crop
output in sandy loam soils, such as in radish (Rautaray et al). (2003). To
preserve soil water holding capacity and nutrients, adequate organic
amendments are required for the establishment of tuberous roots (Walker D.J.
et., al. 2004). In short, foliar fertilizers alone in the form of spraying is insufficient
to generate marketable tubers in root crops.
xi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) is a common root vegetable that may be
cultivated in a variety of climates, from tropical to temperate. It is produced for
the use of the young fragile tuberous root, which may be cooked or eaten raw in
salads. It is high in vitamin C and minerals like P, Ca, and K. It also has
invigorating and diuretic effects and can be used in homeopathy to treat
neurological problems such as headaches, insomnia, and chronic diarrhea
(Ayub, et al., 2013 Kumar et al., 2014). Inorganic fertilizers are becoming
increasingly expensive, to the point that they are out of reach for small and
marginal farmers. Since pests, illnesses, and weeds develop resistance to
chemical pesticides, environmental pollution, and ecological imbalances may
emerge, the concerns related to the use of hazardous chemicals for crop
protection, weed control, and soil fertility are attracting more attention across the
world.
Organic fertilizer application has long been seen as a noble and traditional
method of preserving soil health and fertility. The usage of organic fertilizers
leads to increased crop growth, yield, and quality. They include macronutrients,
critical micronutrients, many vitamins, growth factors such as IAA and GA, as
well as helpful bacteria (Natarjan,2007; Sreenivasa et al, 2010). Organic

manures can improve soil-water-plant relationships by altering bulk density, total
porosity, and the soil-water relationship, resulting in increased plant growth and
water efficiency (Obi and Ebo, 1995).
According to Nileemas and Sreenivasa (2011), applying liquid organic
manure to the soil stimulates biological activity and increases the availability of
nutrients to the radish crop. As a final aim, adding organic manure to soil
increases microbial activity and increases their capacity to conserve fertigation,
hence enhancing fertility and fertilizer usage efficiency (Nanwai et al, 1998).
Awad and his colleagues (2002). Organic manure, according to the study,
includes high quantities of comparatively accessible nutrients, which are vital for
plant growth. It also plays a significant role in enhancing soil physical qualities.
Environmentally friendly strategies based on biological and non-chemical
technologies are used to achieve sustainability in agroecosystems (Bonato and
Ridray, 2007).
Objectives of the Study
This research assessed the different agricultural concoctions such as
Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO), Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ), Fermented
Fruit Juice (FFJ), and (4) Fish Amino Acid affect radish vegetative growth and
yield, particularly, it determined the effect of different concoctions in terms of
plant height, number of leaves per plant, the diameter of tubers, number of
consumable tubers and average weight (grams) of yield per plant.
2
Significance of the Study
This study may give the readers the information about the influence of
different organic concoctions on the growth and yield of the Radish.
The information gathered may benefit the following:
Farmers. The study's findings may help farmers gain information when they
adapt organic fertilizer, particularly when utilizing various concoctions
in their radish plants. Organic fertilizers will minimize the amount of
chemical fertilizers required in farming, resulting in less environmental
contamination.
Community. This study can make the people aware that many mixtures are
beneficial to the Philippine economy.
Future researchers. This study might serve as an extra source of reference
information for future academics who are interested in performing
more research on this issue.
Time, Place, and Duration of the Study
The study was conducted at Purok 2, Brgy. Kisante, Makilala, North
Cotabato and the duration is from April 05, 2022 to May 20, 2022.
3
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Background of Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.)
Radish is one of Nepal's most popular root vegetables, which can be
produced all year in the Terai and all year in the Himalayas. Radish cultivation's
popularity may be owing to its vast adaptability, inexpensive cost of production,
short crop length, and ability to thrive in practically any type of soil without much
care. In comparison to other vegetable crops, radish has fewer diseases and
insect concerns (Shrestha and Shakya, 2004). Because radish is a short-lived
and fast-growing crop, root growth and development should be unhindered.
Organic, inorganic, and bio-fertilizer sources should be used to offer the best
nutrition possible.
The radish (Raphanus sativus), often known as labanos in Tagalog, is one
of the most underappreciated vegetables on the table. The vegetable is typically
harvested or cooked with the popular Filipino dish "sinigang" and is sometimes
discarded after the meal since it is not as appetizing as other vegetables in the
dish. In the market, the radish (Raphanus sativus) is a well-known vegetable. It
has a strong taste and is crisp when eaten fresh. When cooked, it becomes soft
and sweet, with a peppery flavor. In the Philippines, there are just a few ways to
prepare radish, which limits its capacity to be extensively consumed when
compared to other vegetables.

Types and Uses/Benefits of Concoctions and Extracts
Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ)
Axillary buds and young fruits, fast-growing plants, and young
leaves of plants and grasses are used to make Fermented Plant Juice
(FPJ). The juice is extracted and fermented after being mixed with crude
sugar or molasses and stored for a length of time. To boost microbial
activity, the liquid is sprayed to plant leaves and growth points, the soil
around the plant, compost heaps, and animal beddings (Alam, Md. Amirul.
(2017).
Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ)
Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) is created from delicious, ripe fruits,
fruits vegetables, and root crops that have been fermented. The fermented
extract is thoroughly combined with crude sugar or molasses and kept for
a brief time before being sprayed to the plants to encourage blooming and
fruit setting (Zamora, O.B.; Calub, B.M).
Fish Amino Acid (FAA)
Kuhol / Fish Amino Acid (KAA/FAA) is created from rotten fish and
fish waste, such as bones, heads, internal organs, and skin, combined
with unrefined sugar; the fish juice is removed and fermented after 30
5
days of storage. Is a fish waste-based liquid. Because it includes a variety
of minerals and amino acids, FAA is extremely beneficial to plants and
microbes in their growth. Seedling growth (Murray and Anderson 2004),
fruiting (Aung and Flick 1980), and microbial activity in the soil have all
been shown to benefit from fish emulsions (El-Tarabily et al. 2003). Fresh
fish by-products (bones, head, skin, and other tankage pieces) are
fermented with brown sugar to create a type of emulsion called fish amino
acid (FAA).
Indigenous Microorganism (IMO)
Indigenous Microorganism (IMO) is gaining popularity among
farmers in natural farming. Government agriculturists, university
researchers, non-profit groups, and farmers have all attempted and
succeeded with this Indigenous microorganism (IMO). They discovered
that IMO is effective in removing undesirable smells from animal manure,
hastening composting, and improving crop health in general.
6
7
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Procurement of Different Concoctions
The first step done by the researcher was the acquisition of various
mixtures or the procurement of different concoctions including Indigenous
Microorganisms (IMO), Fermented Plant Juice, Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) and
Fish Amino Acid. These concoctions are available for purchase at the LAO
Integrated Farm in Bansalan, Davao Del Sur.
Land Preparation
Afterwards, it is vital to prepare the land to ensure that it is fit for planting.
A well-prepared field aids in weed control, recycles plant nutrients, and provides
a healthy soil surface for direct sowing. Plowing is often used to "till," or dig up,
mix, and overturn the soil; harrowing is used to break up soil clods and integrate
plant debris, and leveling is used to level the field.
Direct Seeding
Following the preparation of the land, it is followed by the direct seeding to
achieve germination and establishment of the plant, it is about 1 inch deep and it
was covered loosely with soil. Space in rows are 15 centimeters apart and it
follows maintaining good moisture by watering the seeds thoroughly, down to 6
inches deep.
Materials
The different agricultural concoctions such as Indigenous Microorganisms
(IMO), Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ), Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ), and (4) Fish
Amino Acid will be used in the study. It also utilized a 180 square meter
experimental area to ensure that uniform growth and strong root development
were achieved. Each plowing was followed by harrowing to level and pulverize
the soil for effective weed control.
Experimental Design and Layout
Five treatments and four replications were used in a randomized complete
block design (RCBD). There will be ten sample plants in each replication. The
therapies were as follows:
Treatment Dosage Time of

ML of Application
Different (DAP)
Concoctions/
L of Water
T1 = (Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) 30 14, 21, 28, 35
T2 = (Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) 30 14, 21, 28, 35
T3 = (Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) 30 14, 21, 28, 35
T4 = (Fish Amino Acid) 30 14, 21, 28, 35
T5 = control (water – non-treated plant)
Table 1. Experimental Design and Layout
8
Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4
1 meter 1 meter
T2R1 T5R2 T1R3 T3R4
T5R1 T3R2 T4R3 T2R4
T1R1 T2R2 T3R3 T4R4
T4R1 T4R2 T2R3 T5R4
T3R1 T1R2 T5R3 T1R4
Figure 1. The layout of the experimental area for the study “Influence of Different
Concoctions to the Growth and Yield of Radish” with five treatments replicated
four times.
Data to be Gathered
9
Plant height (cm)
From 14 days after planting to the completion of the research, the
plant height was measured using ruler from the base of the plant to the tip
of the highest leaves and done it weekly up to the termination of the
plants.
Number of leaves per plant
14 days after planting, the number of leaves was counted until the
plant has reached the blooming stage and the appropriate size, and
continued monitoring of the number of leaves was done weekly after 14
days.
Average weight (grams) of tubers per treatment
This was gathered by weighing the total tubers harvested from
each treatment divided by the number of sample plants.
The diameter of Tubers
This data was gathered by measuring the circumference of the
tubers using a tape measure.
10
Length of Tubers
The length of tubers was measured after harvesting, it is done by
measuring every tuber from its base to its apex.
Number of Marketable Tubers
This information was acquired based on the local farmer's
standards, as long as it does not get pithy and is free of any crop diseases
the researcher considered it marketable.
11
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PLANT HEIGHT
The heights of the plants were measured from the base of the plant to the tip
of the main stem 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after planting. As shown in Tables
2a - 2e, analysis of variance demonstrates interaction and effect, and there is a
significant variation in the influence on the plant owing to the application of
different concoctions. The results revealed a significant variance in the reactions
of various concoctions to the Radish in terms of plant height.
Average Plant Height 14 days After Planting
Table 2 demonstrates how the height of Radish fluctuates 14 days after
sowing in response to various concoctions. The plant height was measured in
centimeters (cm), and the data was collected on April 19, 2022.
The highest plant height 10.48cm occurred in T4= FAA 30ml per 1 Liter,
followed by T4= FAA 30ml per 1 Liter of water had 10.44cm, 10.20cm in T1=
IMO 30ml per 1 Liter of water and T2=30ml FPJ per 1 Liter of water has
10.05cm, T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water has 10.44cm and the shortest plant
height 6.76cm was found in T5= Control (water-non-treated plant).
Table 2 shows that the analysis of variance findings are not significantly
different in 5% of the cases. This suggests that any variations detected between
treatment means may not be attributable solely to the impact of the therapy, but
may also be due to unknown causes. The unknown element identified by the
researcher is that the plants have not yet been treated by the various
concoctions because the researcher's first application is likewise on the 14th day.
Table 2. Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average Plant Height of

Radish in cm at 14 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four Replications in RCBD
TREATMENT REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 TOTAL MEAN
T1= IMO 30ml per 1 Liter of water 12.23 14.14 9.23 5.21 40.81 10.2025
T2=FPJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water 4.48 13.89 11.18 10.67 40.22 10.055
T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water 8.8 12.4 11.11 9.45 41.76 10.44
T4= FAA 30ml per 1 Liter of water 12.67 12.21 12.26 4.8 41.94 10.485
T5= Control (water-non-treated plant) 4.46 5.59 12.06 4.94 27.05 6.7625
TOTAL 42.64 58.23 55.84 35.07 191.78 9.589
Table 3. Analysis of Variance (Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average

Plant Height of Radish in cm at 14 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four
------------------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 72.4042 24.1347 2.64 0.0973
TREATMENT 4 40.4386 10.1097 1.11 0.3983
Error 12 109.7542 9.1462
Total 19 222.5970
------------------------------------------------------------------
CV = 31.54%
12
10
4
Figure 2. Graph showing 2
the influence of Different
0
Concoctions on the MEAN
Average Plant Height of
Radish in cm at 14 Days T1= IMO 30ml per 1 Liter of water
T2=30ml FPJ per 1 Liter of water
After Planting (DAP) with T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water
Four Replications in RCBD T4= FAA 30ml per 1 Liter of water
T5= Control (water-non-treated plant)
13
Table 4 demonstrates how radish height responds to various formulations
21 days after planting. The measurements were obtained on April 26, 2022, with
the plant height recorded in centimeters (cm).
T1= IMO 30ml per 1 Liter of water treated plants had the highest plant
height of 14.12cm, T4= FAA 30ml per 1 Liter of water treated plants had
14.01cm, T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water had 13.90cm, T2=30ml FPJ per 1
Liter of water had 13.29cm, and T5= Control had the shortest plant height of
11.55cm (water-non-treated plant).

5
5
5
TOTAL 55.84 77.12 74.72 59.91 267.59 13.3795

-------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 67.3569 22.4523 3.97 0.0353
TREATMENT 4 18.3141 4.5785 0.81 0.5426
Error 12 67.8639 5.6553
Total 19 153.5349
-------------------------------------------------------------------
CV = 17.77%
14
Figure 3. Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average Plant Height of
16
14
12
10
0
MEAN
T1= IMO 30ml per 1 Liter of water T2=30ml FPJ per 1 Liter of water
T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water T4= FAA 30ml per 1 Liter of water
Table 6 demonstrates how radish height responds to various formulations 28
days after planting. The measurements were made on May 3, 2022, with the
plant height recorded in centimeters (cm).
The maximum plant height was 17.10cm in T1= IMO 30ml per 1 Liter of
water, 17.61cm in T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water treated plants, 17.51cm in
T4= FAA 30ml per 1 Liter of water, 17.41cm in T2=30ml FPJ per 1 Liter of water,
and 15.23cm in T5= Control (water-non-treated plant).
15
5
5
TOTAL 77.79 94.01 92.35 75.39 339.54 16.977

------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 55.8972 18.6324 3.31 0.0574
TREATMENT 4 15.8423 3.9606 0.70 0.6048
Error 12 67.6050 5.6337
Total 19 139.3444
-------------------------------------------------------------------
CV = 13.98%

18
17.5
17
16.5
16
15.5
15
14.5
14
MEAN
16
Table 8 reveals how the height of the radish responds to various mixtures 35
days after planting. The measurements were made on May 10, 2022, with the
plant height recorded in centimeters (cm).
T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water treated plants had the highest plant height
of 20.66cm, T2=30ml FPJ per 1 Liter of water treated plants had 20.24cm, T4=
FAA 30ml per 1 Liter of water had 20.17cm, T1= IMO 30ml per 1 Liter of water
had 19.56cm, and T5= Control had the shortest plant height of 18.46cm (water-
non-treated plant).

T2= FPJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water 15.31 23.57 21.83 20.26 80.97 20.2425
TOTAL 88.8 109.69 108.76 89.19 396.44 19.822

--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 81.9523 27.3174 4.64 0.0225
TREATMENT 4 11.6933 2.9233 0.50 0.7391
Error 12 70.7011 5.8918
Total 19 164.3467
--------------------------------------------------------------------
CV= 12.25%
17
21
20.5
20
19.5
19
18.5
18
17.5
17
MEAN
Table 10 shows Radish height growth in response to several concoctions,
particularly FPJ, FFJ, FAA, and IMO, with water-treated plants 60 days after
sowing. The measurements were taken on May 17, 2022, and the plant height
was measured in centimeters (cm). As seen in the same table, the various
concoctions have a considerable impact on plant height development. Treatment
3, which comprises 30ml of FFJ per 1 Liter of water, significantly improves radish
height, as seen by the grand mean of each treatment, which demonstrates that
T3 has the highest mean of all treatments.
T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water treated plants had the maximum plant
height of 21.52cm, followed by T2=30ml FPJ per 1 Liter of water with 21.29cm,
18
T5= Control (water-non-treated plant) with 20.76cm, T1= IMO 30ml per 1 Liter of
water with 20.71cm, and T4= FAA 30ml per 1 Liter of water with 20.42cm.
According to some beliefs, when Fermented Fruit Juice is sprayed as foliar
feeding, it has an almost immediate effect on the plants. The nutrients delivered
are already in the form that the plant need. After absorption, all that remains for
the plant to do is utilize these nutrients, and it plays a direct role in plant growth
as a source of all required macro and micronutrients. D.R. Berglund, 2002.

PLANT HEIGHT 42 DAYS
T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water 20.74 19.58 23 22.78 86.1 21.525
TOTAL 97.02 105.23 109.6 106.96 418.9 20.945
9
Table 11. Analysis of Variance (Influence of Different Concoctions on the

Average Plant Height of Radish in cm at 42 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 17.8537 5.9512 2.77 0.0876
TREATMENT 4 3.2701 0.8175 0.38 0.8186
Error 12 25.8090 2.1507
Total 19 46.9327
--------------------------------------------------------------------
CV= 7.00%
19
21.8
21.6
21.4
21.2
21
20.8
20.6
20.4
20.2
20
19.8
MEAN
20
NUMBER OF LEAVES
The number of leaves per plant was counted at 14 days, 21, 28, 35, and 42
days following seeding (DAS). Significant diversity in leaf output per plant was
discovered as a result of the influence of various concoctions, as seen in the
tables and figures below.
T4 (Fish Amino Acid 30ml per 1 Liter of water) generated the greatest
average number of leaves (4.55) at 14 DAS. The control treatment produces the
fewest leaves per plant (4.27), yielding substantially different outcomes than the
other treatments. At 21 DAS, T4 (Fish Amino Acid 30ml per 1 Liter of Water) had
the highest average number of leaves per plant (7.57) and T1 (Control) had the
lowest (6.67). (water-non-treated plant).
To recapitulate, T4 (Fish Amino Acid 30ml per 1 Liter of water) still had the
greatest average number of leaves after 42 DAS. Shahota (1983) observed an
increase in the number of radish leaves with increasing amounts of Fish Amino
Acid, which is consistent with the current experimental results. Another study
found that Fish Amino Acids fertilizer may be used as a soil drench to promote
quick microbial and earthworm activity, particularly in areas where chemical use
had previously reduced soil biological activity. Following application,
carbohydrates held in the roots are released as energy for growth and fruit/tuber
development.
21
Average Number of Leaves 14 days After Planting
Table 12. Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average Number of Leaves

of Radish at 14 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four Replications in RCBD
T1= IMO 30ml per 1 Liter of water 3.8 5 4.6 4.1 17.5 4.375
T5= Control (water-non-treated plant) 3.9 4 4.6 4.6 17.1 4.275
TOTAL 18.5 23.6 24.6 21.9 88.6 4.43
Table 13. (Analysis of Variance) Influence of Different Concoctions on the

Average Number of Leaves of Radish at 14 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four
-------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 4.2980 1.4327 10.73 0.0010
TREATMENT 4 0.2020 0.0505 0.38 0.8199
Error 12 1.6020 0.1335
Total 19 6.1020
-------------------------------------------------------------------
CV= 8.25%
Figure 7. Graph showing the Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average
Number of Leaves of Radish at 14 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four
22
4.6
4.55
4.5
4.45
4.4
4.35
4.3
4.25
4.2
4.15
4.1
MEAN

T2= FPJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water 5.9 7.3 6.7 7.1 27 6.75
T4= FAA 30ml per 1 Liter of water 8.5 7 7.3 7.5 30.3 7.575
TOTAL 31.5 35.2 36 36.8 139.5 6.975

-------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 3.2935 1.0978 2.04 0.1621
TREATMENT 4 2.4650 0.6162 1.14 0.3820
Error 12 6.4590 0.5382
Total 19 12.2175
-------------------------------------------------------------------
CV= 10.52%

23
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
MEAN

TOTAL 39.3 36.1 35.2 35.9 146.5 7.325

-------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 1.9975 0.6658 1.40 0.2918
TREATMENT 4 0.9950 0.2487 0.52 0.7220
Error 12 5.7250 0.4771
Total 19 8.7175
-------------------------------------------------------------------
CV= 9.43%
24
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
6.8
6.6
MEAN

T2= FPJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water 7.8 8.6 8 7.3 31.7 7.925
T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water 8 7.8 8.9 7.2 31.9 7.975
T4= FAA 30ml per 1 Liter of water 9.1 9 8.6 7.5 34.2 8.55
TOTAL 40.1 41.8 40.5 39.5 161.9 8.095

--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 0.5695 0.1898 0.41 0.7461
TREATMENT 4 1.1570 0.2892 0.63 0.6500
Error 12 5.5030 0.4586
Total 19 7.2295
--------------------------------------------------------------------
CV = 8.37%
25
8.8
8.6
8.4
8.2
7.8
7.6
7.4
MEAN

Number of Leaves in 42 DAYS
T2= FPJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water 8.9 9.7 11 9.2 38.8 9.7
T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water 11 9.7 10.5 9.6 40.8 10.2
T5= Control (water-non-treated plant) 9.7 10.1 9.6 11 40.4 10.1
TOTAL 51.2 50.3 50.5 49.4 201.4 10.07

-------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 0.3300 0.1100 0.12 0.9444
TREATMENT 4 2.5120 0.6280 0.71 0.6032
Error 12 10.6800 0.8900
Total 19 13.5220
-------------------------------------------------------------------
26
CV= 9.37%
10.8
10.6
10.4
10.2
10
9.8
9.6
9.4
9.2
MEAN
Average Length of the Tubers 45 days after Planting
There was no significant difference in radish tuber length across
treatments in the current study (Table 23). T1 or the plants treated with IMO 30ml
per 1 Liter of water measured 7.75cm, followed by T2 = 30ml FPJ per 1 Liter of
water (6.95cm), T3 = FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water (6.89cm), T4 = FAA 30ml per
1 Liter of water (6.74cm), and T5 = Control (water-non-treated plant) that
measured an average of (5.50cm).
The study's findings reflect on the result of the study of Muyang et al.
(2014), who stated also that both IMO and EM fertilizers had a positive influence
on radish output, with IMO generating the highest yields in terms of quantity and
weight of tubers.
27
Table 22. Influence of Different Concoctions on the Length of the Tubers
(Radish) in cm at 45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four Replications in RCBD
T1= IMO 30ml per 1 Liter of water 8.5 9.3 5.85 7.35 31 7.75
TOTAL 29.28 33.61 38.55 33.93 135.37 6.7685
Table 23. (Analysis of Variance) Influence of Different Concoctions on the Length

of the Tubers (Radish) in cm at 45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 8.6077 2.8692 1.05 0.4053
TREATMENT 4 10.4690 2.6173 0.96 0.4642
Error 12 32.7297 2.7275
Total 19 51.8065
--------------------------------------------------------------------
CV= 24.40%
Figure 12. Graph showing the Influence of Different Concoctions on the Length
of the Tubers (Radish) in cm at 45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MEAN
28
Average Weight of Tubers 45 days after Planting
The study's findings demonstrate how the weight of the tubers changed over
time when different mixtures were applied (Table 23). At 42 DAP, T1= IMO 30ml
per 1 Liter of water yielded the highest root weight (0.3085g), whereas T5=
Control yielded the lowest root weight (0.187). (water-non-treated plant). This
might be because IMO contains a lot of nitrogen and potassium, which boost
photosynthesis, cell division, and cell enlargement as compared to water-based
treatments on plants.
Table 24. Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average Weight of the

Tubers (Radish) in (g) at 45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four Replications in
RCBD
29
TOTAL 0.942 1.264 1.788 1.21 5.204 0.2602

Average Weight of the Tubers (Radish) in (g) at 45 Days After Planting (DAP)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 0.0751 0.0250 3.00 0.0728
TREATMENT 4 0.0357 0.0089 1.07 0.4136
Error 12 0.1002 0.0084
Total 19 0.2111
--------------------------------------------------------------------
CV= 35.12%
Weight of the Tubers (Radish) in (g) at 45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
MEAN
30
Average Diameters of Tubers 45 days after Planting
At 45 DAP, T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water had the largest root diameter
(7.55cm), whereas T5= Control had the smallest root diameter (6.71cm) (water-
non-treated plant). Deep, loose soil and days are required for optimum growth of
edible roots both across and downwards (Cheesbrough M, 2000). The reasons
for increasing root size (length and diameter) with various concoctions might be
because the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the soil were
changed, allowing for greater root growth and development.
Table 26. Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average Diameter of the

Tubers (Radish) in (cm) at 45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four Replications
in RCBD
T2=30ml FPJ per 1 Liter of water 4.5 8.62 9.15 7.44 29.71 7.4275
31
TOTAL 30.75 35.39 42.58 36.6 145.32 7.266

Average Diameter of the Tubers (Radish) in (cm) at 45 Days After Planting
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 14.2311 4.7437 4.09 0.0325
TREATMENT 4 1.7132 0.4283 0.37 0.8260
Error 12 13.9176 1.1598
Total 19 29.8619
--------------------------------------------------------------------
CV= 14.82%
Diameter of the Tubers (Radish) in (cm) at 45 Days After Planting (DAP) with
Four Replications in RCBD
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
MEAN
32
Average Number of Consumable of Tubers 45 days after Planting
Tables 27 and 28 show statistical data on consumable tuber yield. T1 -
IMO 30ml per 1 Liter of water (0.4) had the highest marketable tuber yield,
followed by T4= FAA 30ml per 1 Liter of water (0.3), T2=30ml FPJ per 1 Liter of
water (0.275), T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water (0.2), and T5= Control (water-
non-treated plant) had the lowest (0.175).
The researcher's experiment yielded the least marketable tubers as a
consequence of the factors identified after the study. It comprises the following:
first, according to Michigan State University, the best period to harvest a radish is
60-65 days; however, because to time constraints, the research was only
conducted for 45 days.
33
Table 27. Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average Number of
Marketable of Tubers (Radish) in at 45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four
T2=30ml FPJ per 1 Liter of water 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.1 1.1 0.275
T3= FFJ 30ml per 1 Liter of water 0.1 0 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.2
TOTAL 0.7 1.6 2.3 0.8 5.4 0.27

Average Number of Marketable of Tubers (Radish) in at 45 Days After Planting
---------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
REPLICATION 3 33.8000 11.2667 2.83 0.0830
TREATMENT 4 12.7000 3.1750 0.80 0.5487
Error 12 47.7000 3.9750
Total 19 94.2000
---------------------------------------------------------------------
CV= 73.84%
Figure 15. Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average Number of

Marketable of Tubers (Radish) in at 45 Days After Planting (DAP) with Four
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
MEAN
34
35
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The ultimate goal of this study is to see how different agricultural
concoctions such as Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO), Fermented Plant Juice
(FPJ), Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ), and (4) Fish Amino Acid affect radish
vegetative growth and yield; and to determine the effect of different concoctions
in terms of plant height, number of leaves per plant, the diameter of tubers,
number of marketable tubers and average weight (grams) of yield per plant.
Using the data acquired, the researcher discovered the following:
1. Treatment 3, which incorporates 30ml of Fermented Fruit Juice per 1 Liter
of water, boosts radish height greatly, as seen by the grand mean of each
treatment, which shows that T3 has the greatest mean of all treatments.
2. Treatment 4, which used 30ml of Fish Amino Acid per 1 Liter of water,
produced the most average number of leaves (4.55).
3. Radish treated with 30ml Indigenous Microorganisms per 1 Liter of water
increased its tubers average length.
4. The maximum root weight was obtained with T1= 30ml Indigenous
Microorganisms (IMO) per 1 Liter of water (0.3085g).

5. The highest root diameter was found in Radish treated with T3= 30ml of
Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) per 1 Liter of water (7.55cm).
6. T1 - 30ml of IMO per 1 Liter of water (0.4) produced the most marketable
tubers.
Conclusion
Based on the study's findings, it can be stated that each of the several
concoctions used in this study has a different function in boosting Radish
development. Furthermore, the researcher may conclude from this study that
foliar fertilizer is not intended to be a replacement for soil fertilizer and soil
conditioning, but rather as a supplement that will boost efficiency and improve
plant health, similar to the concept of (FAO, 2004).
Combining organic and chemical fertilizers are both need to improve crop
output in sandy loam soils, such as in radish (Rautaray et al). (2003). To
preserve soil water holding capacity and nutrients, adequate organic
amendments are required for the establishment of tuberous roots (Walker D.J.
et., al. 2004).
In short, foliar fertilizers alone in the form of spraying is insufficient to
generate marketable tubers in root crops.
36
Recommendation
The researcher advises the following based on his findings:
1. When applying multiple concoctions to a root crop, especially radish, it is
preferable to drench rather than spray, and the different organic
concoctions must be applied at least two days interval.
2. Before growing radish, soil analysis is recommended to assess the
quantity of nutrients detected in a soil sample if it is applicable for
nurturing Radish. As a result, it can only be as precise as the sample
gathered in a certain field. Farmer must advice that radishes prefer fertile,
well-drained, deep, sandy soils rich in organic matter for best growth.
Aside from the above-mentioned recommendation, it is also
recommended to constantly apply the care and management.
3. When choosing foliar fertilizer, keep the plant's nutritional requirements in
mind. Because no two plants are comparable, a fertilizer designed for one
species may not be suitable for another. Some fertilizers expressly
indicate which plants they are suited for, and all should reveal their
constituents so that gardeners may choose how they should be used.
4. Other students that are interested in researching concepts and
phenomena connected to various concoctions, particularly foliar fertilizer,
may find this work useful as a reference or starting point. They can also
apply it to different root crops to compare the outcomes.
37
LITERATURE CITED
Alam, Md. Amirul. (2017). Effects of fermented plant juice and fruit juice on
growth oand yield of tomato for sustainable practices. Bangladesh Journal
of Botany. 46. 405-412.
Aung, L.H., and G.J. Flick.1980. The influence of fish solubles on growth and
fruiting of tomato. HortScience 15:32–33.
Awad AM, Tartoura EA, Elfouly HM. Fattah AI. 2002. Response of potato growth,
yield, and quality to farmyard manure sulfur and gypsum levels
application. 2nd Int. Conf. Hort. Sci., 10-12 Sept. Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta
Univ., Egypt, 24-39.
Bonato O, Ridray G. 2007. Effect of tomato de-leafing on mirids, the natural

predators of whiteflies, Agron. Sustain. Dev. 27, 167–170.
El-Tarabily, K.A., A.H. Nassar, G.E.S.J. Hardy, and K. Sivasit-Hamparam. 2003.

The fish emulsion as a food base for rhizobacteria promotes the growth of
radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) in sandy soil. Plant Soil
252:397–411.
Murray, R. and R. G. Anderson. 2004. Organic fertilizers and composts for

vegetable transplant production. The University of Kentucky, Greenhouse
use of organic fertilizers and composts – 3 Floriculture Research Report
17-04.
Nanwai RK, Sharma BD, Taneja KD, 1998. Role of organic and inorganic
fertilizers for maximizing wheat (Triticum) aestivum yield in sandy loam
soils. Crop Research, Hisar. 16(2): 159-161.
Natarajan K, 2007. Panchagavya for the plant. Proc. Nation. Conf. Glory
Gomatha, Dec. 1-3, 2007, S. V. Veterinary Univ., Tirupati, pp. 72-75.
Nileemas G, Sreenivasa MN, 2011. Influence of liquid organic manures on

growth, nutrient content, and yield of radish (Lycopersicon esculentum
Mill.) in the sterilized soil. Karantaka, J. Agric. Sci. 24: 153-157.
Zamora, O.B.; Calub, B.M. Organic Agriculture Technologies and Systems

Developed and Adapted by Farmers in the Phillippines; Department of
Agriculture–Bureau of Agricultural Research and University of Philippines:
Quezon City, Phillippines, 2016; p. 70. ISBN 978-971-0347-46-9.
38
Cheesbrough M (2000). District laboratory practice in tropical countries part II.
Cambridge University Press, 434p
Muyang RF, Taffouo VD, Fotso, Nguepnang NE, Mbouobda HD (2014). Impact
of indigenous microorganism manure on soil mineralization and Irish
potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) productivity in Bambili, Cameroon. Int. J.
Dev. Res 4:2188-2193.
FAO. 1988. The Year Book of Production. FAO, Rome, Italy
Rautaray S.K., Ghosh B.C. and Mittra B.N. (2003). Effect of fly ash, organic
wastes and chemical fertilizers on yield, nutrient uptake, heavy metal
content and residual fertility in a rice–mustard cropping sequence under
acid lateritic soils. Bioresour. Technol., 90(3), 275-283.
Walker D.J., Clemente R. and Bernal M.P. (2004). Contrasting effects of manure
and compost on soil pH, heavy metal availability and growth of
Chenopodium album L. in a soil contaminated by pyritic mine waste.
Chemosphere., 57(3), 215-224.
39
APPENDICES
40
DOCUMENTATION
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GROWTH AND YIELD OF RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.

ALMER JAMES V. LAGLIVA

A Thesis in Agri 451 with course description thesis outline in partial

MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ALMER JAMES V. LAGLIVA

A Student Thesis Outline Submitted to the Agriculture Department

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

The student thesis entitled “GROWTH AND YIELD OF RADISH

(RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.) INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT ORGANIC

CONCOCTIONS) prepared and submitted by ALMER JAMES V. LAGLIVA in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Agriculture, is hereby accepted.

This is accepted as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture.

RIGOR K. ALVARADO, RN, MAN

The author, ALMER JAMES VILOAN LAGLIVA, was born on February 7,

1986, in Bgry., Agriculture, Midsayap, North Cotabato to Mr. Eduardo Abenojar

Lagliva and Mrs. Rosalie Viloan Lagliva. He is presently residing at Brgy.

Saguing, municipality of Makilala.

He attended Agriculture Primary School for his elementary education and

Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from Makilala Institute of Science and

Technology in Makilala, North Cotabato.

ALMER JAMES V. LAGLIVA

The researcher received a great lot of assistance and support while

his thoughts and enhance his work.

similar projects. He gave me substantial personal supervision and taught the

author a great deal till he was able to complete this thesis.

He wanted to express his gratitude to his colleagues for their remarkable

PRELIMINARY PAGES PAGE

Background of the Study 1

CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 4

CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12

CHAPTER V – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

No. Description Page

No. Description Page

2 Graph showing the influence of Different Concoctions on 13

6 Influence of Different Concoctions on the Average Plant 20

LAGLIVA, ALMER JAMES VILOAN. Growth and Yield of Radish (raphanus

Adviser, SANDER O. DOMINGO, LA

Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) is a common root vegetable that may be

Background of the Study

Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) is a common root vegetable that may be

cultivated in a variety of climates, from tropical to temperate. It is produced for

invigorating and diuretic effects and can be used in homeopathy to treat

neurological problems such as headaches, insomnia, and chronic diarrhea

marginal farmers. Since pests, illnesses, and weeds develop resistance to

chemical pesticides, environmental pollution, and ecological imbalances may

well as helpful bacteria (Natarjan,2007; Sreenivasa et al, 2010). Organic

water efficiency (Obi and Ebo, 1995).

According to Nileemas and Sreenivasa (2011), applying liquid organic

increases microbial activity and increases their capacity to conserve fertigation,

Environmentally friendly strategies based on biological and non-chemical

technologies are used to achieve sustainability in agroecosystems (Bonato and

Objectives of the Study

This research assessed the different agricultural concoctions such as

Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO), Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ), Fermented

yield, particularly, it determined the effect of different concoctions in terms of

consumable tubers and average weight (grams) of yield per plant.

different organic concoctions on the growth and yield of the Radish.

The information gathered may benefit the following:

adapt organic fertilizer, particularly when utilizing various concoctions

in their radish plants. Organic fertilizers will minimize the amount of