The kinetic particle theory states that:

1. particles in gases and liquids move randomly

2. particles in gases do not attract each other

3. particles in gases are so tiny that their volumes can be ignored

4. when the particles in gases collide they bounce off each other without any overall energy change.
Brownian Motion is caused by the random, irregular bombardment (hitting) of
visible particles, by even smaller particles of the liquid or gases they are suspended in,
which cannot be seen. These smaller particles can be molecules, atoms or ions.

Eg- pollen grains suspended in water

graphite or clay suspended in water
dust or smoke particle in the air
When we are cooking, the smell can spread throughout the house.
If we put a drop of ink into some water and leave it for a day, the colour of the ink will spread throughout the water.
Why is this?

The random movement of different particles so they get mixed up

is called diffusion. Diffusion results in the particles spreading
throughout the space available.
The overall direction of the movement is from where the particles
are more concentrated to where the particles are less
concentrated.
However, the particles are moving randomly, so some are moving
from less concentrated to more concentrated regions as well!
Random movement shown,
e.g. particle moves in 4 or more
different directions. [1]
All lines are straight [1]
(arrows need not be shown)
3 Tiny pieces of clay suspended in water show a random irregular movement.
Explain why by referring to the kinetic particle theory.

by hitting of clays with smaller particles of water they are

suspended in, which cannot be seen and move randomly.
long glass tube is set up as shown.

Concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off fumes of a colourless

gas called hydrogen chloride.
Concentrated ammonia solution gives off colourless ammonia
gas. These gases diffuse along the tube.

After a few minutes a white ring is seen nearer one end of the
tube. The molecules of ammonia and hydrogen chloride have
diffused. When the molecules of ammonia and hydrogen
chloride collide with each other they react and form a white
solid, ammonium chloride. The white ring is nearer the
hydrogen chloride end of the tube. This shows that hydrogen
chloride is a heavier molecule than ammonia.
SUMMARY QUESTIONS

1 Explain the following using the kinetic particle theory:

a A layer of water is placed carefully over a layer of red dye

solution so that they do not immediately mix. After two days,
the red colour has spread throughout the water.

b A bottle of perfume is opened at the front of the classroom.

After a little while, you can smell the perfume at the back of
the classroom.

The random movement of different particles so they get mixed

up is called diffusion. Diffusion results in the particles
spreading throughout the space available.

Particles (of dye and water) move randomly / move in any direction.
They get mixed up / Dye particles spread out.
After two days, the red colour has spread throughout the water.
Overall movement of the dye is from area of high concentration (of the dye partides) to lower
concentration (of dye particles)
SUMMARY QUESTIONS

2 Explain why diffusion in gases is faster than diffusion in

liquids.

because the space between the particles in gases are higher

than in liquids. Thus particles in gas possess higher kinetic
energy and move with higher speeds.

3 The relative molecular masses of four gases are: carbon

dioxide 44; methane 16; nitrogen 28; oxygen 32. Put these
gases in order of their rate of diffusion, with the fastest first.
(a) (i) Slight red colour in the liquid around the crystal.
(ii) The solution is evenly coloured throughout.

(b) (i) Arrangement: Particles in a fixed position / regular;

Motion: none / only vibrate / don’t move
(ii) Arrangement: random / irregular / no particular
arrangement;
Motion: random / slide over each other

(c) Evaporate some of the water; leave to crystallise;

filter off crystals / pick out crystals and dry on filter paper
 4 (a) (i) Melting
(ii) Evaporating / Boiling
(iii) Condensing

(b) Melting and Evaporating

Particles absorb energy to overcome (weak) forces holding them
in solid or liquid. NOT: between atoms.

(c) Arrangement: random / no particular arrangement / irregular;

Motion: random / move everywhere / rapid.

3 (b) Crystal
(i) Arrangement: Particles in a fixed position / regular;
Motion: none / only vibrate / don’t move
Water
(ii) Arrangement: random / irregular / no particular arrangement;
Motion: random / slide over each other
6 (a) (i) Any two of:
Particles of liquid gain energy / forces between
particles weaken / particles with most
energy escape (as a gas).
(ii) Move randomly / in all directions; so spread
everywhere / collide with air particles.
(b) Methylamine particles move faster / HCl particles
move more slowly; because methylamine
is a lighter molecule / HCl is a heavier molecule (greater
relative molecular mass).
(c) (i) Further to the right / near the HCl end
(ii) Ammonia has lower relative molecular mass /
lighter molecules than methylamine;
so diffuses faster
8 (a) Brownian Motion
(b) Graphite particles do not move on their own (fixed position);
water is a liquid and so its particles move randomly and slide past each other;
this random movement causes them to collide with the graphite particles bombarding them;
the graphite particles are not bombarded equally on all sides;
causing them to move in a random irregular way