BOTANY 120 Non-endospermic dicots
-they already consumed their endosperm (mature
LEARNING LOG
THIRD LONG EXAM
Plant Growth and
Development
Endosperm Development
3 modes of Endosperm Development
1.Nuclear Endosperm
- Primary endosperm nucleus (PEN): only
involves karyokinesis (division of nucleus), no cell
wall formation (cytokinesis)
- produces multinuclei
2. Cellular Endosperm
- karyokinesis and cytokinesis occurs
-produces multicellular endosperm
3. Helobial Endosperm
- intermediate between the two
-Helobiales (order of monocots)
-cytokinesis form 2 unequal cells
-micropylar cell is larger than the chalazal cell
-mitotic division
What is an endosperm?
- the part of a seed which acts as a food store
for the developing plant embryo, usually
containing starch with protein and other
nutrients.
Endospermic monocots
-retains their embryo after embryogenesis
seed, completed embryogenesis)
Other Embryonic Development (Asexual)
Apomixis: no mixing of genetic material from 2
different cells, form of asexual reproduction pero
meron pa ring seeds
- facultative: may option, can undergo sexual
reproduction, pwede ring hindi
- obligate: requires something, apomixis lang
nangyayari
Types:
1. Vegetative: no genetic recombination, no
seed/embryo, sporophyte (2n) forms the
embryo (ex: bulbs, suckers, tubers)
2. Agamospermy: seed involved
a. Non-recurrent (does not undergo
sexual reproduction (sterile))
-embryo comes from haploid cell
(no fertilization)
-haploid apogamy (from
gametophyte)
- haploid parthenogenesis (from
egg): produces embryo from
unfertilized egg cell
-Haploid na ang embryo. Hindi
pwedeng mag-undergo ng sexual
reproduction.
b. Recurrent (not sterile)
-embryo comes from diploid cells
(without dertilization)
-no meiosis, megaspore still diploid
(2n)
-diploid egg cell giving rise to diploid
embryo
Adventive embryony/sporophytic budding
- Adventitious: comes from unusual anatomic
part
- Unusual formation of embryo
- No alternation of generations
- Zygotic embryogenesis=poly-embryony
(from original embryogenesis + ito nga)
Importance of Apomixis/Trade-off: no need to
rely on pollination, no genetic variation
Genetic segregation: retain features of mother
plant (advantageous) you don’t want genetic
variation
Heterosis: tendency of a crossbreed to show -desserts and grasslands
qualities superior (or inferior) to parents, you want
to achieve a certain product  can be fixed Recalcitrant seeds
-shorter period of D and Q
Maternal effect: genotype (mother)  naka- -cannot be stored for too long germination
depende ang phenotype (offspring) -forest (tropical, rainforest)
- Apomixis happens in the ovule (ovary),
maternal tissue  efficient exploitation,
retains characteristics of maternal parent

Seed dormancy and Quiescence

- Common: attenuation of
physiological/metabolic activities in seed
- Dormancy: innate seed characteristics
established during embryogenesis
- Quiescence: may dormant seed, what
determines if it will germinate or not are
environmental conditions (light, temp,
amount of H2O)

Primary Dormancy
- Dictated by internal factors/endogenous
factors, established as part of
embryogenesis
- Morphology: dormant kasi hindi pa fully
develop ang embryo (matter of size)
- Physiological: hormones (photodormancy),
ex: ABA inhibits metabolic activity sa seed
(regardless of may light or wala), Kinetin Cyt
overcomes effect of ABA (presence of light),
ABA + GA no germination/metabolic activity
(dark) but if + kinetin (germination can
occur)

PD can also affected by

- Physical: water inhibition because of seed
coat, if may water then germination can
occur
- Mechanical: seed coat (too rigid) restricts
embryo expansion (enlargement of cells)
- Chemical: chemical inhibitors

Secondary Dormancy
- Due to unfavorable conditions after seed
separated from plant

Advantages:
Seed banks- seeds deposited
Synchronized germination-same harvest time,
mass production

Orthodox seeds
-longer D and Q, tolerate desiccation better