h Jongth{PcaulhA n Kuen

keiacn A) )
Pope the

- Keploniua ou from a to d io 3
Tha pah longth to kratlouse
P a it

bhal: begin p erdo Ct dka.

mmenc mahix hofly pah CcAlecs a
aNdih w prop
Sana . is
4
qd
-Tu path {4,s, 3,
nti dymmehe mopery
( ip 3.
Fquivalna lelehn
onh
heuLe
ShrmgL neuc becae
Reler uwprouy > Ingt
aa)eR a GA Shnglt nneue
Shoudd ke elatlrcd k
.

A Delalim R n a dt R Saicd to
Ca,a) R a GA .e
be Rtmaue
elkment aGA Telated t
.
aRa
A .3.4 3
not eodua becaux Cu,)E
) C2,2) (3,3)3
diagoncl main)
element noud d be 1
mati«, naupal
Endiagnanh hald Aaue e
eacA eument

Sdoor elamen
th mnupal dogcnal

in not
then
a C Tlero ue
RA digrap.
ellA
hue be a Cyde

is olsno kd A daed
AA 1) a ER
Aun)
19

aEA
(a.a)(a,a) e rlhn tt lsey
eliment haung
khe
Shauld
Shnuld be de
iaguncl clomants
')rmnupcd

lunet
delenu n
A elation&

elat d
deeiu
Yelouticn
not a
i
{(l.) U.) beCau Ci.1) &R

must haue
irrelonue rel a i n .

NOTE
The mam
diagonad
O's n
an nxiue Telain. has

dia .
n at
ko

du mmemG
max ro
b,a) e R
un
Ca,b)(ab)ER ConuonoE
talei
elmant in R
reentin R han
hat elamentE

oPymme hio cclle cd

n o t m n emc
nelaln pu
(ba) f R
dtun
elahon i.e (a,6)eR
nymetn

A:K,,3y
dummehic
R,0,) CI,a) C2,05-
ymme hic
R, C.) a, ) Ci)3
shOUt h a it indi ccLLD
) hao hoh pekalicns
 a ommehx
relatxm Called
CoUle
The digrarh uuhc a and l
CCm neCing
edge a LOn oihou
bidireurd edgo
Cahcay a Oro
phia
To ethu A 6 a C
Called ioCsAt U hian.
Comne clt d hy ecdge
i Caileek
A dmme hmc
Kelaien K m C ot A
) i a pathrom u y Uekc
,Connee tue
n he oAdL ALise
oHu ele

.
Connecd
distonnedrd p

4)Taniho ro
4
and Cb.c) tR then a,c) e R -¥ hc Ch

in -9- hw has

a Jungt be rom o ' di ha

din ath rom

raoi h Ke
a.6) ER and (b.c)ER 9hon (a.) fe
 (IS)

Antiymehic.
b

a b 4 b
rkuli on
anh&mme hio
uade4
A
ACB BA
anidymmekio profi
QD ot
a -b
e R hon
Cab) eR
and Cha)
han
hen a fb
afb,
-(a.b)eR
and (ba)ER
Qnhmmehic

A-K ,3 Anhdymmehic
n
relab'n
rlab
) (2.) relct'en

P atlo ymm e h
a
Onhiymmei e
anhamm
R:C) C2,) (2.) y -nðt

Relation
6 Fquivalsnca
Aa 3 mopahey
mofhe
al
aliSJies
Oy elah n Ahan
J&u e opethy
oy mm ehic
vih ue Equvalena
Reherim
Kekhiom .

C
Ccall d

A 9elaban "R n a lA Sid t be

be

Byuuvalente Teladioy
n
det h
R Telloniue

mmehc
A
 oblems
i. .3. 4-
R . ) C.) -tha) .i) (,) 0,) t : 0 . )
t37(3.3) (3.) (3a) t ) (tr}(,) (.)
(3,3
R relenüu hao
Aao itS mambend

ilh Aemoel u
hich Aa pailed
(a))ee (a.) ER
3,)ER u,3)e R
DU h R dumme i c

Ci C2) (2,) U.DER

(3,4) u.3) (3,3) e R
(3.3) s ) (3, u) ER
i randih ur
R

AA A,0A,U R A-{1a) A. , 3,4

he rdatinR m A ard
a dama du hhehe

an valin (e Telculitn?
R eui

Se A A23, 4
Som
P Ca y eA
, 2,3

R.Ci. ()
(.) C2 (2 3 (3)(3,4))
C43(4. )
.33
Heue det- D a , 3,S
 A -2,3,u,s)
etmnt e Shculd haul
6s elu
oelalion cn ise
R
0,) C2,2) C3,3) 4.4 s.s) ¬

Hone R Teu u /
Kaue Cba) <R
(ab)ER AC
)(2.9Ci,3) 9 tue
(a) (3, ) Hence R u
C2,4) 3)

(a.) et.
un) (a.2) C2,3)
0. ) eR
&,u) ( ) >
C3.3) (3 (2,ER

C.3) (a.9) 0.3) fe

ot haoi h u
HenaR
nob
Egi valvna relahn
Hen
m Jhe
JAc
See {3
a elahn &
aelathn K

S3 3Phe digray belons 9ekimin

LN

cdati en

C (3,3) R
not
Cn Egli valsna
Henc R yelahim

aft A a. b, c
A Retaton R
mam
kd hy ka do
erenen
6 Delet mu ne.
M(R) Eque
vaalen e. Kelahim

P . .'. .
 2 , 3 ) . 0etCtu' e
atims

K, i dgmmchc ,mriu
R,C,a) (2,) (1.3) (3,) '} Telotia
R, a , ) (o.) (3,3)(2.3) is9ftniut
Pi
{ . ) (2.2) (3.3) 3 , s reiue,rhag ymmemc
3
denotE
a 3 ) (3.i) (2.1))-R. i drrte
rorh
Sa
mam

eRnt-natu he elali
on- olloi
Ommeic ETeledw

redatin R
repreoEnkd b
ST
H i hransi h w

o o
Aa,b,c)
R la.a) (a.) (a,) C6,c) Cc.c)3
and (a.5) e R = (a.)ee
Caa) eR
and (a.) ERR er
Ca.cd)
Ca,a)eR
and Cc,c) ee =(a.d e R
ac) ER
c*
Ca.b) ee and (b, c)eR (a.c)
hcuohauoi h
ue
Hen e ha elation

&{(a. (d a) (c,6) (Cb.c)

A a b, C,of. ey and
et C dymmtbic, 2ck.b
(c.e) (e,) (6.e) Ce,b) (e,e) 3 be
TS R CCnnectecd
R

Thu not Con ne ced

tc
 CHAITRA.M
BEMTech (CS
Assistant Professor
Department of CSE
S.J.BI.T, Kengerl
Bangalore-560 0
R
Proble)
et A={I,3.3,4 Cu R ) 0.2) (2.) (0») C3,)
be aelcetin
C4.3) (3.3) , 3
t a u i vatnce veleeticn
d utr
Cin
R
Dl)dine (1,) ER Relaniut
acA, (a,a)¬R
(212) ER

C3.3) e R
(4.)ER
A
elatiun
dn
uue Asn (b,c) C

CbC,beA Cab) ef Asn (b,a)CF

Cab) ef
mmehmc

CI,)ER Ci.)ER
fe,
CI.)
C2,2) Ca,2)
(3,4)
(3.3) C3.3
4 4.) (4. velat N
umme hi
R
(ab)ER
and Cb,c) e R, ha
Cb,c) er,
eR Ca.c)e R
a,hc

) anoiiua eR
hen C,2)R

Ci,2)
0,dee
and
and ( . )
Ci2) C,2)
C2,) (3,3)
(413)
C3,u C3 3) (3,)
(3.3) (3,4 N
elali(n
a v i di u e

Eu
Vclen c l cticon
T
 Az12,3
A be
th3)
dlugnse (1,) C») >,) C2,2) (3.)
(3.3) (u.u) (L.)3 ind shekAO R

CGuivalnce /ot
Roglaai ue gR al aeA (a,a) ER
CI. ) ER
(2.2)
(3,3 a eooue elatin

men C. +a,b GR
b mmehc Ca.b) ER thon (bja)EF.
C)ER Ci,)ek
C.2) 2.)
C2,2) 2,)
3.) C.3
(33) C313)
(4u) (uu)
(4,) bu (i.u) e
not dumme
ihus R

drileoin9 mai
Tepreentd
a,)) R C
H(e) o Detet mino
Equivalkna Relaho

Rlaa) (a.c) (6.b) (c.c)3

Coploxi ue : aeA (a,a) EP

Ci,D,C2) (3,3) GR

Thuw

dpmmcht (ac) ER but (c.a) fR

hie
ip not dymm
nol Egu valanc

Thuwd,
 The duncqu (16)
Telai on R h
Stt A 3) u beh
C
Deiamna
Cguiurlence elathon

(3. C2.) (3
not veluniua dina (3,3)F
huo not Euivalent
elabn
be On Egui valsna
ae Yelcdltd to
elemens A h aL
Called he Equivalnu dam
q u yaleno lames denbd
aby R
by Rla), CaJ, a
ui valinia ckam a :
aj: a -
Cz, 4)|4 ze RS
deoked b4
Cnditen e hc
ordii tn e
hi C &uis iue
(lon"
Rihulal nam
Eallid au Equivalsnca
i e laJ- (zeA|l,c) e R
A l.33
R C i ) i.) (3.) (a.3)
LJ-49
kt hal
elenent T l l ed
he uun Linnni-

elmen
Should be mesent
a l t h ovight Sde

. )(2-) 6)
(o,3) (3.) (o. 3) ()
Equi velete. clan

2)

dnd Aa f t RK3
C) h3) (2,) (3,) C3,3)) n

CsJ .3)
 Pashin o ( cSct

Coni do

Aclono (aollo

A
()A A,UA,
) A,nA : Skuld he dsiort: dot u Jet)

undes dhe Conditi n

koth Cmdihno a Sabised e CaUP a

aruhhn o a det A
P A,A. A, , A., A, A. aubb
A: 3, u,S y
A 1,2,3 A :A43 A, :{s)A,{2,3.4.s } ,

-Pa,A,,A, pah ut
A AUA 2 r a he det
haue Common elamert,
A, , 3 ) ke e
not be dniocded

{A, A,Y nat a aui

a nn Emp h 'det. dunese hee

hete
A,, A
duhsess A,
Cous nn Empy uncdii onva hdd
hed
vh,at Ogt
enl
A
AA,, A
A : A,on
A A,o AU UA
Rubsels AP
disornt. Je
A , 0A =
t
then e det P:A, A As A3 calld
a ohhRon A A . ato A, A,.A Pe Qne Called

block oR Coll» ah
.,1) bioes/ Llio
A s.1
 (De)Dec t5/on26 phat- un elfh ha
Probloma S tolr

te he Egui veunto. relakion R-{C.) ) 0 . ) (2.) (3)

Ca3 C3.3) (4.)3 vale.
Set A { 23,4.Deteimine
,
he uw
dohnod Cn the
p a i i hGn Jnduce d by R
I: UJ: {1 )
Eg tu valenc l a
3 L3J <3,u3

3.LT
GI u[3J
OA A,UA
=

9.3,«9

hat R: {u.) o.à Ca.) u.) .2) (a,) 3

A -{1,2,3,4
tt
a)Meu relakin n
ho

an Egui valince.
paRhhn9
ymmei relati cn Tela
CUemding
dmmeh Telah n
hnd ranolhu
e l a s cn
vatene

G) Clwu, an Egu
kone i t
&atetd

Cu3:
P , U CoJ [JS

UJUL3JoluJ
A , 3, 4 )
 Conavclos ho
he alhon
Let h - {a, b.c, d, e'

Pa.b(e.d)Ke3') of A nd
el ahon inclocing kis pCathhn

Rla. C6.8) (a, ) b.a) Co,O d) Cc.)Cd.c) (e)

&c.d3
a,a)
Ca.b) (d.d)
(bb) Cc.d) hen P S
ba) Cd.)
3-blott a o
Ca3 a , 6} be equu uisni ta
ndccticn

Let R
L a. s) nclucing
hen Peulh he

EJ {c,03
8J d,c Sta
e
,

ALet A {.2, 3.4.5 otuhne a elaion

R
b(a4)R(a.j. eguuegiVeelens
elalin
n

6u hal
9elti mine
lho guvatonce Clao g [Ci3)J, Lia,)I, C.
)) Olltmine the palhhn

Let tate an Eloant ) G

Kelenaue A

e Ax
haue
utal eoalt)
xA (" taten by
y)Ka)

oe hau

.
ou4) Ka
euri
 2

) dmnehoc
é AxA
Tute (7.J(.y) Take auy (z,1y,) P (z,y,)
Cx,) K(x,
2,T. -2,t den, a,+, t y ,

shith me ard ) Ka,v)»

)K (a.) Hen R sme mc
d mehic ro

iuTyanoihue.

* X3+93
e a o ihiea
Satishie

L3)) ={()eAxRCa) K
1+3=
A**ty
1Cz ) E
U.3) C3.) (2,

Cx) e xA+y
2+y: '
=
Co.) Cua) .s) ls.) .3)5
C)J
ty =1+l:2')
(y) EAKA
Clane u
Th

L3 l2.3) (3a) (a.) )

Las a ) s,) (3.) 3)
(s.3) (4)
C)3 ( 4 ) C) tatt.

CC3s13
 a aio k g e
t a det
A c l a t i c a P
(ab)(a.b) Ke.
S AA DE
Cob) c.d) d -bc Jndvad by*
tushhoyd A
)DelCimine tne AXF
Cquivalene elain

A , , 3
AxP ) ,
problam(.

AXA=() D (1.) (1) (i) .s)

(2) (2 (2.3) (2.) (0,s)
.1), (33) (3.) 3.9
s, 6.) .3) (s.9 G.s)8
t C ) J =(z, 4) - [o.a)3 - l 3 ) J
.a,t¥, = + 3

Ln CA) (.) ta.)'

[o.)I - (z. y.)
ty, 2+

LCa0 s ) C2.) C3.) C4) li,))

L J - a.y)

Cbne
h hus quivaknta
C2 {Ca) (z.03
. ) Ca,) (k.D (2)). [o.)]
Ct.J: d
C3.v) (Ga) (3.)3 LC.)7
LCi.5) { ) (2.)
Ls.03 4 ) [C3)

(34) (u.3) 62)} 3 J : 4 ,3)J

LC2.s)J 2 . Cs,a) L4.4)3 [es3))
T3,3= o)u.)
u ) Cs,)) 5,)J Fs.5)3-G)}
 e tho cguivatinle elabn
/K {0.) (ia) (2.) (a.) (3.) (4. (3.) (.u)
osnecd Ac et A , 2 3 , 4 . DdLinc he
parhhn incltod by Pe
D3-.2

C33 3,4
J 3,
a'<3.3'3
A-U

velati' n
A 1 3 . 4.S Jhe Eglti valene
C5) C1) ()}
R-Cl.d a.a) (a.) (3) C3.3) Cu ind ad *
hnc Me Pathhn
dch wed

I:2,3
CA:2.3
C 4
: 5

3as} {usl}
 e pathh Cn
¬y Ccns.iclti
A , b , C,d.
nd he eg(u0alsnte
/p: {ta.b {c,d3 {es A

ashhon
oelali AndUinq
Pafa , afb, bka , LR
ab
P ckd cRe, dRe dRaM
3
P.ekc

Cab)(ba) (6, b) (c.d).

Ra (d.d) ()3
()d.d
hal inclwceo A
4) equuvalen ce relaton c n
puh hcn ,2uf3} o {u, s,73 o{G) rdR.

1.2 A3K

A ss,R, sR
7R, 16 7Rs

Equi valene reabn,

Ces) Cu.7)
C2) C2,) (3.3)
C.D (7.) (7) (6.)
C, 5) 4) (s) C.i)