Q1) When writing an article, we must persuade readers to accept our conclusions and the

implications we make from them. As a result, becoming a competent researcher necessitates

the development of persuasion abilities. Research can assist you in determining the rhetorical
situation. Analysing the rhetorical situation allows you to study the argument more
thoroughly and design more effective persuasive methods.

Aristotle is known as the father of rhetoric.  He investigated all available persuasive methods
in a given context while studying rhetoric critically.  In every act of persuasion, three appeals
are at work: logos, ethos and pathos. The first is about the author, the second is about the
subject and the third is focused on the reader.

Rhetoric is no longer limited to speeches. Every essay, cartoon, picture, and commercial is
meant to persuade you. To keep things simple, we'll refer to all of these as texts because they
are things that can be "read". Whether we're "reading" a commercial, a political cartoon, or a
speech, we need to be able to "read" between the lines. Rhetoricians have always approached
analytic method with an open mind. In addition to using classical rhetoric's analytic language,
practitioners have adopted and modified methodologies from other disciplines, such as
philosophy's intuition-based reasoning. These techniques were created to respond to
questions about the organized, often institutional styles that were the focus of rhetorical
criticism.

Rhetoric is always situational. It has an occasion. The occasion exists within a specific
context. The speaker's purpose is to attain a specific aim. The relationship between the
speaker, audience, and subject is another key part of the rhetorical situation. The rhetorical
triangle is one way to visualize the interaction between these aspects. It's known as the
Aristotelian triangle because Aristotle utilized a triangle to show how these three parts are
linked. What a speaker thinks about the relationships between these factors will influence
what he or she says and how he or she says it.

SOAPSTone

Here I’ve talked about some of the background we should examine and relationships that are
more directly tied to the text when discussing the rhetorical situation around a text. The
abbreviation SOAPSTone, which stands for Subject (topic or issue being addressed),
Occasion (time and place; context), Audience (readers who the text is targeted to), Purpose
(reason behind and goal), Speaker (the voice), and Tone (attitude of the speaker) is one
technique to remember all of these factors. It’s a mnemonic device that offers a practical way
to approach the concept of the rhetorical situation.

Now that the assessing of the rhetorical situation is done, the next step is to use the tools of
rhetoric to persuade an audience. Aristotle identified three main rhetorical appeals: ethos,
logos, and pathos. He had also given the concept of Kairos- “the right place and the right
time”.

ETHOS

Ethos is concerned with the author's credibility. We are more likely to believe what someone
we trust says when we read it from them. The author may convey that since he/she has
experience with that particular topic, he/she has the right to speak about it and give opinion
and the readers are supposed to trust and accept their argument. He/she may draw attention to
who they are or what kinds of knowledge they have with the topic being discussed in order to
establish credibility. We call it ethos when an author invokes the values that the audience
cares about to justify his or her argument. The audience will believe that the author is
presenting a "logical" argument. 

LOGOS

By presenting clear, rational concepts, speakers appeal to logos, or reason. Logos

means having a clear main idea and supporting it with particular details, instances, data,
statistics, or expert witnesses. If carefully chosen and presented, these can be very
persuasive. Defining the parameters of the argument and establishing links such as causality
are common steps in developing a logical argument. It may also require research. 

PATHOS

On one side, pathos appeals to emotions, values, aspirations, and dreams; on the other, it
appeals to fears and prejudices. Although an argument based solely on emotions is by
definition weak, an effective speaker or writer recognizes the importance of eliciting an
audience's emotions through the use of figurative language, personal experiences, and vivid
images. When a speaker or writer uses pathos, he is appealing to his audience’s sense of
empathy for his position.

Most authors don't rely on a single sort of appeal to persuade their audience; they combine
different appeals. It is only logical to listen to an expert on a subject, so having ethos can help
build a foundation for an appeal to logos. After all there’s no one better than someone who
has borne the pain of losing a loved one to speak on it.

Q2)

On April 16, 2018, the World Trade Center Mumbai hosted a speech by Shri Pranab
Mukherjee on India's growth towards inclusive growth. He spoke about Dr. M. Visvesvaraya,
India's first engineer who oversaw numerous construction projects, including the
Krishnasagar Dam. The purpose of the lecture was to discuss India's current growth pattern
and how it has to become more inclusive. As a result, the topic was “India's Journey to
Inclusive Growth”. Dr. Visvesvaraya thought that trade and business are crucial for every
nation's prosperity, according to Mr. Mukherjee, indicating that he believed in capitalism. He
also made a number of statements on India's successes and how we as a nation have been able
to accomplish a great deal in the last 70 years, citing numerous examples.

ETHOS

Pranab Kumar Mukherjee was an Indian politician who served as the 13th president of India.
Mukherjee was a top politician in the Indian National Congress and held numerous
ministerial positions in the Indian government over his five-decade political career.
Mukherjee was involved with a number of prominent international organizations in addition
to his government activities in India, most notably serving on the boards of governors of the
African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund,
and the World Bank during his two terms as finance minister. Mukherjee received his
education at Suri Vidyasagar College, where he also acquired an advanced degree in history
and political science, as well as a legal degree. In 1963, he obtained a teaching position at
an institution affiliated with the university near Calcutta. He also worked for a weekly journal
before becoming the editor of a Bengali-language monthly periodical. Beyond Survival:
Emerging Dimensions of Indian Economy and Challenges Before the Nation were two of the
several books he's written. He was given the Padma Vibhushan in 2008 and Bharat Ratna in
2019. He establishes credibility by providing information on Dr. M. Visvesvaraya and how he
contributed to the growth of numerous industries and infrastructure projects.
PATHOS

The text is strong on pathos because it calls on the emotions of the public. Mukherjee
convinces the readers that the issue is significant and deserving of their attention.
Employment of God-terms like freedom, equality is another rhetorical tactic that speaks to
the viewer’s emotions. He calls the audience “Friends” which can get them to think that the
audience as well as the speaker is at the same level and have the same emotions and feelings.
He repeatedly addresses them as “Friends”. He speaks about how the rural communities are
yet deprived of basic education and suffer from unemployment. He provided several data and
figures to demonstrate that the country is troubled by difficulties such as unemployment and
poverty, and that these issues will prevent the country from developing. He asked the
administration to take action to address these issues so that inclusive economic growth and
development can occur, as well as the nation's goals being met. He discusses the founding
ideas of past civilizations and how these ideals have driven the Indian government. He also
discusses how these ideals are incorporated in the Indian constitution. He speaks to the
audience about the plight of farmers, landless laborers, eliciting empathy.

LOGOS

A technique for persuading others using logic and reason is logos. The speaker seems to have
spent effort laying out their arguments; assumptions and how they rationally connect to the
findings they get, in order to avoid frequent logical errors. He uses significant cold arguments
like data and statistics to convince people of his argument. He puts the spotlight on various
past policies and Fundamental Rights. logos was formed by discussing how the demographic
dividend can be used to improve India and how education can be used to empower many
people. In addition, he cited various types of statistics to support his claims. He gave an
example of how India's literacy rate increased from 12% in 1947 to 74% recently. He said the
same thing about people's life expectancy, which has increased from 32 years in 1951 to 68
years in 2015. From the speech we could find that the speaker has done an incredible amount
of research and has statistical data to prove his argument and convince the audience of his
goal.
In literature, the person who is understood to be speaking a particular work is known as a
persona. The speaker is presenting a persona of a politician. He gives different policies and
methods on how we can address and tackle the issues present in our nation. So, how would a
writer create a trustworthy persona for their audience? External research. It is effective to
conduct research and provide factual proofs, which shows readers that the author has done
their homework and is knowledgeable about the subject. This understanding, or sense of
authority, aids speakers. Therefore, the persona I’ve chosen is politician.

The people and guests who had attended the lecture are the audience. Deliberative rhetoric
focuses on the future rather than the past or present. It's the rhetoric of politicians debating a
new law by speculating on its consequences. The speakers show their audience a possible
future and ask for their assistance in avoiding or attaining it.

In rhetorical contexts where you suspect your audience will be resistant to your thesis, or
research methodologies, you should pay extra attention to how your audience perceives your
character. You don't want your audience to ignore what you say just because they don't like
your persona.

The writer's goal in most papers is to pick a topic and make a claim about it. With it, the
writer tries to persuade the reader to agree with his or her point of view on the subject, or at
the at least, to present the reader a different viewpoint on the subject at hand. However, in
order to make progress with an argument, the writer must be able to provide evidence to back
up the statements made in the article. There are three types of proof that must be presented in
order for the audience to believe the writer's claims. Fact, Judgment, and Testimony are the
three categories. An author must engage the audience in a number of ways to be rhetorically
effective, which requires careful consideration of how to design his or her argument such that
the desired consequence, audience agreement with the argument, is reached.
Mukherjee ends his speech with “I hope we all come forward to make India a humane, hi-
tech and happy society”, and that “although this is a mammoth task, it is not an unachievable
one.”