ANATOMY

Petr Hájek, MD, PhD. Head of Anatomy Dept.

Assoc. Prof. Dáša Slížová, MD, PhD.

Senior lecturer
 EDUCATION

• sources of information
• literature
• how to study
• about laboratory classes
 Sources of information
• 0) Study information system – credit conditions, exam terms,…
• 1) official website of the Department
https://www.lfhk.cuni.cz/anatomy - among other:
Contact - Names of teachers with contacts
Study information – long-term valid and the most relevant
information
 Sources of information
• 2) educational server Moodle
https://moodle.lfhk.cuni.cz/moodle2 -
a) Basic electronic communication via students‘ mailboxes
b) Study materials (for lectures, practical classes and selfstudy),
sylabi, external links, results of tests, final exam questions
Topical: latin vocabulary, anatomical atlas on-line
https://moodle.lfhk.cuni.cz/moodle2/mod/page/view.php?id=9841
• 3) Microsoft Teams – lectures in case of distant education
• 4) Facebook „Anatomie Hradec” – less formal communication,
urgent alerts, tips

• Questions and demands of students – to be adressed to the

leading assistant of the group.
 Literature
1) printed
• textbook – Platzer – Color Atlas of Human Anatomy , 3 volumes
• atlases – photographic (Yokochi)
- drawn (Sobotta, Netter, Grant‘s)
• encyclopedia (Feneis-Dauber – Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy)
• Dissectors (Grant‘s, Gray‘s)
• Flash cards and similar tools
 Literature
2) electronic
• our Moodle courses, e-books and apps (ClinicalKey by Elsevier –
more on https://www.lfhk.cuni.cz/Faculty/Organization-structure/Workplace-
homepages/Medical-Library/E-books/ )

• 3D database for distant education, e.g.

https://anatomylearning.com/webgl2021v4/browser.php

• youtube lectures, however guaranteed by experts and

intended for General medicine students!
 Process of your studies
• What to reach:
1) 3D imagination
2) terminology
3) classification to types…
• What is the content of the winter term:
locomotor system, most of the viscera (splanchnology) =
„Anatomy 1”
 Process of your studies
• How to study:
1) lectures – to understand the topic, basic information, tips,
preference of the Department

2) home study – textbooks and atlases

3) practical classes – initial microtest = short written examination

of your homework, observation and manual work with
specimens, models, pictures, X-ray pics, discussion, - to complete
your experience , random oral examination

4) credit „big“ tests – to be able to apply the anatomy:

locomotor system – „SPOT“ test – identification with time limit
splanchnology - „GIT“ test – common written test
 About laboratory classes
• 1st week topics:
1) General osteology, bones of the upper limb
2) General arthrology, joints of the UL
• Following topics: see the Syllabi in the course Self-study
[https://moodle.lfhk.cuni.cz/moodle2/course/view.php?id=698]
• For the contact education do not forget:
1) white laboratory coat
2) books, note books, printed materials and similar
3) knowledge
4) to be in time! (8 a.m. or 11:20 a.m.)
Not necessary to have dissection tools yet
• Where?
The dissection halls are in the back of the building in the groud
floor. Come through the department of histology and downstairs or
through the side door at the yard of the building.
 INTRODUCTION TO THE ANATOMY

• anatomical position of the body

• terminology of plains and directions
• correct anatomical terminology
 Description of the body
• Basic anatomic position:
upright position,
palm of the hand turned anteriorly (supination,
radius and ulna stay parallel).

• This position determines description

of the plains and directions,
description of inicial position of joints,
and other context in both anatomy and
clinical medicine.
 Terminology of planes
• FRONTAL PLANE (pink in the picture)
vertical plane dividing the body to
a front and back parts,
approx. parallel to the forehead.
(frons in Latin = forehead)
• MEDIAN PLANE (yellow)
vertical plane dividing the body to
the left and right halves
(just in the middle)
• SAGITTAL PLANE
a plane parallel to the median plane
• TRANSVERSE PLANE (blue)
divides the body to an upper and lower parts
 Terminology of directions in the trunk

If we need to distinguish
• lateral - medial 2 formations:

• cranial - caudal superior – inferior

• ventral - dorsal anterior - posterior

• internal - external

• profundus (deep) - superficial

 Terminology of directions in limbs

• proximal – distal

• ulnar – radial = alternatively to

(distal to the elbow) medial - lateral
/ tibial – fibular
(distal to the knee)

= alternatively to
• palmar – dorsal ventral - dorsal
/ plantar – dorsal
(in terminal part of the limbs) Revision question:
complete the statement: The wrist is …….. toward the elbow.
 Anatomical terminology
• It is official and obligatoty terminology used in all branches of
medicine, since 1895.
• 1998 – Terminologia anatomica – the last revision
• Latin terminology (passive knowledge) and English terminology
(active knowledge). Example:
collar bone (lay expression) = clavicula (Lat) = clavicle (Eng)
• Eponyms (alternative names of selected formations by their
explorers or promoters). Example:
canalis ulnaris (Lat) = ulnar canal (Eng) = Guyon‘s canal (Eponym)
 LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
• General osteology
- bony tissue
- bone as an organ
- structure of a bone
- classification of bones according to their shape
- developement, ossification
- description of separated bones, terminology
- vascular and nervous supply
Skeleton – biological function
• passive locomotor system
• hard internal substrate or outer box for
organs
• articles of the skeleton are connected in
joints,
the movement is possible in joint by
contraction of muscles
 Osseous tissue
• belongs to supportive tissues
- cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes)
- intercellular matrix (fibrous and mineralized)
• Fibrilar bony tissue – fibers arranged randomly
• Lamelar bony tissue - in layers
- compacta bone – dense arrangement
-- „coat“ layers – parallel
-- Haversian system – concentric tubes
- spongy bone – porous

Bone as an organ
• is formed also by other types of tissue:
fibrous connective tissue (periosteum), cartilage (joint surfaces
or e.g. anterior ¼ of ribs), nerve fibers, vessels, bone marrow
 Structure of a bone Periosteum

Compact bone
Medullary cavity
(bone marrow)
Layers: Spongy bone
• PERIOSTEUM
contains vessels, participates on ossification, responsible for
sensitivity and healing)
• COMPACT BONE
• SPONGY BONE
(in flat bones so called “diploe“ )
• MEDULLARY CAVITY – in long bones, contains bone marrow (red,
yellow, grey)

Location of the bone marrow

 Classification of bones
according to their shape
1) Long bones – 1 or 2 growth plates, so 1 or 2 epiphyses.
They prefer to grow to the length.
2) Flat bones – e.g. scapula, brest bone – two layers of compact bone
are almost in contact (sometimes really).
Spongy bone stays as a thin layer between, it is called diploe
3) Short bones – almost round, they grow symmetrical (wrist bones)
4) Irregular bones – vertebrae
5) Pneumatic bones – special case, contain cavities filled by air and
lined with mucous membrane – 5 bones in the skull (upper jaw). The
cavity is not the same like medullary cavity.
6) Sesamoid bones – in the muscle tendons (patella)
long bone

sesamoid bone

short bone
diploe
 Development of bones
OSSIFICATION – creation of bony tissue from another supportive
tissue
1) INTRAMEMBRANOUS ossification:
• from fibrous connective tissue
• original development from the fylogenetical point of view
• skullcap, part of the bones of the face (splanchnocranium), most
of the clavicle
2) CHONDRAL ossification:
• creation from a gristle
• cartilaginous model is reorganized
- from the surface
- from the center of the cartilage (so called ossification centra –
they spread and fuse together)

Once finished bone is still under reconstruction (overloading or

inactivity, healing, hormonal changes…).
Living cells are inside! Bone is not a hard piece of stone!
 Ossification in long bones
• Ossification in the center fills the middle part of the bone -
diaphysis
• Separate centres in the ends of a long bone form epiphyses
• Some bones have even more than one ossification centers in one
epiphysis - apophysis
• In the centre of diaphysis appears wide cavity = medullary cavity
• Original cartilage stays only
- between epiphyses and diaphysis. Cells inside still continue to
generate new cells and to produce intercellular matter, the bone
still grows = elongate. Growth plate = epiphyseal disc
- on joint surfaces
• After the growth plate undergo ossification (14 – 18 years), the
bone does not elongate more.
 epiphysis growth
plate

diaphysis