WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM

MOBILE ROLE IN INDUSTRY

Group Members

MUHAMMAD WAQAR 180652

M.AHMAD TARIQ 180628

BE ELECTRICAL (2018-2021)

Submitted to
ENGR. DR. MUHAMMAD ZAHEER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
AIR UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

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1 Introduction
A mobile phone is a wireless handheld device that allows users to make and receive
calls. While the earliest generation of mobile phones could only make and receive
calls, today’s mobile phones do a lot more, accommodating web browsers, games,
cameras, video players and navigational systems.Also, while mobile phones used to
be mainly known as “cell phones” or cellular phones, today’s mobile phones are more
commonly called “smartphones” because of all of the extra voice and data services
that they offer.

Cell phones have become a necessity for many people throughout the world. The
ability to keep in touch with family, business associates, and access to email are only
a few of the reasons for the increasing importance of cell phones. Today's technically
advanced cell phones are capable of not only receiving and placing phone calls, but
storing data, taking pictures, and can even be used as walkie talkies, to name just a
few of the available options.When cell phones were first introduced to the public, they
were bulky, expensive, and some even required a base unit that had to be transported
along with the phone. Good reception was a major problem and in general, early cell
phones could only be used in certain locations were the signal was particularly strong.
As cell phone technology advanced, the difficult in using them became less of a
problem. Today, cell phone reception has improved greatly due to the use of satellites
and wireless services. As cell phones improved and became simple to use, the
importance of cell phones increased accordingly.Cell phones are the perfect way to
stay connected with others and provide the user with a sense of security.In the event
of emergency, having a cell phone can allow help to reach you quickly and could
possibly save lives. However, the importance of cell phones goes way beyond
personal safety. Modern cell phones are capable of internet access, sending and
receiving photos and files, and some cell phones are equipped with GPS technology,
allowing for use in most locations around the world and allowing the cell phone to be
found or the user located in the event of loss or emergency.

2 Importance

Cell phone reception has become reliable and of high quality due to advances in
wireless technology. Wireless service providers offer excellent packages and
promotions for cell phone users. Finding a dependable service provider is no longer
an issue for cell phone users. The expansion of the wireless service provider industry
gives cell phone users a choice and the increased competition has caused a drop in
prices of wireless cell phone service. The importance of cell phones goes way beyond
the ability to make or receive phone calls. Cell phone users can instantly send data to
the home or office, check for important email, use their cell phone as a PDA or
calendar, and store photos which can be easily transferred to a PC or laptop computer.
The importance of cell phones has increased the competition in the wireless service
provider industry , making cell phones very affordable and very easy to use. Cell
phones have become almost a status symbol in addition to the convenience and
security that comes from owning them.

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Mobile technology remains at the centre of how we address our most significant
global challenges. With half of humanity in lockdown earlier this year, mobile
networks were stress-tested but withstood the unexpected massive surges in data use.
Thanks to continual investment in recent years, mobile infrastructure has proved
robust and resilient, serving as the cornerstone of continuity and recovery.
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated how fundamental digital technologies are
to societies and economies everywhere, bringing new awareness of the power and
potential of a digitally enabled world. With more than 5 billion individuals using a
mobile phone, and 7 billion people covered by a mobile network, the reach of mobile
technology remains unparalleled. The technology provides individuals an unrivalled
platform to access essential communications and life-enhancing services.
Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, largely due to extensive mobile network
coverage and more affordable mobile services – the importance of this is reflected in
SDG Target 9.c.10 There are now 7.1 billion people around the world covered by
mobile broadband networks, up from 6.2 billion in 2015. The biggest improvement
has been in 4G population coverage, which increased from 55% to 85% (equivalent to
2.5 billion additional people covered) in this period.
Mobile operators remain committed to reducing the ‘coverage gap’ – that is, people
who live in areas not covered by mobile broadband networks. The coverage gap
equalled around 600 million people at the end of 2020, compared to 1.3 billion people
in 2015. With most of these individuals living in remote areas of low income
countries, mobile operators and their partners are working to reduce network rollout
costs in order to enable further deployments. Innovations to reduce costs are a
particular focus. This includes looking at the base station that provides coverage to an
area, the backhaul technologies that route this traffic to the core network, and the
energy components that ensure all of this can function.

More generally, the continued increase in the use of mobile and mobile internet has
contributed to the industry’s impact across all the SDGs. By the end of 2019, 5.1
billion people (66% of the global population) were using a mobile phone, an increase
of 600 million people compared to 2015. In addition, 3.8 billion people (49% of the
global population) were also using mobile internet, representing an increase of 1.1
billion people since 2015. People are also connecting to higher-quality mobile
networks. In 2019, 4G became the dominant mobile technology across the world with
4.1 billion connections, reaching 51% of total connections (Figure 2), up from 15% in
2015. Moreover, 3G networks accounted for 2 billion connections in 2019, equivalent
to 25% of total connections. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 2019 marked the first year where
there were more mobile broadband (3G or 4G) connections than 2G connections.
With the rise of 4G, average download and upload speeds doubled between 2015 and
2019, while latencies more than halved.12 This has improved the user experience on
key mobile-enabled activities while also enabling individuals to access more
bandwidth-intensive services, supporting the industry’s impact across all 17 Goals.
The mobile industry is also working to address consumer concerns about digital
technology.
2.1 Mobile Phone and Online Banking:
Mobile money has helped reduce the financial exclusion gap. There were more than 1
billion registered mobile money accounts by the end of 2020, representing an increase
of 460 million since 2015.Our smartphones are usually near us at all times, and a

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mobile banking app on the device can help us quickly take care of a wide range of
troublesome to-dos whenever we wish. It’s essentially a bank in your pocket or purse.

The channel’s significance is only more profound when the typical alternatives, like a
branch or a call center line, have lost appeal at a time when branch hours have been
reduced and 1-800 numbers have been clogged, forcing consumers across the country
into new habits. According to an October survey published by the American Bankers
Association, 39 percent of bank customers used mobile banking apps to manage their
bank account making it the most-used method to interact with a financial
institution.For individuals that would otherwise be excluded from financial services,
mobile money allows them to better manage their cash flow, handle risk and build
working capital.

2.1.1 Accessing the bank 24/7

The ability to call the shots is a boon, and mobile banking is no exception: Unlike a
bank branch, mobile banking lets you determine the hours of when you access your
account with some exceptions, such as planned maintenance updates and unexpected
outages.Ultimately, this accessibility saves you time. Consider mobile check deposit,
a feature most mobile banking apps offer. In using remote deposit, you can deposit a
check from the comfort of your couch.Mobile banking can also help you avoid taking
on in-person risks and not just pandemic-related health concerns that many of us have
right now.People don’t want to have to go into bank branches anymore, especially
during these Covid times. But for people whose identity might still not be well
received, especially in smaller towns or for trans or binary people, the idea of being
able to do everything via your phone is super attractive because it allows you a certain
layer of safety and convenience that branch banking just can’t provide.

2.1.2 Optimizing your money

Nowadays, the best mobile banking apps are evolving to help you do less thinking
about the comings and goings of your money.Optimizing your money also includes
the little things, like spending alerts, to keep you informed.

You are seeing a lot of people say, ‘hey, I want to know every time there is a
transaction over 150 or over 250 or whatever that threshold the consumer happens to
care about is. A lot of people want to go and understand things like ‘what are my daily
limits?’ The push is for more and more information to be available at customers’
fingerprints.

2.1.3 Paying Utility Bills

When you are logged into your mobile banking app, it’s easy to pay back someone
you know.Banks across the country so that you can send someone money in minutes
through their mobile banking app rather than pay them back with physical cash or
IOU slips.You will only need to know your recipient’s email address or phone
number to send someone money.

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2.1.4. Strengthening security

Banks are in the business of guarding your assets including your interactions on their
mobile apps. Of course, nothing is foolproof. But there are steps you can take to step
up security precautions if you’re worried about mobile banking security.While you
may still use a username and password to log in to a mobile banking app, your
financial institution may let you enroll in added safety features. You could, for
example, enroll in multifactor authentication where you need two (or more) kinds of
verification to prove that it’s really you. For example, a bank could send a code to
your phone for money transfers above a certain amount. In order for the payment to
go through, you would need to enter the code in addition to logging in through the app
to help verify you are who you say you are.These days, mobile devices and some
bank apps will let you log in by scanning your face or fingerprint as yet another way
to protect your digital bank account without trading convenience. In mobile banking,
you can really leverage biometrics for authentication.That also means if your phone
goes missing, you will have an added lock to keep fraudsters out. You can also
disable your mobile phone remotely.Your bank app may also let you share your
location to help you spot payment fraud.It can be better for security for the consumer
because we are getting to the world where we can do things like ‘we know where your
phone is and if your card is a long way from your phone, it might not be you. There
are a lot of interesting security controls that can come out of actually having the app
installed.

2.1.5 Providing added controls

Think of a mobile banking app as a remote control for your money. The app lets you
deposit a check and send someone money whenever you wish.These controls are
getting more advanced. Some bank apps let you activate a new credit or debit card.If
someone tries to use their card that is not activated, a bank for years would just
decline the card. That’s the default.Now if you have the mobile app, you can get a
push notification hey your card hasn’t been activated. Do you want to activate that?

It’s not the only way banks let you control your cards. A growing number of banks,
like Allied Bank let you use your mobile banking app to turn your debit or credit card
off if it goes missing or is stolen. It’s a nice feature to help you feel instantly secure
in a moment of panic.

2.1.6 Offering clarity of where your financial data is going

Many of us share our bank data to use services.Depending on how many outside apps
you use, it can be quite taxing to remember which company has what bank data. So a
number of banks are trying to help customers understand where it’s going by
changing the way data is shared behind the scenes.We are seeing a lot more banks
offer that functionality that gives consumers proactive control over where their data is
going.It’s not just the added security,But it’s also the importance of transparency so
you see where your data is going, how it is being used and control, the ability to turn
off this thing when you are no longer using the service.Customers are able to see their
recurring payments connected to their payment card and turn their cards on and off
under one hub. It’s called Control Tower, and it’s meant to help you when you’re in a

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life transition, like when you’re moving to a new city and want to make sure you
aren’t paying for services you no longer use.

2.1.7 Giving you tailored options

If you are looking for a like-minded community, mobile banking provides a variety of
options to serve specific pockets of the population.While it’s early days, Daylight is
partnering with Visa to build a digital brand focused on the community’s needs.There
are also startups building mobile financial services experiences for the Black
community, young adults, women and other groups.

2.2 Mobile Banking and Pakistan

A large number of Pakistanis have switched to internet and mobile banking in a bid to
adopt precautionary measures against Covid-19 as online banking assists in
transferring funds, paying utility bills and making online shopping.
However, a certain proportion of the public still preferred to use ATM machines to
withdraw cash during the current crisis, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) reported in
the Payment System Review for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.Banks kept
developing the online banking infrastructure as the sector deployed another 307 ATM
machines, installed 1,196 point of sales (POS) with merchants and converted 17 bank
branches into real-time online branches (RTOBs) in the quarter under
review.However, the number of total financial transactions and total value of the
transactions dropped notably during the quarter mainly due to the closure of
businesses, shopping malls and markets owing to the lockdown imposed late in March
to contain the pandemic.

In Pakistan, 27 banks are currently offering internet and mobile banking services. The
number of registered users increased almost 7% to 3.8 million in the quarter (Jan-Mar
2020) compared to 3.6 million in the previous quarter ended December 2019.“During
the quarter, 14.1 million transactions of the value of Rs748.1 billion were processed
through internet banking, depicting a growth of 6% by volume and 1.6% by value,” it
said. The number of mobile banking customers surged 11.3% to 8.2 million compared
to 7.4 million in the previous quarter.During the quarter under review, these users got
21.2 million transactions processed with a value of Rs467.5 billion, exhibiting a
growth of 19.1% by volume and 22.2% by value over the last quarter.

“The increase in transactions through internet and mobile banking channels has been
quite promising as these channels have provided an easy and round-the-clock
alternative to customers during the Covid-19 pandemic to fulfill their daily financial
and banking needs.It is expected that the upward trend will continue in the next
quarter due to the steps taken by the State Bank of Pakistan to promote digitisation
during these painful times,” the central bank said.
It recalled that the SBP, in order to facilitate transactions through digital means, had
waived all the transactional fees charged by banks against all the inter-bank and
intra-bank fund transfers levied by banks through online banking
channels.Furthermore, to enable easy on-boarding of customers to use online banking
channels, the SBP waived the requirement of biometric verification to activate
internet and mobile banking, it added. During the quarter under review, e-banking
channels ie RTOB, ATM, POS, mobile phone, internet and call centre banking as well

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as e-commerce altogether processed 236.1 million transactions of the value of Rs17.5
trillion.

2.2.1 Total transactions fall

The country’s total payment transactions decreased 4.2% to 346.1 million in the
quarter under review compared to 361.3 million. Similarly, the total value of the
transactions dropped 3% to Rs145.2 trillion compared to Rs149.7 trillion.“The
decrease is primarily attributed to the decline in overall business volumes and values
due to the Covid-19 pandemic,” the SBP said. The total currency in circulation was
over Rs6 trillion while banks maintained 54.73 million accounts as of March 31, 2020.

2.2.2 Online banking infrastructure

“Commercial banks in Pakistan are expanding their infrastructure for supporting
e-payments due to SBP’s enabling policies,” the central bank said.
Banks/microfinance banks (MFBs) deployed 307 new ATMs, taking the total to
15,559 ATMs towards the end of the quarter compared to 15,252 ATMs at the end of
the preceding quarter.Despite the availability of other banking facilities through
ATMs, the channel was mostly used for cash withdrawal.The number of POS
machines increased from 47,567 to 48,763, a rise of 2.5% in POS access points. It is
worth noting that the number of POS access points, which decreased substantially
during the previous quarter, is slowly gaining momentum in the current
quarter.However, POS transactions decreased it is expected that we will observe a
further decline in transactions during the next quarter due to the closure of markets
and businesses during the lockdown.As on March 31, 2020, the total number of
payment cards issued in Pakistan rose to 43.2 million from 42 million last quarter.The
increase was mainly due to the rise in issuance of debit cards and social welfare cards
as the governments introduced social welfare schemes to provide economic relief to
the consumers.

2.2.3 Online Banking Internationally

In Kenya, access to mobile money has lifted 2% of households (almost 200,000

households) out of poverty. In rural Uganda, evidence shows that mobile money
improved the welfare of rural households by smoothing consumption and curbing
poverty.56 Mobile money also increases the ability of households to save money and
withstand unexpected life events that affect income or assets, such as job loss, health
problems or environmental and economic shocks. In Burkina Faso, mobile money
users were found to be three times more likely than non-users to save for
unpredictable events and emergencies.57 In Tanzania, it was found that mobile
money users could fully mitigate the negative effect of a rainfall shock on their
consumption.
The use of mobile more generally also aids poverty reduction. In Peru, mobile phone
expansion reduced poverty incidence by 8 percentage points and decreased extreme
poverty by 5.4 percentage points.59 In Nigeria, the rollout of mobile broadband
networks in 2010–2016 increased labour force participation and reduced extreme
poverty by 7 percentage points.

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2.2.4 Reducing migrant remittance transaction and corridor costs
International remittances are a vital source of financial support for migrants and their
families. In 2019, remittance flows to LMICs reached $554 billion136 (though they
are estimated to decline by 20% in 2020137). While the global average cost of
sending remittances lies at around 7%, banks make up the costliest channels for
sending remittances at an average cost of 10.9%, significantly higher than the goal of
less than 3% by 2030.The widespread uptake of mobile money can be instrumental to
reducing these costs. The average cost of sending remittances through mobile money
has not only been declining consistently over the years but as of 2017 was well below
the 3% target of SDG 10.C, having reached just 1.7% of a $200 transaction and 2.7%
for smaller transactions e.g. $50 (a 40% reduction yearon-year in both cases).

2.3 Enabling humanitarian assistance

Mobile networks are critical in supporting risk reduction and relief efforts during
disasters and humanitarian crises. Partnerships between operators and humanitarian
organisations providing a channel for the delivery of humanitarian cash assistance via
mobile money, supporting both resilience and response efforts. In addition to
supporting emergency calls for help, mobile services can bolster emergency broadcast
systems and provide location data for disaster relief coordination. Operators and
humanitarian agencies also work together to enable early warning alerts to people
living in areas that are at high risk for disasters.
In 2020,Over 11,700 unique users received access to information and advice,
delivered via SMS and IVR, on best practices to improve their adaptability to climatic
events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods to protect their lives and livelihoods.
This project was supported by the GSMA Mobile for Humanitarian Innovation Fund.
In March 2020, the same system was adapted to provide relevant information on
COVID-19; 14,000 free calls were made within the first week of launch.

2.3.1 Mobile and Diet information

Mobile health services enable access to nutritional information, helping to empower

people to make better and more informed decisions about nutritional practices in their
households.On average, mobile health services were the only source of nutrition
information for one in three users, underscoring the importance of mobile as a key
information distribution channel for underserved populations.Mobile health services
also led to an improvement in overall nutritional knowledge among users compared to
non-users.Access to mobile money services can help increase food security for the
undernourished, particularly in poor, rural and remote communities.65 In Côte
d’Ivoire, mobile money-enabled international remittances became more frequent
during the cocoa harvest season.This meant receiving households had greater access
to food, leading to improved nutrition, particularly among children and the elderly.
Driving socioeconomic inclusion for persons with disabilities and forcibly displaced
populations

Persons with disabilities (PWDs) are more likely to experience adverse

socioeconomic conditions and discrimination than non-disabled persons. This can be

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exacerbated in humanitarian contexts, where PWDs are often disproportionately
impacted by crises.130 Assistive mobile-enabled technologies and services can
increase the capacity of people to live healthier, productive, independent and dignified
lives, allowing them to access healthcare, education and labour markets as well as
civic life. In Kenya, PWDs use mobile internet with similar frequency as those
without disabilities, while, among smartphone users, PWDs have a higher daily usage
of mobile internet at 63% than non-disabled persons at 56%. This highlights the
benefits of smartphone features that enable more services than basic phones e.g. IVR
for those with hearing impairments or speechto-text commands for people with visual
impairments.131 Mobile operators also actively seek to increase the number of
employees with disabilities within their workforce. For instance, in Singapore, Singtel
is driving an initiative for inclusive workplaces and, through a collaboration with SG
Enable, the operator trains and employs several persons with disabilities.Mobile
operators use their technical expertise and infrastructure to increase impact at scale for
forcibly displaced persons (FDPs) and their host communities. Some 79.5 million
people were forcibly displaced at the end of 2019; 26 million were refugees. At least
93% of refugees worldwide live in areas with 2G or 3G coverage133 and mobile
connectivity and services can provide crucial support to these populations, including
the ability to communicate with friends and family, and access to information portals,
translation applications and mobile money platforms to receive cash transfers.134
Operators are also collaborating with humanitarian organisations to improve
understanding of people most in need. For instance, Safaricom has partnered with the
UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and the GSMA to conduct research to better
understand how PWDs in humanitarian contexts use mobile and opportunities for
mobile-enabled solutions.
Students of Electrical Department(BEET-7B) of Air University designed a voice
control robotic which was control by mobile phone especially for peoples with
disablities.We appreciate their efforts.

2.3.2 Transforming communities, economies and women’s lives

Mobile technology can play a vital role in improving gender equality in social,
economic and political dimensions, benefiting not only women themselves but also
their communities, businesses and the broader economy. Mobile can empower women
by providing them with access to services and life-enhancing opportunities, such as
health information, financial services and employment opportunities, often for the
first time. Despite the importance of mobile, there remains a substantial mobile
gender gap across LMICs: 165 million fewer women than men own a mobile device
and 300 million fewer women access the internet on mobile. However, there is
positive evidence to suggest that the mobile internet gender gap is narrowing,
predominantly driven by improvements in South Asia.Mobile money can also help
reduce the gender gap in financial inclusion. In LMICs, women are on average 33%
less likely to use mobile money. However, in many of these countries, the gender gap
is lower with mobile money than with traditional financial services. In Côte d’Ivoire,
for example, men are twice as likely as women to have an account with a financial
institution, yet women are just as likely as men to have a mobile money account
only.94 In Senegal, as much as 59% of women who are financially included own only
a mobile money account.

2.3.3 AHSAS program in pakistan

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Ehsaas was Launched on March 27, 2019.The objective of Ehsaas was to reduce
inequality, invest in people, and lift lagging districts. Ehsaas was about the
creation of a ‘welfare state’ by countering elite capture and leveraging 21st
century tools such as using data and technology to create precision safety nets;
promoting financial inclusion and access to digital services; supporting the
economic empowerment of women.AHSAS program was completed with the help
of mobile phone .Government transfered funds to needy peoples mobiles phones.

2.4 Agricultur and mobile

The digitisation of agricultural value chains brings cost reductions and transparency to
agribusinesses, cooperatives and smallholder farmers, which streamlines the process
of procuring crops in the agricultural last mile. Last-mile tools (e.g. digital records,
payments and traceability) and market-linkage tools (e.g. agricultural e-commerce
platforms) improve efficiency in agricultural value chains and present an opportunity
to formalise the sector, reducing the dependency of farmers on middlemen. Crucially,
the digitisation of agricultural value chains enables the creation of economic identities
for farmers via digital records,68 such as mobile money payments from the sale of
agricultural produce, leading to full financial inclusion and enabling farmers to access
credit and reinvest in their farms. Mobile operators are already playing a key role in
many rural communities, helping to connect previously underserved areas and
boosting agricultural productivity by providing farmers with mobile-enabled
information services. Operators and mobile money providers also play an important
role in bringing to market last-mile procurement tools and agricultural e-commerce
platforms. For example a mobile-based tool that enables the digitalisation of the entire
procurement process in the country’s important cocoa sector, which 800,000
smallholder households depend on for their livelihoods.The tool supports farmer
registration, data analytics and mobile money payments, serving as an entry point for
financial inclusion for unbanked farmers.There is evidence that mobile money
adoption is also playing a key role in improving farmer livelihoods. Mobile money
services enabled coffee farmers in Uganda to receive on average 5% higher prices for
their produce, as they are able to reach buyers in high-value markets, in addition to
their local traders, immediately after harvest..In addition, mobile agriculture services
provide advisories, such as good agricultural practices and weather forecasts, to
smallholder farmers, helping them to increase per-hectare yields.Similarly, in Kenya,
users of mobile money had higher profits from banana production and sold a larger
proportion of their harvest. This was also linked to their significantly higher amounts
of purchased inputs per acre of banana production,as procurement was made easier
through mobile money. As of 2020, Dialog Sri Lanka’s Govi Mithuru agricultural
value added services (Agri VAS) has reached over 600,000 smallholder farmers. It
provides customised and timely advice regarding land preparation, cultivation, crop
protection, harvests and family nutrition.

2.4.1 Manage your plantations, fields and check weather forecasts

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You're out in the field in the dirt and at the mercy of weather conditions. With the
Agrivi mobile application in your pocket, you can log activities and check rainfall
conditions on the go.In the field of farming, the advancement in technology brought
many improvements in the facilities used in farming. One of the most dramatic
changes in the use of mobile devices in agriculture is the development of monitoring
protocols and systems for monitoring and managing farms and farm workers.Agrivi
helps you improve productivity, lower operating costs and increase profits. We have
designed a mobile application as a supporting feature to our full application in order
to further enhance the Agrivi experience.Farm work isn't done from the comfort of the
living room. Farmers are often far from their computers and laptops, but with Agrivi
mobile app you can access your Agrivi account from anywhere.

2.5 Strengthening healthcare And Mobiles

Mobile health solutions support the delivery of quality and affordable health care.
Increasing access to information and connecting people to healthcare can prevent and
reduce mortality rates due to pregnancy and childbirth. For example, mobile app
access and the use of USSD, SMS and chat bots improved care received by pregnant
women in Cameroon, where less than 60% of women receive the recommended
amount of care. The GiftedMom application connects specialists with mothers and
pregnant women and has supported over half a million mothers as of 2020. It also
works closely with over 45 hospitals in Cameroon to help prevent premature deaths.
As of December 2020, the startup has provided critical health information to over
250,000 women.Mobile apps can also provide on-demand training,enable
communication between health workers, support the implementation of clinical
decision support systems, and provide planning and scheduling tools for users. To
support health-system financing, a variety of digital solutions are being integrated in
developing countries. For example, mobile money solutions enable affordable
insurance offerings to low-income households. Examples from Kenya show that 35%
of low-income households using hospital facilities took advantage of M-Pesa transfers
to pay their bills,75 while M-Tiba’s mobile health wallet has facilitated medical
pay-outs of $2 million since its launch in 2016.

2.5.1 Digital tools to strengthen health information systems

COVID-19 has highlighted and exacerbated existing challenges in global health care
systems. AI and mobile big data (MBD) analytics can help contain the spread of
diseases by providing a tool to respond rapidly to a pandemic, understand how
population mobility drives disease transmission and evaluate which interventions
reduce such mobility. For instance, during the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain, Orange,
Telefónica and Vodafone worked with the National Statistics Institute on population
mobility77 to predict transmission hotspots, enable resource planning and gauge the
impact of lockdown policies and strategies.
Large gaps in detection and treatment persist in infectious diseases. For instance, the
current pace of progress is not fast enough to meet the SDG target of ending the
tuberculosis epidemic by 2030.78 In the most susceptible countries across Asia and
Africa, targeted prevention, diagnosis and treatment using MBD could reduce an
additional 650,000 cases of tuberculosis alone over five years (equivalent to a
reduction of over 1%). MBD can also be applied to other communicable diseases such

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as malaria, cholera and hepatitis B.

2.5.2 Reducing the number of deaths and people affected by disasters

By enabling communications and access to information, education, and financial and
health services, the use of mobiles phones provides essential humanitarian assistance
during emergency situations and disasters. The expansion of network coverage and
mobile adoption means more people can use mobile in emergency situations. Operator
investments have significantly increased network quality and resilience.which is
crucial in maintaining communications services in disaster-stricken areas. For
instance, in Turkey real-time mobile analytics helps to inform timesensitive decisions
for emergency disaster response.146 Meanwhile, in Pakistan, the use of innovative
technology enables a variety of services such as fleet monitoring for humanitarian
agencies to monitor the location of staff in high-risk areas.

2.5.3 Vaccinations in pakistan and mobile phones

Mobiles phones network help a lot to get people register for covid-19
vaccination.Patient had to sent a message and he will register to get vaccine and his
record also saved in NADRA.Moreover,he also recivd next vaccination dose
remonder when time up.

2.6 Connecting World to form a bigger MARKET place

Growth in mobile connectivity enables individuals to access an array of
life-enhancing services, especially in hard-to-reach rural areas. 2G population
coverage (97%) is almost universal, while 3G coverage increased from 83% in 2015
to 92% in 2019, covering an additional 940 million people. 4G coverage increased
from 55% in 2015 to 85% in 2019, covering an additional 2.5 billion people, while
global 5G coverage is forecast to reach nearly 45% by 2025. Despite these gains
around half the global population (3.8 billion people) is still offline, mostly in LMICs.
This ‘usage gap’ between coverage and internet adoption shows that closing the
coverage gap alone is not going to be enough to connect the unconnected, and
addressing other barriers such as affordability, digital skills, relevance and safety and
security will be critical.Of the 7% of global population without 3G or 4G coverage,
regional disparities remain. For example, Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for more than
40% of the uncovered, particularly those living in rural and sparsely populated areas.
The economics of reaching rural populations and not-spots is challenging, with
remote deployments over 35% more expensive than urban deployments.124 However,
operators and other providers are exploring innovative technologies to provide
universal coverage.125 For example, in Zambia, MTN has added more than 200
commercial rural network sites across its footprint through the deployment of Open
RAN technology in not-spots and is aiming to reach 5,000 sites in rural areas across
its 21 operations.

2.7 Supporting Employment Businesses

In 2019, mobile operators and the wider mobile ecosystem provided direct

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employment to 16 million people across the world; in addition, the industry indirectly
supported another 14 million jobs by stimulating employment in other sectors.112
Access to mobile internet and mobile-enabled platforms, such as mobile money and
application-based platforms, also supports productive activities, creates jobs and
facilitates entrepreneurship by connecting workers to employers and customers.In
Nigeria, increased labour force participation and employment was one of the main
benefits from mobile broadband connectivity, particularly among women.In
Sub-Saharan Africa, the lack of quality formal employment is a big challenge for
younger populations115 (95% of youths aged 15–24 years are employed in the
informal sector), as underdeveloped social security systems force them to take up any
form of employment to meet basic living standards. In 2018, the mobile industry
employed 1.2 million youths, of which around two thirds were in the informal sector
and a third in the formal sector. The industry is expected to create 300,000 new jobs
by 2025.116 Mobile money also creates the opportunity for individuals to partner
with operators to manage agent outlets, generating an additional source of income.
The GSMA estimates that the number of agent outlets has doubled since 2015,
reaching 7.7 million in 2019.117 For example, the eSewa mobile money platform in
Nepal can be accessed either through a mobile application or via 47,000 eSewa agents
or ‘points’. These agents use eSewa as a key business and revenue source, and the
service is also encouraging a more digital economy in Nepal with over a million
people transacting digitally.

2.7.1 Technological advancement for efficient productivity

As a general-purpose technology, mobile improves the utilisation of labour and
capital and increases productivity. Studies by the ITU have shown that a 10% increase
in mobile broadband penetration causes a wider 1.5–2.5% increase in GDP.The
economic impact of mobile also increases when technologies upgrade from 2G to 3G
and 4G.In 2019, mobile technologies and services generated nearly 5% of global GDP,
equal to $4.1 trillion of economic value added.In addition,5G technologies are
expected to contribute $2.2 trillion to the global economy between 2024 and 2034.
Crucial sectors such as manufacturing/utilities (particularly in China) and
professional/financial services (especially in MENA and North America) will initially
benefit the most from the 5G. The deployment of IoT infrastructure drives further
innovation and increases productivity and revenue while reducing costs for enterprises.
In 2019, enterprises globally generated $343 billion in IoT revenue as automation and
data-driven decision making unlocked productivity gains, increasing worker safety
and energy efficiency.Mobile technologies also enable the formalisation of the
informal sector and boost productivity.For example, mobile financial services can
facilitate more effective monetary policy by shifting currency and assets into the
formal financial system. Transferring resources from the informal to formal economy
makes monetary tools more effective and supports efforts to achieve macroeconomic
stability.

2.7.2 Effective participation and access to the ICT industry and

cutting-edge technology
As new technologies such as 5G and AI have become a reality, it is no longer
sufficient to ensure only basic digital inclusion for women and girls. The ability to

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make use of digital technology has become essential in modern societies, with 90% of
future jobs requiring digital skills. Women’s equal participation in the digital age
requires knowledge and access to cutting-edge technology. Addressing women’s
lower digital literacy and skills, including advanced skills, can therefore also help
enhance women’s representation in ICT-related industries and allow them equal
participation in the digital economy.It is also important that women become not only
content consumers but also content creators. While globally there are more women
attending and graduating university than men, women are less likely to major in
STEM96 subjects and only 28% of female students pursue careers in the ICT sector
versus 72% of male students.97 To combat this, in Nigeria a digital skills
development programme was developed, teaching technology and programming,
digital marketing and graphic design, which had a 50% women participation rate. In
2018, the same programme up-skilled 940 unemployed youths on online work, of
which more than 50% were women.

2.7.3 Build resilient infrastructure and Improve industrial processes

Technologies such as IoT, M2M, cloud computing, big data analytics and AI play a
significant role in Industry 4.0,118 improving manufacturing efficiency and
sustainability. Mobile internet can also be a critical part of a connected manufacturing
environment, considering that the economic impacts of mobile are greater in countries
with relatively larger service and manufacturing sectors.Enabled capabilities such as
object tagging and internet-to-object communication are also vital for capturing data
in real time, while cloud computing offers computing and storage power reduction for
digitally enhanced manufacturing.For example, mobile operator China Unicom offers
governments and industrial and transportation customers an LTE-based measurement
and control method for an unmanned aerial control solution that reduces costs,
improves efficiencies and removes any distance and altitude constraints usually found
in traditional point-to-point communications.In many LMICs, mobile connectivity (i.e.
2G/3G/4G) also provides critical infrastructure and a platform that allows MSMEs to
grow by reaching bigger markets. In India, for instance, where mobile is the dominant
access technology, firms that trade through the Alibaba platform have become more
export-focused, reaching customers in up to 40 countries.Furthermore, a lack of
access to credit can hinder MSMEs from reaching their full potential; in Sub-Saharan
Africa, firms that use mobile money have easier access to bank loans as well as
overdraft facilities.

2.8 Education and Mobile phones

Mobile technology can help education through the dissemination of online content
and support. It can also promote ICT in education and bridge the digital divide
through e-learning. Further, mobile technologies can assist professionals by enabling
the use of new digital tools to improve their teaching outcomes. The benefits of
e-learning are amplified during crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which has
caused 90% of students to have at some point been kept out of school.
Communication platforms and video conferencing applications (e.g. Whatsapp,
Microsoft Teams and Skype) enable real-time learning, and their usage has been
further accelerated by the outbreak of COVID-19. In Bhutan, some schools are using
mobile applications such as WeChat and Whatsapp in a twoway communication
method: they assign students with homework and request an image of the final work

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to be shared with them for assessment.In Bulgaria, the launch of an e-learning
platform in March 2020 has connected over 700,000 students to 65,000 teachers
through videos and webinars. Almost 90% of students have enrolled and they receive
six hours of distance learning per day.Many mobile operators are also enabling access
to digital content during the COVID-19 pandemic by zerorating services, lifting data
caps, providing access to free content, and distributing devices to teachers and
learners.83 In Indonesia, operators are working with the Ministry of Education to
provide free internet data for online educational platforms.84 In the US, Verizon has
supported teachers and students by tripling its monthly data allowance for Verizon
Innovative Learning schools (a programme that provides free devices and internet
access to under-resourced students), while AT&T created a Distance Learning and
Family Connections Fund to support at-home learning. Similarly, Vodafone UK is
supporting education by providing online e-learning courses from a range of
education services for free to customers and employees. However, distance-learning
in many developing countries is a constant need and not driven solely by times of
crisis. In South Africa, a mobile novel series (which has been read over 34,000 times)
uses basic mobile phones to allow users to discuss story plots, vote in polls, leave
comments and partake in writing competitions. In Nigeria, caregivers of younger
children access teaching materials through SMS, audio and video direct to their
phones. Further, educational programmes used by professionals in schools are
integrated on tablets to help teachers with instructional guides and materials.

2.8.1 Enabling affordable technical and higher education

Mobile education has proved to be effective in addressing basic literacy and numeracy
skills.86 However, higher education and vocational training, access to scholarships
and university sponsorship are also important to help young people reach their full
potential, improve their employability and further advance their socioeconomic
levels.In South Africa, a blended approach of using mobile learning together with
classroom training provided entrepreneurship training to 230 youths, who gained a set
of new skills relevant for starting a business. The mobile-enabled course facilitated 32
new business concepts, of which 5% turned into new businesses at the end of the
course.87 In Africa, Asia and the Middle East, nearly 6 million users have learned
new skills enabled by the Funzi platform, whose courses have a nearly 50-50 gender
ratio.

2.9 Transport and Mobile Phone

Only 50% of the world’s urban population had access to safe and reliable public
transport in 2020.Mobile technology can help transport systems to become more
sustainable through use cases such as mobile ticketing, timetabling, smart ride and
bike sharing, smart traffic light control, and air monitoring. Smart city IoT
connections nearly tripled from 2015 to 2020, reaching over 272 million, while IoT
vehicle connections have increased by more than 200 million over the past five years,
reaching more than 775 million connections. When using smart mobile solutions, bus
boarding times can be reduced by up to 75% and aggregated data can reveal which
routes are over or underserved, resulting.in more optimised timetable scheduling.143
Smart traffic control systems can also be deployed to reduce travel times, which also
reduces CO2 emissions. In Côte d’Ivoire, mobile-enabled smart cards have sped up
boarding times and improved cash management and transparency for a bus

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operator.144 In Canada, a smart traffic management system in the city of Toronto
enables traffic lights to self-learn and recognise patterns. A trial period proved that
once implemented, the smart traffic solution can shorten travel time by up to 25%
while reducing CO2 emissions by 13%.
Almost every big city of pakistan offering cab,pick and drop service to its passengers
which can be called through mobile phones.Careem,Uber,Bykia,Swvl etc are some
famous brands which are providing comfartable transport service and available at
your door step.

2.10 Birth and Vote registration and Mobile phone

Nearly 1 billion people worldwide lack official proof of identity, with one in two
women in lowincome countries affected.An average of 20% of children under five
(166 million under-fives), remain unregistered at birth.As an official and permanent
record of a child’s identity, birth certificates can bestow access to a number of
services and a means to gain national identity documents later in life. Without an
identity, individuals are often invisible and therefore unable to vote, access healthcare,
open a bank account, receive education or get employment, and they also bear a
higher risk for exploitation and trafficking. Without accurate population data, public
and private organisations struggle to broadly and accurately deliver the most basic
human services. Digital identity is therefore considered one of the foundational
enablers that can facilitate access to essential services and aid.In Tanzania and Ghana,
mobile-enabled digital birth registration has led to more infants registered early or on
time (within the first year), in some cases almost quadrupling registration rates (from
8.9% to 30.3% in Mbeya, Tanzania). In some regions in Ghana, more than 90% of
births are now registered digitally.183 Similarly, in Pakistan the number of
registrations has seen almost three times as many children registered compared to
traditional registration processes, which on average require three trips to a
government office and a processing time of two days, compared to the
mobile-enabled registration process that allows parents to register births without
leaving their community (and in some cases, without leaving their home) and can be
completed in less than 10 minutes.In pakistan EVM is a machine going for use to vote
for PM and international pakistani citizens can also vote.

2.11 Enviornment pollution and Mobile Phones

2.11.1 Big data for sustainable and cleaner air

Big data and IoT solutions can contribute to helping public administrations optimise
urban development and management and evaluate the quality of the air in places that
do not have any type of monitoring. These solutions save resources and enhance the
decisionmaking processes of public authorities.In Croatia, IT company Smart Sense’s
collaboration with Deutsche Telekom supports indoor and outdoor monitoring of
multiple air quality parameters including relative humidity, temperature and airborne
particles on room, street and city levels.In Brazil, the use of big data and forecasting
algorithms enables pollution levels to be predicted in São Paulo 24 to 48 hours in
advance, allowing local authorities to take preventative measures.

2.11.2 ‘Circularity as a service’ to reduce e-waste

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In 2020, approximately 53.6 million metric tons of e-waste (excluding PV panels) was
generated, or 7.3 kg per capita, with 17% of global e-waste documented to be
collected and properly recycled.If current trends continue, global e-waste production
is expected to reach 120 million tonnes per year by 2050.Globally, there are 67
e-waste management initiatives led by mobile operators in 40 countries, while 43
operators have set up e-waste or mobile waste collection points in their offices and
customer contact centres. Mobile technology also addresses other waste collection
and management challenges such as plastic recycling In the Netherlands, T-Mobile
and Samsung implemented a circular service known as One for One in collaboration
with a social enterprise, Closing the Loop, whereby the material footprint of a new
phone (purchased in the Netherlands) is offset by recycling an old phone, which is
collected in emerging markets. Thus far, Closing the Loop has collected more than 2.2
million phones while also creating additional income for over 2,000 people through
partners in Asia and Africa that repair a number of these devices.
Meanwhile, an operator-led initiative provides ecoratings on handsets and includes
information such as longevity and reparability, as well as a score between one and
five to indicate a device’s sustainability level. Telefónica, for instance, provides the
eco-rating seal on 80% of its handsets to customers across 10 countries (in Europe and
Latin America). Its portfolio in 2019 reached an average score of 3.2.155 Further, in
2019, Telefónica recycled 73% of electronic equipment collected, while 27% was
reused. This gave new life to 4 million communication equipment units while
avoiding 4,145 tonnes of CO2 emissions.Mobile technology enables plastic waste
collection by formalising the process. In Côte d’Ivoire, working with mobile operator
MTN and leveraging mobile technology, Coliba reduces plastic waste by formally
employing waste collectors and encouraging households to recycle and turn plastic
waste into pellets that can be reused while providing mobile users data credit rewards
as part of the recycling process. As of July 2019, Coliba had collected plastic bottles
from over 4,500 monthly active users on the mobile app, equal to nearly 100,000
kilograms of plastic waste and up to 2 tonnes of plastic recycled a day, while formally
employing 45 waste collectors and 23 full-time employees.

2.11.3 Improving resilience to the effects of climate change and

driving energy efficiency
Mobile operators and mobile technologies also facilitate and drive innovation in
climate adaptation and help to build resilience against climate change. For instance,
mobile technologies play a key role in disseminating valuable weather information,
especially to smallholder farmers that are vulnerable to extreme and unpredictable
weather patterns. An example is the partnership between Ignitia and mobile operators
in West Africa to deliver SMS-based location-specific weather information.162 Smart
agriculture services, such as those offered by Orange Business Services and Dacom,
also allow farmers to better understand and adjust to climate change through big data
analysis.163 Beyond the dissemination of information via mobile phones, mobile
technology is also becoming more crucial to bridge the data gap in weather
monitoring and forecasting. For example, microwave data from backhaul
networks and mobile-based geo-location data (GPS, cell ID) can be combined with
big data from satellites and sensors to create flood warnings or hyper-localised
forecasts for communities that are vulnerable to climate change.
Agriculture, forestry and other land uses also account for 25% of global GHG

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emissions,165 due in part to high emissions from fertiliser use, irrigation systems and
food waste. Mobile technology helps farmers to better regulate, plan and remotely
monitor irrigation and soil conditions. In California, where agriculture accounts for
80% of all water use, an estimated 9 million acres of farmland are irrigated. The
installation of small solarpowered sensors and an LTE-served network helped save an
estimated 6% of water use (equivalent to more than 3.4 million litres) while reducing
5% of GHG emissions.

2.11.4 Sustainably managing and enabling the protection of life

under water
Mobile technology contributes to supporting life below water through digital software
and mobile devices that monitor the surface. While signal propagation degrades under
water, the mobile industry enables improvements in the functioning of coastal
ecosystems.It also provides technical platforms on which cost-effective
biodiversity-monitoring solutions are built. This is particularly important for small
island developing states (SIDS), least developed states and artisanal fishers. For
instance, software solutions such as interactive dashboards contribute to the
monitoring of sustainable fishing practices while push and pull content168 also helps
to clean and prevent ocean pollution and preserve marine species. Additionally, data
visualisation software and AI in combination with the use of drones enable marine
counter-poaching and marine habitat protection. To prevent illegal fishing in the
Seychelles, the FishGuard project has implemented drones with preprogramed AI to
register types of ships present on water and establish which vessels are authorised to
fish. This enables authorities to access information such as vessel location and
identification number. FishGuard is a scalable solution that can be adapted further to
protect the sustainability of oceans and it is able to monitor millions of square
kilometres, decreasing patrolling costs while increasing efficiency.

2.11.5 Natural resource management to protect

Mobile-enabled technologies, such as satellite imagery, AI and IoT, together with the
expansion of mobile broadband coverage, smartphone penetration and web-based
dashboards, offer new opportunities to support governments, organisations and
communities to protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems.
These technologies can significantly improve the efficiency, responsiveness and
efficacy of natural resource management efforts, which promote the sustainable use of
the planet’s natural resources on land, including forests, watersheds and a diversity of
plant and animal species. For instance, a Cisco-supported project in South Africa saw
the elimination of rhino-poaching activity in one game reserve through biometric
scanning, a point-to-point reserve area network and CCTV cameras.Sustainable forest
management is critical for areas that host significant biodiversity. Systems such as
acoustic and video monitoring in real time enable the prevention of deforestation.In
the Peruvian Amazon this was achieved by preventing illegal mining, a main driver of
deforestation, through the use of smartphone applications, as real-time monitoring
enabled local law enforcement to capture illegal miners using heavy machinery and
dangerous chemicals. Similarly, illegal logging accounts for 50–90% of timber trade
in tropical countries, but detecting chainsaws and other sounds related to human
activity is challenging.In many countries, including Brazil, Costa Rica, Indonesia and

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the Philippines, upcycled Huawei smartphones are used and connected to solar panels
and microphones to become “Rainforest Guardians”. These support law enforcement
through real-time alerts and also positively impact forest cover.

2.12 Cyber Security And mobile phone

2.12.1 Helping institutions to increase efficiency and reduce fraud

The poorest segments of society are often excluded from social cash transfer
programmes because of challenges related to enrolling, identifying and
communicating with beneficiaries. Digital tools facilitate the implementation of social
protection systems and support social cash transfers. Digital registration of
beneficiaries enables efficient verification, while targeted and transparent delivery of
funds avoids corruption and reduces the time for aid delivery. In 2018, social cash
transfer programmes accounted for over half of all social protection spending
worldwide. Indirectly, such institutional systems also contribute towards lowering
poverty. Approximately 36% of households that received social cash transfers were
able to avoid absolute poverty.176 In addition to digital registration, mobile
money-enabled transactions also generate data trails which can facilitate oversight and
supervision by authorities.In Zambia, a new enrolment system synchronised more
than 55 million data points, improved data collection and social cash transfer
applications, and addressed logistical challenges such as payment delays. In 2019, it
covered all 108 districts of Zambia and was used by 1,200 enumerators. Furthermore,
the use of mobile to support data collection has translated into a strong government
institution where decision-makers have real-time access to vital information and are
able to reach more beneficiary households in a shorter amount of time.178
Transparent transaction records are also vital to protect customers’ rights, foster trust,
reduce the risk of fraud and theft, and improve social outcomes. Mobile money
creates such records of financial history. For instance, in 2010, the Afghan National
Police began to use M-Pesa instead of cash to pay salaries. During this process they
discovered that 10% of salaries were being paid to fictitious police officers, while
some officers were not receiving their salaries in full.

2.12.2 Strengthening domestic resource mobilisation

The mobile ecosystem makes a significant contribution to the funding of the public
sector through general taxation. In most countries, this includes value-added tax or
sales tax, corporation tax, income tax, and social security from the contributions of
firms and employees. In 2020, the industry contributed almost half a trillion dollars to
the funding of the public sector through general taxation.Mobile technology also
enables governments to strengthen their domestic capacities and ability to provide
financial resources. For instance, the digitisation of public revenue collection, such as
taxes, school fees and traffic fines, mobilises countries and strengthens their
economies, increasing resources for governments while creating transparent and
auditable records of public funds. In Rwanda, a public and private partnership led to
the creation of a centralised e-payment platform, which offers over 89 services online
and has served over 4 million users.Additionally, government authorities that use
mobile money can reach a wider population and reduce the administrative burden and

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cost of handling cash. For example, in Senegal, the Customs School noted a 50%
increase in registrations after digitising registration payments for its entrance exam.
This was likely due to new candidates from non-urban areas who could avoid
transportation costs by using a digital platform.

2.13 Future of Mobile Industry

As 2020 represents an important milestone for the mobile industry, we have forecast
the industry in 2030, which has been made under a ‘business as usual’ scenario. Since
the implications of COVID-19 were only beginning to be felt at the start of 2020, it
did not impact the 2019 SDG mobile impact scores. However, there are several
potential consequences of the pandemic for mobile’s contribution to the SDGs going
forwards, which we discuss in this section.
By 2030, we estimate that the industry will have achieved around 70% of its full
potential impact on the SDGs.It will more contribute in Quality Education, Industry,
Innovation and Infrastructure, Health Departments.Our analysis also indicates that
mobile will reach an huge impact on every field of life by 2030. This would represent
important progress.The mobile industry and its partners must increase the pace and
scale of their impacts to maximise the mobile industry’s contribution to the SDGs by
2030. To help with this, we identify several calls to action for mobile operators,
governments and other stakeholdersAs a result, the mobile industry must work
together with its stakeholders (including governments, other industries, civil society
and the international community) to ensure the achievements of the last five years are
not lost. At the same time, as we begin the Decade of Action, the mobile industry and
its stakeholders must also be ready to accelerate efforts to deliver mobile’s full
potential to address the world’s biggest challenges.
The mobile phones of the future are expected to be more closely embedded in our
day-to-day lives than ever before.Some futurologists and industry experts predict that
in years to come mobile phones will become remote controls for our whole lives,
while others forecast that in the future mobile phones will literally run our lives for
us.One thing’s for certain: the technology involved in mobile phones and mobile
networks has developed so rapidly over the last few years, it's going to be an exciting
ride.

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