Report E-Governance di Indonesia

Lecturer : Mr. Rahul Bhandari

Written By :

Tian Tri wardhani (19215563)

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

KADIRI UNIVERSITY
The Origin of E-Governance in Indonesia

In Indonesia, the emergence of e-governance or e-government is motivated by the

concept of Good Governance that emerged in the reform era, and has been known
since the 1997 economic crisis, a prolonged crisis that was judged to be due to the
lack of responsible management of companies, and neglect of regulations and
requirements. with the practice of corruption, collusion, and nepotism (Budiati, 2012)

The administration of government that is not transparent, non-participatory and

centralized, creates a sense of distrust among the people and even creates antipathy
towards the government. The public is very dissatisfied with the performance of the
government, which has been trusted as the organizer of public affairs. So that the
various dissatisfactions and disappointments eventually gave birth to demands from
the community to restore and implement the ideal government administration, so that
Good Governance appeared as an effort to answer various public complaints about
the ongoing performance of the bureaucracy.

And as a form of support for the achievement of Good Governance, the use or
development of e-government and e-governance is one of the efforts to support
electronic-based government performance in the context of implementing and
improving the quality of services to the community effectively and efficiently. In
Indonesia, e-governance has been eyed since 2001, namely since the emergence of
Presidential Instruction Number 6 of 2001 concerning Telematics
(Telecommunication, Media and Informatics) which states that government officials
must use telematics technology to support good governance and accelerate the
democratic process which is conveyed to all officials. state officials, governors and
regents/mayors throughout Indonesia.

Government support regarding the importance of e-government has just begun to

appear in issuing the President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2003
concerning National Policies and Strategies for E-Government Development.
Realizing the importance of implementing the concept of e-gov. The guidelines made
in this Presidential Instruction are actually still very general and can be interpreted in
various ways by the government, both at the center and in the regions, but this
ambiguity can be understood because of the wide need for the development of
electronic information systems in government institutions.

Presidential Instruction Number 3 of 2003 concerning National Policies and

Strategies for E-Government Development and Ministerial Regulation No.
41/Per/Men.Kominfo/11/2007 of 2007 concerning General Guidelines for
Governance of National Information and Communication Technology are important
references in the implementation of ICT in Indonesia.

Some of these regulations state that to ensure the leadership capacity of ICT
management at all levels of government and government institutions must establish a
CIO4. In 2008, Law No. 11 of 2008 was passed concerning Electronic Information
and Transactions (ITE) ensuring that electronic transactions have a clear legal
umbrella in the use of technology and electronic transactions are carried out with the
aim of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of public services.

E-Government development can be implemented through 4 (four) levels, namely:

• Level 1 – Preparation
Making a website as a medium of information and communication at each institution.
Website socialization for internal and public.
• Level 2 – Maturation
Creation of an interactive public information website.
Making interfaces with other institutions.
• Level 3 – Stabilization
Making a web site that is a public service transaction.
Making application and data interoperability with other institutions.
• Level 4 – Utilization
Making applications for services that are government to government (G2G),
government to business (G2B), government to consumers (G2C).

The stages of development of E-Gov implementation in Indonesia According to

Nugroho (2007), the stages of development of E-Gov implementation in Indonesia
are divided into four:
• Web Presence, namely bringing up regional websites on the internet. In this stage,
the basic information needed by the community is displayed on the government
website.
• Interaction, namely regional web that provides interaction facilities between the
community and the Regional Government. In this stage, the information displayed is
more varied, such as download facilities and E-mail communication on government
websites.
• Transaction, which is a regional web which in addition to having interaction
facilities is also equipped with public service transaction facilities from the
government.
• Transformation, namely in this case government services are increased in an
integrated manner.
• Washtenaw County E-Government Initiative Phase Washtenaw County divides
existing eGovernment initiatives into three major stages, namely: e-Information, e-
Commerce and eDemocracy (Kinney, 2001).

Pillars of E-Governance in Indonesia

According to the Ministry of Communication and Information, there are indicators of

the implementation of e-Gov Indonesia covering five dimensions which are the main
pillars, namely

(1) Policy, the policy dimension focuses on determining expectations for the behavior
of users and IT providers appropriately. The policy dimension to guide decisions that
affect the organization as well as the policy architecture looks at risk in business
policies before generating policies. Not much different from the policy dimension, the
planning dimension has the aim of assessing opportunities/opportunities to improve
services, including investment in ICT to support the achievement of government
goals.

(2) Planning, Planning also focuses on system integration with information

management and development to be effective as well as encouraging commitment and
understanding among users, upper management, ICT staff.

(3) Infrastructure. The infrastructure dimension focuses on the availability and

condition of infrastructure and the implementation of infrastructure management
(inventory, monitoring, maintenance, utilization procedures. The infrastructure
dimension tends to be on the hardware used, while the application dimension tends to
be on the software in it.

(4) Application, the application dimension relates to the availability and level of
utilization of e-government supporting software in accordance with the duties and
functions of the agency.

(5) Institutional, the institutional dimension becomes

one of the dimensions that must be strong in the implementation of eGovernment

implementation. Through a well-structured and strong institutional dimension, it will
facilitate the implementation of e-Government both integrated at the regional and
national levels. The institutional dimension is an important key because institutions
are the actors in all activities from planning, policies, infrastructure and applications.
If the institutional structure does not work well, it will certainly affect the course of
the other dimensions.

The five dimensions are mutually supportive elements and evaluation elements
needed for the development and utilization of IT. And in the digital transformation
carried out by the Indonesian government with four main pillars, namely
infrastructure, digital governance, digital economy, and digital society.

Infrastructure which is the main pillar that must be completed, digital infrastructure
needs to be built at high speed with unusual scenarios. The government is preparing
itself for the Industrial 4.0 era and economic recovery after COVID-19 through the
implementation of various key initiatives in the digital infrastructure sector that
synergize with the digital economy, digital government, and digital society.

E-Governance Initiatives in Indonesia

These three types of initiative classification constitute three major phases of e-

Government development.

1. e-Information

The concept of e-Information is related to the objective of how all government

stakeholders, especially those related to public services, can on the one hand provide
and on the other hand access information quickly and accurately through various
access channels. These access channels can be traditional communication channels
such as offices, telephone, fax, etc. in part or through information technology media
such as the internet, call centers, webTV, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), and
others.

The e-government application development program at this stage usually starts with
building a website that contains information about various things needed by the
community, which should be the government's job to provide it. With this website, it
is hoped that the public can independently search for the data and information they
need, as well as enable interactive communication between them and the government
who built the website. In more complex applications, usually the website has become
a knowledge portal in which it does not only contain data and information needed by
the community, but furthermore contains various important knowledge that can
improve the quality of life of the community directly or indirectly. .

2. e-commerce

At the e-commerce stage, the concept of existing services does not stop at the
exchange of information between the community and the government, but also
involves a number of transaction processes for the exchange of goods and/or services.
People who so far need to physically visit government offices for various licensing
processes and various payments, such as making Identity Cards, Driving Permits,
Depositing Land and Building Taxes, and others now don't need to travel anymore
because all these things can cause done from home by using the internet.

3. e-Democracy

At the e-Democracy stage, there is a conducive environment for the government,

people's representatives, political parties, and their constituents to communicate with
each other, collaborate, and cooperate through a number of interaction processes
through the internet. In this regard, the public can express their assessments and views
on the government's performance and express their opinions freely to the
representatives of the people online by using facilities such as e-mail, mailing lists,
discussion/forums, chats, and polls. The final direction of development is how to
build a general election system that can be done online. With this intensive and open
political communication, it is hoped that it will help promote the democratic process
in the country concerned.

And to encourage the ranks of the central government and local governments to create
and manage websites professionally and to uniform government domain names, the
Ministry of Communication and Information issued Ministerial Regulation No. 28 of
2006 concerning domain creation using the go.id extension.

These three phases need to be carried out one by one sequentially because one phase
is the basis for the development of the next phase. The toughest phase, of course, is
the third phase, which requires not only a strong information technology
infrastructure, but also a major cultural change in society.
In addition, initiatives for the use of e-governance are:

• Standard for Integrated Database Management for Social Protection Programs, this
initiative owned by Indonesia is a digital-based social recording system that functions
as a gateway for social protection programs with direct cash assistance and emergency
assistance sent directly to people in need. A digital registration system like this allows
transparency and accountability in order to ensure social protection in a country.

• e-budgeting and e-planning, are initiatives to be able to realize national synergies in

realizing cloud-based e-government development. BPPT through the Center for
Information and Communication Technology, since 2007/2008 has prepared
information technology that can be used to support the budget planning and
administration process in the Regional Government through the SIMRAL application
(Management Information System for Planning, Budgeting and Reporting). This
application was developed with web-based and Free Open Source Software (FOSS).

• e-procurement, e-audit, e-catalog, e-payment, e-controlling, e-health to smart cities.

Are products of government initiatives in the provision of public services since the
establishment of the National DeTIKNas which have helped the government to focus
more on strategic issues in e-government applications.

Indonesia's Rank in E-Governance

Starting in 2008, the UN regularly publishes their bi-annual report entitled the UN E-
Government Survey. The survey measures a country's e-government achievements
based on the effectiveness of public services in six sectors, namely education, health,
employment, economics and finance, social welfare, and the environment. This
survey is a development tool for UN member countries to identify their respective
strengths and challenges in an effort to sharpen the implementation of policies and
strategies for developing the implementation of an electronic-based government
system. The survey, published every two years, ranks the 193 member states of the
United Nations (UN). There are three dimensions of performance measures in the
EGDI, including the online service index (OSI), the telecommunication infrastructure
index (TII), and the human capital index (HCI).

Indonesia's efforts to implement e-governance in Indonesia have increased in ranking

in the E-Government survey. Based on the EGDI survey in 2018, the Information and
Communication Technology Training and Development Center on the website
bpptik.kominfo.go.id released that Indonesia was ranked 106, in 2018 ranking 107
and increasing in 2020 has put Indonesia in 88th rank for the development and
implementation of e-government or an electronic-based government system (SPBE).
The results for 2020, which were released in July, show an increase of 19 places
compared to 2018 which was 107th and 116th in 2016.
Overall, Indonesia scored a score of 0.6612 in the High E-Government Development
Index (EGDI) group in the UN E-Government Survey 2020, successfully placing
Indonesia in the top 100 world rankings at position 88 out of 193 countries. The
United Nations predicts countries with more than 0.75 points as Very High EGDI,
0.50 to 0.75 points as High EGDI, 0.25 to 0.50 points as Middle EGDI, and less than
0.25 as Low EGDI.

In each of these performance measures, Indonesia recorded a fairly good score,

including a score of 0.6824 for OSI, a score of 0.5669 for TII, and a score of 0.7342
for HCI. These three components are already above the world average score, although
when viewed from the Regional Asia and Sub-Regional Southeast Asia group,
Indonesia is still below the regional average on the telecommunications infrastructure
index score or TII.

Indonesia should also be proud, because in a release issued by EGDI, Indonesia

managed to jump up 35 ranks on the e-Participation Index in 2020, from previously
ranked 92 in 2018, to rank 53 in 2020 with a score of 0.7500. This score is already
above the world average with a score of 0.5677, above the Asian Regional average
with a score of 0.6294, and also above the Southeast Asia Regional average with a
score of 0.6126. This has made Indonesia rise from being included in the High e-
Participation Index group to the Very High e-Participation Index group.
According to the e-Government Survey 2020 report, despite being faced with many
challenges, countries in the Southeast Asia region, including Indonesia, were able to
make progress towards digital transformation.
Seeing these results, in the last two years since the issuance of Presidential Regulation
no. 95/2018 regarding SPBE, for the cooperation of various parties, Indonesia has
shown stretching changes for the better. However, the National SPBE Coordination
Team, chaired by the Minister for Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform
(PANRB), needs to develop a strategy for improving the implementation of SPBE
where one of the improvements is the strengthening of telecommunications
infrastructure which is one of the lowest points in the assessment. In addition,
strengthening aspects of governance, services, and human resources, the value of
which is still only slightly above average, needs to be a concern in order to maximize
the implementation of SPBE in Indonesia.

Challenges of E-Governance in Indonesia

There are many challenges that must be faced by the Indonesian government in order
to implement e-government to the fullest. The points below are identified based on the
above findings, with reference to data from the eight publications of the UN E-
Government Survey.
1. Infrastructure Limitations
The limited infrastructure of technological facilities and infrastructure in particular is
the main challenge that needs to be faced in the implementation of e-gov in Indonesia.
Based on the analysis of the data obtained from the UN E-Government Survey, it is
known that of the three indices that determine the amount of EGDI in Indonesia, the
TII index is the lowest index.
The penetration of the hardware market and communication and information
technology service providers has not been evenly distributed to the regions, so that
problems arise in that the infrastructure is still inadequate. The relatively high cost is
also one of the inhibiting factors for infrastructure development. Until now, many
government offices have built LAN networks in each work unit, but these LAN
networks have not been connected to LAN networks with other work units.

2. Human Resources
The lack of adequate or minimal human resources (HR) in terms of skills and
managerial management. Governments generally rarely have reliable human
resources in the field of E-Government. Human resources who are reliable and willing
to learn new fields, usually in business and industrial environments. The problem of
the availability of human resources who have competency standards in the field of
ICT is more difficult than the problem of technology.
There is still an uneven understanding of the community regarding the use of E-
Government because the majority of the population is on the lower middle class line.
This is a factor that causes doubts in implementing E-Government.

3. The Digital Gap

The digital divide is related to the dynamics of problems in the demographics of
Indonesian society. Based on age, adults are the primary target of e-government
products. However, in general, young people are a group that is more fluent in using
technology. As I have explained above the challenges of human resources, the level of
education is another factor that affects the implementation of e-government.
According to Hargittai and Hinnant, the tendency for e-government users to come
from people with a high level of education, because they have a greater interest in
government issues than groups with lower secondary education levels. According to
the HCI index, there are still many Indonesians who quit or drop out of school after
junior high school. A person's level of education is related to his ability to understand
and use e-government services, so the HCI score is one of the factors that causes
Indonesia's low e-government achievement.
This problem is caused by the uneven domicile of internet users in Indonesia
Indonesia. The majority of Indonesian internet users are domiciled on the island of
Java, so that the implementation of e-government has not been implemented evenly
either, with only being centered on the island of Java. This indicates that there is a
high digital divide between people who live on the island of Java and those who live
outside Java. The magnitude of this digital divide is even more visible when
juxtaposed with the fact that Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest internet
users in the world.

4. Regulation
In the implementation of e-gov in Indonesia, the division of tasks in the management
of the system is still unclear and there are quantitative and quality differences on the
website between government agencies (local governments) and non-government
institutions. This is indicated by almost all non-government institutions having
websites and on average the optimization of their facilities has exceeded and has been
able to precede the level of websites owned by local government agencies. So that this
further reduces the image of the local government's performance because it is
considered less than optimal and is still groping about the implementation of e-gov.

5. Differences of Interest between Society and Government

Governments and citizens have different goals when using e-government. The
government takes a managerial point of view, and emphasizes the e-government
communication function in its implementation. However, the community expects an
increase in interaction (two-way communication) with the government through e-
government. In other words, the development of e-government technology is not in
line with the government's mastery of the technology in question. Organizational
communication flow of communication in terms of the management of E-Government
is still colliding with the bureaucratic path, which is one of the inhibiting factors in the
development of E-Government. Commitment from top management is an
indispensable support. The government as one of the stakeholders should know what
the existing problems are, what is needed and how to overcome the problems in
society. So that many government projects in the field of E-Government are
ceremonial but really needed and used by the community. Built at great expense, with
good intentions, but not put to good use.

6. Less even distribution of digital services due to refusal from the community
The community's rejection of the entry of technology into their environment,
especially the people of remote areas who still strongly adhere to their customs and
culture, rejects the development of technology either for personal needs or shared
 needs in public services because they think it will change the culture they have been
guarding. . This is a serious challenge for the government because it has to change the
mainset of the community so that they are willing to accept the existing changes, so
that the implementation of e-gov can be evenly distributed throughout Indonesia..

My advice to overcome the challenge

• To overcome the above challenges the Government of Indonesia related to the limited
infrastructure facilities and infrastructure; then we need a solution in the form of
government policy to embrace the private sector, especially ITC providers in the form of
integrated cooperation which is certainly beneficial to both parties in order to become a
breakthrough in overcoming expensive infrastructure. In addition, technically the
government needs to make an e-gov master plan that can involve all work units covering
aspects of infrastructure development, applications, human resources, legislation and
budgets. If necessary, the local government can involve a third party (consultant) in
making a master plan that can facilitate the needs and desires of all satkers.

However, it must be remembered that the consultant's role should not only be "hosted" in
one of the satkers because it does not make e-gov comprehensive, besides that it is
necessary to consider the choice of consultants who are not money and business oriented
but who prioritize work professionalism. In the masterpaln, priority must be given to
matters that touch and have a direct impact on the public, such as licensing issues, taxes,
population and so on. After this is fulfilled, then other policy matters will be considered
that will be included in the implementation of e-gov. Finally, in this case, the central and
regional governments assisted by the private sector must increase access and reach of
telematics infrastructure for all levels of society from top to bottom. This includes setting
transparent and affordable tariffs for all people. If necessary, the government puts a little
pressure on achieving special tariff differentiation to support the implementation of e-gov.

• Furthermore, in solving the challenges of inadequate human resources and lack of

technology skills, it is necessary to conduct education and training of human resources in
the field of integrated information and communication technology. Pragmatically, the
training should be “inhouse” at the local government level in order to obtain
comprehensive understanding and literacy among local government employees. The in-
house training can involve experts in the region or in other areas as well as collaboration
with existing universities.

Meanwhile, at the central level, it is necessary to organize it centrally (by the Ministry of
Communication and Informatics through integrated Education and Training) and
decentralized by establishing training centers at educational institutions owned by the
Ministry of Home Affairs or privately-owned educational institutions in collaboration
with the Ministry of Communication and Information, as well as universities. In addition,
this training can be carried out by each local government who knows better about their
own needs related to e-government implementation.

Improving employee human resources for the implementation of e-government needs

serious handling and is carried out jointly by the government, universities, and the private
sector. The most important and main thing to convey in the training is that it is necessary
to change the view that the success of the implementation of e-gov does not lie in the
technology but depends on the human ability to manage it.

Human resources must have criteria that have been determined in accordance with the
regulations set by the Ministry of Communication and Information. Starting from an
attitude in providing services, dexterity in carrying out tasks, and having knowledge in
the field of tasks carried out. Another thing to note is the number of human resources
required.

• Regarding the digital divide, it is necessary to conduct e-government socialization on a

regular basis using e-readiness as a measure of the use of information technology. Its
function is to provide knowledge to users and also implementers in using and utilizing e-
government correctly and appropriately. As well as providing equal education for the
community so that they are able to accept new technologies in the development of the
digital world for public services or other interests.

• For obstacles in the field of regulations and guidelines for implementing local
government websites, the central government needs to make a master plan and grand
strategy for e-gov as outlined in laws or government regulations along with technical
implementation instructions because implementation requires action and the provision of
facilities and not just a mere concept. . In addition, the central government and local
governments need to think about an adequate operational budget and maintenance budget.
Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize for local governments to include the e-gov budget
in the Regional Budget and Revenue and place the e-gov program as a priority scale in
their regional development.

• Differences in Interest between the Community and the Government, can be resolved by
communication between the government and the community, because of the government
know what the community really needs, so that the implementation of e-gov can run
optimally, bringing changes and benefits to the people of Indonesia.

• Less even distribution of digital services due to rejection from the community,
especially in rural communities, due to very strong customs and culture. To face this
challenge, the government needs to involve local elders or tribal chiefs, because the
majority of the people highly respect trust and obey orders from an elder. Therefore, the
government needs to approach traditional elders by providing explanations and
convincing related technological developments that will enter bringing changes to both
the environment and local government towards a better and modern direction, if the
traditional elders are convinced, it can affect the community.

REFERENCE

https://ptik.bppt.go.id/berita-ptik/29-aplikasi-e-planing-dan-e-budgeting-berbasis-
kinerja-dan-cloud

https://www.menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/hasil-survei-pbb-e-government-indonesia-
naik-peringkat
Jurusan Ilmu Komunikasi FISIP UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta