CHAPTER 4

Image Enhancement in the Frequency

Domain
Background
The 2-D discrete Fourier Transform and its inverse
The 2-D convolution theorem
Basics of filtering in the frequency domain
Image smoothing using frequency domain filters
Image sharpening using frequency domain filters
Selective filtering
Implementation
Textbook: Digital image processing, Gonzalez and Woods

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 1

 Background

The French mathematician Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier was

born in 1768 in the town of Auxerre, about midway between
Paris and Dijon.
The contribution for which he is most remembered was outlined
in a memoir in 1807 and published in 1822 in his book, La
Théorie Analitique de la Chaleur (The Analytic Theory of Heat).
This book was translated into English 55 years later by
Freeman (see Freeman [1878]).
Basically, Fourier’s contribution in this field states that any
periodic function can be expressed as the sum of sines and/or
cosines of different frequencies, each multiplied by a different
coefficient (we now call this sum a Fourier series)

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 2

Background

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 3

 Background

Complex Numbers:

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 4

 Background

Complex Numbers:

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 5

Background

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 6

 Background

Fourier transform of functions of one continuous variable

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 7

 Background

Fourier transform of functions of one continuous variable

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 8

 Background

Fourier transform of functions of one continuous variable

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 9

 Background

Fourier transform of functions of one continuous variable

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 10

 Background

Convolution

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 11

 Background

Sampling

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 12

 Background

Band limited signal:

A bandlimited signal is a signal whose Fourier transform is zero

above a certain finite frequency. In other words, if the Fourier
transform has finite support then the signal is said to be
bandlimited.

Sampling theorem
A continuous, band-limited function can be recovered
completely from a set of its samples if the samples are
acquired at a rate exceeding twice the highest frequency
content of the function.
This result is known as the sampling theorem.

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 13

 Background

Fourier transform of band limited signals:

Over-sampling
1
 2 max
T

Critically-sampling
1
 2 max
T

Under-sampling

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 14

 Background

Sampling theorem

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 15

 Background

Aliasing effect

If a band-limited function is
sampled at a rate that is less
than twice its highest frequency?

The inverse transform will

yield a corrupted function. This
effect is known as frequency
aliasing or simply as aliasing.

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 16

 Background

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of one variable

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 17

 2D Fourier transform

Fourier transform of two variables

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 18

 Fourier transform of two variables

Fourier transform of two variables

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 19

 2D Fourier transform

Fourier transform of two variables

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 20

 2D Fourier transform

Two dimensional sampling and the sampling theorem

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 21

 2D Sampling

Two dimensional sampling and the sampling theorem

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 22

 2D Sampling

Two dimensional sampling and the sampling theorem

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 23

Aliasing in images

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 24

Aliasing in images

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 25

 Aliasing in images

Aliasing in images (jaggies)

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 26

 2D discrete Fourier transform

The 2D Fourier and its inverse

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 27

 2D discrete Fourier transform

Fourier spectrum and phase angle

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 28

 2D discrete Fourier transform

Fourier spectrum and phase angle

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 29

 2D discrete Fourier transform

Fourier spectrum and phase angle

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 30

 2D discrete Fourier transform

Fourier spectrum and phase angle

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 31

Importance of the phase information

Introduction to Matlab– Chapter 1 32

 2D convolution

The 2D convolution theorem

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 33

Summary of 2D Fourier transform

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 34

 Frequency domain filtering

Basic idea:

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 36

 Frequency domain filtering

Results on SEM image:

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 37

 Frequency domain filtering

Example:

Remove the Dc component

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 38

 Frequency domain filtering

Example:

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 39

 Frequency domain filtering

Detailed Steps:

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 40

Image smoothing using Frequency domain filters

Example:

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 41

 Image Smoothing

Ideal low pass filter

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 42

 Image Smoothing

Ideal low pass filter

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 43

 Image Smoothing

Ideal low pass filter

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 44

 Image Smoothing

Ideal low pass filter

Total power in the image:

Percentage of the
enclosed power:

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 45

 Image Smoothing

Butterworth low pass filter (write a matlab code)

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 46

 Image Smoothing

Butterworth low pass filter (write a matlab code)

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 47

 Image Smoothing

Butterworth low pass filter

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 48

 Image Smoothing

Butterworth low pass filter

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 49

 Image Smoothing

Butterworth low pass filter (Example)

See attached files

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 50

 Image Smoothing

Gaussian lowpass filter

The form of these filters in two dimensions is given by

or

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 51

 Image Smoothing

Gaussian lowpass filter

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 52

 Image Smoothing

Recall:

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 53

 Image Sharpening

Image sharepening

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 55

 Image Sharpening

High pass filtering

Ideal:

Butterworth:

Gaussian:

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 56

Image Sharpening

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 57

Image Sharpening

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 58

Image Sharpening

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 59

Image Sharpening

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 60

Image Sharpening

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 61

Image Sharpening

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 62

 Image Sharpening

Laplacian

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 63

 Selective filtering

Band reject and bandpass filters

Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 64