1 GENERAL FOUNDATION DESIGN

Type of pile:

a) Displacement Pile (driven pile):

 Cause the soil to be displace radially as well as vertically such as the

pile shaft is driven or jacket into the ground

b) Non-displacement Pile (bored pile):

 Soil is remove and resulting hole file with concrete or a precast

concrete pile is dropped into the hole and grouted.

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Define Pile Capacity Design.

QU = Qs + Qb
QU = Ultimate bearing capacity
Qs = Skin friction
Qb = End bearing

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 The design guide on offshore pile foundations considers only steel, tubular and
normally open-ended piles and pile groups are:
 Usually between 24 and 84 inches (0.61 and 2.13 m), and up to 132 inches (3.35
m) in diameter.
 Driven or drilled and grouted piles.
 Usually installed with a maximum batter of 1:4.
 Essentially subjected to axial loads, with lateral loads not exceeding 10% to 20%
of the axial loads.

Type of Soil.
a) Sandy Soils
 The most important design parameter for sandy soils is the friction
angle. The bearing capacity of shallow foundations, pile capacity and
skin friction of piles depend largely on the friction angle, Φ.
 The strength of sandy soils comes mainly from friction between
particles. The friction angle of a sandy soil can obtained by conducting
a tri-axial test.
 There are correlations between friction angle and standard penetration
test (SPT) values. Many engineers use SPT and friction angle
correlations to obtain the friction angle of soil. To predict the
settlement of a pile or a shallow foundation, one needs to use sandy
soil can obtained by conducting a tri-axial test.
 There are correlations between friction angle and standard penetration
test (SPT) values. Many engineers use SPT and friction angle
correlations to obtain the friction angle of soil. To predict the
settlement of a pile or a shallow foundation, one needs to use Young’s
elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio.

b) Clay Soils
 The strength of clayey soils developed through cohesion between clay
particles. Friction is a mechanical process, whereas cohesion is an
electrochemical process.

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  Cohesion of a soil obtained by using an unconfined compressive
strength test. To conduct an unconfined compressive strength test, one
needs to obtain Shelby tube sample. Settlement of clay soils depends
on consolidation parameters. These parameters obtained by conducting
consolidation tests.

2 PILE FOUNDATION

Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the load of the
structure to the bearing ground located at some depth below ground surface. The main
components of the foundation are the pile cap and the piles. Piles are long and slender members,
which transfer the load to deeper soil or rock of high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of
low bearing capacity. The main types of materials used for piles are wood, steel and concrete.
Piles made from these materials are driven, drilled or jacked into the ground and connected to
pile caps.

Pile foundation used when the site has a weak shallow bearing strata making it
necessary to transfer load to a deeper strata by either friction or end bearing principles.
Foundations provide support for structures by transferring the load to the rock or layers of soil
that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics. There are very
wide ranges of foundations types available, which are suitable for different applications.
Foundations classified mainly as Shallow foundations and Deep foundations.

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 Shallow foundations are used where the load imposed by a structure are low relative to
bearing capacity of surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity
of the surface soils is insufficient to support loads imposed on it and hence they transferred to
deeper layers with high bearing capacity.

Classification of Pile Foundation Based On Load Transmission

a. End bearing piles (point bearing) – transmit the most of their load-to-load bearing layer,
which is can be dense sand or rock.

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 b. Friction piles – the transmit load through the layer of piles pass is mostly surface friction
with surrounding soils.

Classification of Pile Foundation Based On Material of Pile Construction

a. Timber piles – timber can used for manufacture of temporary piles and for permanent
ones in regions where timber is ready and economically available. It is most suitable
for long cohesion piling and piling under embankment.

b. Steel piles – can used for both temporary and permanent work. Suitable for handling
and driving for piles with prolonged length. It was small cross sectional area along the
high strength that makes the penetration easier in firm soil.

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 c. Concrete piles - used to manufacture of precast concrete piles, cast in place and pre-
stressed concrete piles. Pre-stressed concrete piles become more approve than the
ordinary pre-cast, as less reinforcement is required.

d. Composite piles - pile consists of a combination of different materials in the same pile,
it has called as Composite pile. For example, part of timber pile, which installed above
ground water, could endangered to insect attack and decay. So to avoid this, concrete
or steel pile is used above ground water level whilst timber is installed under the ground
water level

Geotechnical Parameters

i. Shallow Foundations
 Shallow foundations are the cheapest and most common type of foundation.
They are ideal for situations when the soil immediately below the footing is
strong enough to carry the building loads. In cases where soil immediately

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 below the footing is weak or compressible, other foundation types need to
consider.

ii. Mat Foundations

 Mat foundations also known as raft foundations. Mat foundations as the name
implies, spread like a mat. The building load distributed in a large area.

i. Pile Foundations
 Piles used when bearing soil is at a greater depth. In such situations, the load
has to transfer to the bearing soil stratum.

ii. Caissons
 Caissons are simply larger piles. Instead of a pile group, one large caisson can
utilized. In some situations, caissons can be the best alternative.

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3. PILE DESIGN

Formula to Design Piling Process.

 as with all piles, all of the above design methods assume CF A piles resist to
applied load through side resistance (skin friction) and toe resistance (end
bearing).
 The total ultimate load is evaluated using the equation,

 Qt = Qs + Qp , (3.1)
 Where,
 Qt = ultimate capacity of the pile,
 Qs = capacity in side resistance, and
 Qp ¬= capacity in toe resistance or end bearing.

 The general equation for side resistance can be written

D = nominal pile diameter (= diameter of the auger),

Z = depth

L = penetration of the pile,

fs(z) = unit side resistance at depth z,

fsa = average unit side resistance over the length L of the pile.

The area of the side of the pile, As, = 1tDL.

 The general equation for toe (tip, base) resistance can be written as

qp = the ultimate unit toe resistance (end bearing)

Ap =the end bearing area of the pile.

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4. PILE CAPACITY FOR AXIAL BEARING LOAD

The Standard Penetration Test, SPT, is still the most commonly used in-situ test.
In addition, SPT is the most common testing methodology adopted in the field to gain
idea about the stratigraphic profile at a site. Due to its simplicity of execution (apart
from the difficulty in repeatability), a field engineer finds the method to be one of the
most amiable and reliable one.

The introduction in the United States in 1902 of driving a 25-mm diameter open-
end pipe into the soil during the wash-boring process marked the beginning of dynamic
testing and sampling of soils. Between the late 1920s and early 1930s, the test
standardized using a 51-mm O.D. split-barrel sampler, driven into the soil with a 63.5-
kg weight having a free fall of 760 mm. The blows required to drive the split-barrel
sampler a distance of 300 mm, after an initial penetration of 150 mm, referred to as the
SPT N-value. This procedure has accepted internationally with only slight
modifications. Record the number of blows for each of the three 150-mm penetrations.
Apart from its main applications in soil characterization, SPT N-value has extensively
used for designing structural foundations and other earth structures, particularly, for the
bearing capacity of piles.

Pile capacity determination by SPT is one of the earliest applications of this test
that includes two main approaches, direct and indirect methods. Direct methods apply
N values with some modification factors. Indirect SPT methods employ a friction angle
and undrained shear strength values estimated from measured data based on different
theories. Amongst the two, the direct methods more accepted amongst the field
engineers for the ease of computations. In the present study, the following common
SPT-based direct methods been employed to predict the pile bearing capacity.

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 Piles can be either driven or cast in place. Pile driving is achieved by impact dynamic
forces from hydraulic and diesel hammers, vibration or jacking. Concrete and steel piles are
most common. Driven piles, which tend to displace a large amount of soil due to the driving
process, called full-displacement piles. Cast-in-place (or bored) piles do not cause any soil
displacement; therefore, they are non-displacement piles.

 Piles may be loaded axially and/or transversely. The limit states necessary to be
considered in the design of piles are the following (EN-1997-1, §7.2. (1) P).
o Bearing resistance failure of the pile foundation,
o Insufficient compression resistance of the pile.
o Uplift or insufficient tensile resistance of the pile.
o Failure in the ground due to transverse loading.
o Structural failure of the pile in compression, tension, bending, buckling.
o Combined failure in the ground, in the pile foundation and in the structure,
o Excessive settlement, heave or lateral movement,
o Loss of overall stability,
o Unacceptable vibrations.
 The pile load capacity on compression considered in the article, in particular the
sufficient compressing resistance case.

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5. PILE CAPACITY FOR AXIAL PULLOUT LOAD

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6. AXIAL PILE PERFORMANCE

Suitable installation of piling is essential to the life of the structure and requires each
pile to be driven to (or near) design penetration, without damage. Offshore pile foundations
are install by driving (generally) or by drilling and grouting.

i. Pile Driving
 Driving is by far the most widespread method used for installing piles
offshore. Piles installed either partly or wholly by driving.
 The feasibility of driving, the choice of hammers and installation
procedures, the outlining of the procedures to follow in case of
difficulty, the checking of stresses in the pile, require that a driveability
study carried out.

ii. Pile Monitoring and Decision during Driving Operations

 During driving operations, especially if problems are anticipated
during installation, it is important to have proper instrumentation on
the site to monitor the installation of a test pile or of the sile sections
liable to cause difficulties. A decision flow chart, which could
effectively use to move to alternative pile installation method as
problem arises.

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