ME 307

CONVECTION, BOILING,
CONDENSATION & MASS TRANSFER
Chapter 7
External Forced Convection
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Geometry: Cylinder

An empirical correlation due to Hilpert that has been modified to account for fluids of various Prandtl numbers,
is widely used for Pr >= 0.7, where the constants C and m are listed in Table 7.2.
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Geometry: Cylinder

Hilpert equation may also be used for flow over

cylinders of noncircular cross section, with the
characteristic length D and the constants obtained
from Table 7.3. All properties are evaluated at the film
temperature.
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Geometry: Cylinder

Other correlations have been suggested for the circular cylinder in cross flow. The correlation due to Zukauskas
is of the form

where all properties are evaluated at T∞, except Prs, which is evaluated at Ts
Values of C and m are listed in Table 7.4. If Pr <=10, n =0.37; if Pr >=10, n=0.36.
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Geometry: Cylinder

Churchill and Bernstein have proposed a single comprehensive equation that covers the entire range of ReD
for which data are available, as well as a wide range of Pr. The equation is recommended for all ReD Pr >=0.2 and
has the form

where all properties are evaluated at the film temperature.

 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Geometry: Sphere
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Geometry: Sphere

All properties except μs are evaluated at T∞, and the result may be applied to mass transfer problems simply by
replacing Nu and Pr with Sh and Sc, respectively.
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Question-1

Engine oil at 80°C flows over a 10-m-long flat plate whose temperature is 30°C with a velocity of 2.5 m/s.
Determine the total drag force and the rate of heat transfer over the entire plate per unit width.

Solution
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Question-2

During a cold winter day, wind at 55 km/h is blowing parallel to a 4-m-high and 10-m-long wall of a house. If the air
outside is at 5°C and the surface temperature of the wall is 12°C, determine the rate of heat loss from that wall
by convection.What would your answer be if the wind velocity was doubled?

Solution
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Question-3

Water at 43.3°C flows over a large plate at a velocity of 30.0 cm/s. The plate is 1.0 m long (in the flow direction),
and its surface is maintained at a uniform temperature of 10°C. Calculate the steady rate of heat transfer per unit
width of the plate.

Solution
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Question-4
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Solution
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Question-5

A long 8-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is 90°C passes through some open area
that is not protected against the winds. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of its length when
the air is at 1 atm pressure and 7°C and the wind is blowing across the pipe at a velocity of 50 km/h.

Solution
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Question-6

A stainless steel ball (ρ = 8055 kg/m3, cp = 480 J/kg.K) of diameter D =15 cm is removed from the oven at a
uniform temperature of 350°C. The ball is then subjected to the flow of air at 1 atm pressure and 30°C with a
velocity of 6 m/s. The surface temperature of the ball eventually drops to 250°C. Determine the average
convection heat transfer coefficient during this cooling process and estimate how long this process has taken.

Solution
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION
 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Self Study
Relevant example problems from reference books (Chapter 7)