MH]ODXKNBDC _X]HKM_ HMZD\XIMBX

KB_XKX]X ZMBHKHKADB E]\]

ADIZ]_ \D@D IMCMUD\

D__KEBIMBX
(KBHKWKH])
_MIM_XM\0 < [MD\0 8

MH]Z?:6?k CMDHM\
_FKZ DBH XMDOFM\
Z\NGM__KNBDC HMWMCNZIMBX

XD_A < DODHMIKO U\KXKBE

Z\MZD\MH L[0
UMBH[ BE] UNMK @K]DB
BN.A/Z0 ;5:;<=-4?-=;57 Z\
NE\DI0 ZK_IZ
 @]BM <:47
ID@N\0 IDX\KV
B ]ILM\
XM_C <:474=4?8:<<8

CMOX]\M\

_]LIHK_\_ KFNDB _H BDXDXMF LKBXK DL<?

Htf ]ICDC\DOFF <:<:
 

Hmocdrdtknb0

K onbgkri tfdt tfm gmmhldoa fds lmmb prnvkhmh ly tfm cmoturmr.

\midra (kg dby)

_kebdturm ( stuhmbt)0 Hdtm0

 KB_XKX]X ZMBHKHKADB E]\] ADIZ]_ \
D@D IMCMUD\, _M\MILDB 

D__KEBIMBX GMMHLDOA GN\I

Bdim0 Umbhy Beu Unmk @kudb Kbhmx Builmr  0 <:474=4?8:<<8

Onhm 0 MH]Z?:6?k Onursm Bdim 0 Cmdhmrsfkp Dbh
Xmdofmr Zrngmssknbdc
Hmvmcnpimbt

Xdsa 04//?/8/= (Okrocm kt)

Cmoturmr  0 Hr Fdsbdf Lkbtk Dlhuccdf
Hdtm _ulikttmh 0 <? ID\OF <:<: Hdtm \momkvmh 0
(gkccmh ly cmoturmr )
_tuhmbt‛s Hmocdrdtknb
K hmocdrm tfdt dcc idtmrkdcs kb tfks dsskebimbt drm iy nwb wnra mxompt wfmrm tfmrm ks ocmdr doabnwcmhemimb

_kebmh  0^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Hdtm 0 <?/:?/<:<:

Dsskebimbt Gmmhldoa Hmtdkcs

Mxdikbmr 
_trmbetfs0 Drmds tn hmvmcnp0

_kebdturm 0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Hdtm 0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Inhmrdtnr (kg rmcmvdbt)

_kebdturm 0^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Hdtm 0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Hmocdrdtknb ly _tuhmbt

K fmrmly hmocdrm tfdt K fdvm ubhmrstnnh dbh doomptmh tfm gmmhldoa ekvmb ly iy cmoturmr/s.

\midras (kg dby)

_tuhmbt‛s _kebdturm 0 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Hdtm 0^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Dodhmiko wrktkbe
  Doonrhkbe tn Xmdofkbe dbh Cmdrbkbe Kbtmrbdtknbdc _urvmy (XDCK_), Nvmr ;:%
ng Idcdyskdb tmdofmrs rmpnrtmh tfdt tfmy spmbt dpprnxkidtmcy 4: hdys mdof ymdr nb prngmssknbdc hmvmcnpimbt

ng smvmb hdys pmr ymdr (Ikbkstry Ng Mhuodtknb, <:4?). Xfmsm gkbhkbes hminbstrdtmh
tfdt Idcdyskdb tmdofmrs wmrm strnbecy oniikttmh tn smcg-kiprnvmimbt. Kb rmedrhs tn

tfks, Idcdyskdb tmdofmrs ubhmrsonrmh tfmkr nbenkbe prngmssknbdc hmvmcnpimbt.

Ikbkstry Ng Mhuodtknb Idcdyskd (<:4?) dssmrtmh tfdt fkef-pmrgnrikbe tmdofmrs odb

kiprnvm stuhmbt dofkmvmimbt ly up tn =: pmrombtkcm pnkbts nvmr d tfrmm-ymdr pmrknh,

rmcdtkvm tn cnw-pmrgnrikbe tmdofmrs wfkof ks d rmsmdrof onbhuotmh kb tfm stdtm ng 

Xmbbmssmm, ]_D kb tfm ikh-4;;:s. Grni tfks, Ikbkstry ng Mhuodtknb fds

ormdtmh d prngmssknbdc pcdb hmvmcnpimbt gnr Idcdyskdb tmdofmrs wfkof

prnvkhms d onbtkbukbe prngmssknbdc hmvmcnpimbt (OZH) inhmc gnr

tmdofmrs.

 Doonrhkbe tn Lrktksf Onubokc Idcdyskd (b.h.), onbtkbukbe

prngmssknbdc hmvmcnpimbt (OZH) ks d fnckstko dpprndof tn tmdofmr

hmvmcnpimbt onvmrkbe d gucc rdbem ng cmdrbkbe nppnrtubktkms gnr tmdofmrs

dbh tmdofmr mhuodtnrs tfdt kbocuhms dbh

enms gdr lmynbh gnridc tmdofmr trdkbkbe onursms.  Kt fmcps tmdofmrs dbh
tmdofmr mhuodtnrs tn khmbtkgy cmdrbkbe nppnrtubktkms tfdt drm dpprnprkdtm tn
hkggmrmbt stdems ng 

tfmkr prngmssknbdc hmvmcnpimbt. Xfmrm drm tfrmm stdbhdrhs wfkof drm lmkbe

mxdikbmh kb OZH inhmc wfkof drm grni tfm dspmot ng

prngmssknbdcksi vdcums, onbtmbt abnwcmhem dbh pmhdenekodc sakccs

(Ikbkstry Ng Mhuodtknb, <:47). Kb ntfmrs wnrhs, OZH inhmc prnvkhms

eukhmckbms gnr tfm tmdofmrs dbh tmdofmr mhuodtnrs nb fnw tn mbrkof tfmkr

onbtmbt abnwcmhem, pmhdenekodc sakccs dbh prngmssknbdcksi vdcums.

Xmdofmrs wfn drm prngkokmbt kb tfmsm tfrmm hnidkbs ng stdbhdrhs drm dlcm tn

pcdy tfm rncm ds prdotktknbmr, eukhm, imbtnr, dembt ng ofdbem, strdtmeko dbh

fnckstko tfkbamr kb mhuodtknb gkmch.

Ly kipcmimbtkbe OZH inhmc kb tmdofkbe odrmmr, kt wkcc dsskst tfm

tmdofmrs tn ammp dlrmdst ng ofdbems kb tfmkr nwb onubtrkms dbh kb ntfmr pdrts

ng tfm wnrch .

 Dedkb, kt wnuch mbdlcm tfmi tn fdvm db dwdrmbmss ng tfm ourrkoucd dbh

kbstruotknbdc inhms. Uktf tfm up-tn-hdtm abnwcmhem, kt odb lukch up tfm

onipmtmboy ng tfm tmdofmrs ds tfm inhmc mqukps tfm tmdofmrs wktf iuctk-
hkimbsknbdc dpprndofms kb tmdofkbe wfkof sukts tfm pmrsnbdc bmmhs ng

tfm stuhmbts. Lmskhms, wktf tfks OZH inhmc, tmdofmrs drm dlcm tn sfdrm tfmkr

tmdofkbe mxpmrkmboms wktf tfmkr onccmdeums. Kt dcsn dkis tn mbonurdem tfm

tmdofmrs tn pdrtkokpdtm kb tfm OZH prnerdiims wfkof onbstktutm ng vdrknus

smcg-hmvmcnpimbt trdkbkbe onursms.

 Ly dppcykbe OZH inhmc, K fdvm prmpdrmh d pmrsnbdc dbh odrmmr hmvmcnpimbt
pcdb sn ds tn lm d prngmssknbdc tmdofmr ldsmh nb 7 cmvmcs ng tmdofmr hmvmcnpimbt wfkof ks grni bnvkom c

d) Bnvkom cmvmc (Zmrkbeadt Zmriucddb)

 Dt tfks stdem, ds d bnvkom tmdofmr, tfmrm drm iyrkdh ng prnlcmis dbh ofdccmbems tfdt wkcc lm mbonubtmrmh kb
oucturm inrm mdskcy.

l) Dspkrmh cmvmc (Zmrkbeadt lmrdspkrdsk )

 Dt tfks stdem, tfm tmdofmr sfnuch onbtkbum tn mbfdbom tfmkr

prngmssknbdcksi ly gnstmrkbe tfmkr sakccs kb hmskebkbe pcmtfnrd ng tmdofkbe

strdtmekms tfdt sukts tfmkr stuhmbts‛ bmmhs dbh kbtmrmsts. Gnr kbstdbom, K tfkba K

wnuch lm tfm tmdofmr kb ofdrem ng Fkefc

efcy Kiim
iimrskvm Zrnerdiim
iim

(FKZ) wktf tfm ntfmr Mbecksf tmdofmr wfkof dkis tn ormdtm d cdbeudem-rkof

mbvkrnbimbt kb sofnncs tn suppnrt stuhmbts‛ cmdrbkbe ng tfm Mbecksf

cdbeudem. Ly envmrbkbe FKZ prnerdiim, Mbecksf tmdofmrs odb sfdrm

tfmkr abnwcmhem dbh mxpmrtksm kb fmcpkbe sofnncs tn ormdtm d gub dbh bnb-

tfrmdtmbkbe mbvkrnbimbt gnr d inrm mggmotkvm dbh mggkokmbt doquksktknb ng

Mbecksf (Bur Dqkhdf,

<:4;). Inrmnvmr, K wnuch dcsn hn db dotknb rmsmdrof nb kssums ng tmdofkbe

Mbecksf sn ds tn hmvmcnp iy prngmssknbdcksi. Kt ks sdkh sn ds dotknb

rmsmdrof odb prnvkhm tmdofmrs wktf bmw abnwcmhem dbh ubhmrstdbhkbe dlnut

fnw tn kiprnvm mhuodtknbdc prdotkoms nr rmsncvm skebkgkodbt prnlcmis kb

ocdssrnnis dbh sofnncs (Ermenry, <:4?).

o) Onipmtmbt Cmvmc (Zmrkbeadt anipmtmb)

 Dt tfks stdem, tn gurtfmr mbrkof iy prngmssknbdcksi, K wnuch tdam pdrt kb tfm

tmdofmr imbtnrkbe prnerdiim kb tfm sofnnc. Ds db dbdcney, K wnuch tdam

pdrt kb Xmdofkbe Mbecksf Cdbeudem dbh Cktmrdoy prnerdiim (XMCC)

kb wfkof mxpmrkmbomh bdtkvm

Mbecksf cdbeudem tmdofmrs drm lrnueft nvmr tn imbtnr tfm Idcdyskdb

tmdofmrs. Ly kbvncvkbe kb tfks prnerdiim, K wkcc fdvm tfm nppnrtubkty tn

mbedem kb Xmdofmr Zrngmssknbdc Hmvmcnpimbt wnrasfnps (XZHs), strdtmey

smssknbs, M_C cmssnbs dbh immtkbes wfkof odb fmcp im wktf tfm

kipcmimbtdtknb ng tfm bmw Mbecksf syccdlus. Gurtfmrinrm, K wnuch dcsn

pdrtkokpdtm kb Zrngmssknbdc Cmdrbkbe Oniiubkty (ZCO) kb wfkof kt ks d

onccdlnrdtkvm kbktkdtkvm dinbe tmdofmrs kb d sofnnc tn mbfdbom tmdofkbe dbh

cmdrbkbe qudckty tfrnuef abnwcmhem dbh mxpmrkmbom sfdrkbe tn

mbsurm dcc stuhmbts wnuch emt tfmkr rkeft tn fdvm gub dbh mggmotkvm

tmdofkbe dbh cmdrbkbe mxpmrkmboms (\nsmckzdi, @dikcdf & [usng, <:46). Ly

pdrtkokpdtkbe kb ZCO, K wnuch lm dlcm tn orktkodccy kbvmstkedtm dbh mvdcudtm tfm

tmdofkbe prdotkoms ly hnkbe rmgcmotknb dbh onccdlnrdtknb dinbe tmdofmrs,

stuhmbts, sofnnc dhikbkstrdtnrs dbh cnodc oniiubkty.

h) Zrngkokmbt Cmvmc (Zmrkbeadt Zrngkskmb)

 Dt tfks stdem, tfm id`nr rncm ng tmdofmr ks tn lm dembt ng ofdbem. Lmkbe db

dembt ng ofdbem, nbm fds tn lm ormdtkvm dbh kbbnvdtkvm hurkbe tmdofkbe dbh

cmdrbkbe sn ds tn onpm wktf tfm mhuodtknb rmgnri grni tkim tn tkim. Xfus, kb

nrhmr tn lm dlcm tn lm db dembt ng ofdbem, K wnuch onbstdbtcy mqukp iysmcg

wktf bmw abnwcmhem dbh sakccs rmcdtmh tn ourrkoucui ofdbem, dssmssimbt,

kbtmerdtknb ng tmofbncnekms dbh rmsnuroms tn immt tfm mhuodtknbdc bmmhs ng

tfm <4st ombtury. Kb nrhmr tn lm onbstdbtcy

mqukppmh wktf tfm bmw tmdofkbe kbktkdtkvms, K wnuch pdrtkokpdtm kb

Zrngmssknbdc

]psakcckbe ng Mbecksf Cdbeudem Xmdofmrs (Zrn-MCX) wfkof mxpnsms tfm

Mbecksf tmdofmrs tn bmw imtfnhs grni Lrktdkb dbh ntfmr onubtrkms ds wmcc
stdbhdrhs ng Mbecksf prngkokmboy cmvmc ng tmdofmrs (\mlmood, <:4=).
ds upckgt tfm

m) _trdtmeko Xfkbakbe Cmvmc (Zmrkbeadt _trdtmeks)

 D tmdofmr wktf strdtmeko tfkbakbe ks sdkh tn fdvm tfm odpdokty tn prmpdrm strdtmekms
dbh onb`urm khmds tfdt wkcc lntf onpm wktf ofdbekbe mbvkrnbimbts dbh onbskhmr tfm

vdrknus ofdccmbems tfdt ckm dfmdh (_trdtmeko Xfkbakbe,  b.h.). Dt tfks cmvmc, d tmdofmr 
bmmhs tn hminbstrdtm tfm strdtmeko tfkbakbe sakccs kb hmdckbe wktf mhuodtknb pnckoy

kssums. Xfus, ds d strdtmeko tfkbakbe tmdofmr, K wnuch hmvksm d strdtmeko pcdb kb wfkof
mvmry ocdssrnni kb tfm sofnnc wnuch lm mqukppmh wktf tfm KOX tmofbncney hmvkoms kb
nrhmr tn prnintm d <4st ombtury cmdrbkbe mbvkrnbimbt kb tfm ocdssrnni.

g) Fnckstko Xfkbakbe Cmvmc (Zmrkbeadt lmrwdwdsdb)

 Db mhuodtnr wktf fnckstko tfkbakbe ks sdkh tn rmonebkzm dbh ubhmrstdbh fnw

dcc tfm tmdofmrs, stuhmbts, pdrmbts dbh stdamfnchmrs ng tfm sofnncs wnra tnemtfmr

tn dofkmvm sfdrmh endcs dbh vksknb ng tfm sofnnc. Xn lm d fnckstko mhuodtnr, K

tfkba K wnuch kbvmstkedtm tfm sofnnc kssums mspmokdccy grni tfm dspmot ng

tmdofkbe dbh cmdrbkbe grni tfm rnnt snurom sn ds tn mrdhkodtm tfm prnlcmis.

Dpdrt grni tfdt, K wnuch hmvksm d inhmc ng tmdofkbe wfkof ks rmcdtmh wktf tfm

tmdofkbe dbh cmdrbkbe strdtmekms tfdt ks vkdlcm dbh dppckodlcm gnr tfm stuhmbts.

Xn onbocuhm, skbom mhuodtknb fds dcwdys lmmb tfm fkefmst prknrkty kb

Idcdyskd tn dofkmvm tfm stdtus ng hmvmcnpmh bdtknb, kt ks tfmrmgnrm pkvntdc gnr

tfm tmdofmrs tn rdksm tfm odpdokty ng tfmkr abnwcmhem dbh burturm tfm ‖gkrst

ocdss imbtdckty‛ dinbe tfmkr stuhmbts sn ds tn lm kb pdr wktf tfm kbtmrbdtknbdc

lmst tmdofkbe prdotkoms (). Uktf tfdt, tmdofmrs dbh tmdofmrs mhuodtnrs sfnuch

ubhmren onbtkbukbe prngmssknbdc hmvmcnpimbt wfkof odb mipnwmr tfm

tmdofmrs dbh sfdpm d pnsktkvm dttktuhm tnwdrhs tmdofkbe dbh cmdrbkbe. Kb

rmedrhs tn tfks, kt odb kipckoktcy fmcp tn dofkmvm tfm sofnnc onbtkbudc

kiprnvmimbt endc. Fmbom, kb nrhmr tn fmcp tfm tmdofmrs tn ammp kb trdoa

wktf tfm ofdbekbe trmbhs kb mhuodtknb, tmdofmrs iust pdrtkokpdtm kb

prngmssknbdc hmvmcnpimbt dotkvktkms wfkof odb immt tfm bmmhs ng tfm
kbhkvkhudcs dbh sn ds tn

rmdckzm tfm dspkrdtknb ng Bdtknbdc Zfkcnsnpfy Ng Mhuodtknb.

 \mgmrmboms

Lrktksf Onubokc Idcdyskd. (b.h.). OZH Grdimwnras. \mtrkmvmh Idrof ?, <:<:,

grni fttps0//www.lrktksfonubokc.iy/tmdofkbembecksf-dskd/wfdt-wm-hn/oph-

grdimwnras

Hkdbbm IoAkbcmy. (<:45). Xfm Kipnrtdbom ng Imbtnrkbe Bmw Xmdofmrs. \

mtrkmvmh Idrof ?, <:<:, grni

fttp0//kbonipdsskbemh.oni/<:45/:5/48/tfm-kipnrtdbom-

ng-imbtnrkbe-bmw-tmdofmrs/

Ermenry, _. O. F. (<:4?). Xfm Kipnrtdbom Ng Dotknb \msmdrof Kb Xmdofmr

Mhuodtknb Zrnerdis. Kssums kb Mhuodtknbdc \msmdrof, <?(<), 4=4-47?. \

mtrkmvmh Idrof 8, <:<:, grni fttp0//www.kkmr.nre.du/kkmr<?/fkbm.phg 

@dsimmt Adur ]tuilmr _kbef & Dkbnb Nidr. (<:46). D _tuhy Nb

Imbtnrkbe Zrdotkoms Gnr Bnvkom Xmsc Xmdofmrs0 D Idcdyskdb

Zmrspmotkvm. Kbtmrbdtknbdc @nurbdc ng Mhuodtknb, Zsyofncney dbh Onubsmckbe,

?(<4), 64-;?. \mtrkmvmh

Idrof ?, <:<:, grni fttp0//www.k`mpo.oni/ZHG/K@MZO-<:46-<4-

4<-:5.phg 

Ikofdmc, @. F. C. (<:4?). Mggmot ng Xmdofmr Imbtnrkbe Zrnerdiim kb

Idcdyskd nb Kiprnvkbe Xmdofmrs' _mcg-Mggkodoy. Idcdyskdb @nurbdc ng

MCX \msmdrof, ;(4), 4-46. \mtrkmvmh Idrof =, <:<:,

grni

fttps0//phgs.smidbtkosofncdr.nre/5m=h/7848h78dmdg=6=ll;7hm4o7h5<g<g:od?

g4;.phg 

Ikbkstry Ng Mhuodtknb Idcdyskd. (<:4?). Idcdyskd Mhuodtknb Lcumprkbt <:4?-

<:<= .

Zutrd`dyd0 Zusdt Zmbtdhlkrdb Amrd`ddb Zmrsmautudb.

Ikbkstry Ng Mhuodtknb. (<:47). Hnauimb Dwdc Zmcdb Kbhua

Zmildbeubdb Zrngmsknbdcksim Ameurudb. Zutrd`dyd0 Zusdt

Zmbtdhlkrdb Amrd`ddb Zmrsmautudb. \mtrkmvmh Idrof

?, <:<:, grni

fttp0//
ncc.inm.mhu.iy/
kpeari/pcuekbgkcm.pfp/;748/inh^rmsnurom/onbtmbt/4/ZMC
  DB%<:ZMILDBE]BDB%<:LM\D_D_ADB%<:ZM\
X]IL]FDB%<:OZH

%<:E]\].phg

Bur Dqkhdf Dzkzk. (Hmomilmr 8, <:4;). _fdpkbe Mbecksf Cdbeudem

Mhuodtknb Kb Idcdyskd. Bmw _trdkts Xkims. \

mtrkmvmh Idrof ?, <:<:, grni

fttps0//www.bst.oni.iy/bmws/bdtknb/<:4;/4</=887=?/sfdpkbe-

mbecksf- cdbeudem-mhuodtknb-idcdyskd

\mlmood \d`dmbhrdi. (Gmlrudry 46, <:4=). Um‛rm Cmdrbkbe Bmw Imtfnhs

Uktf D Ennh Zrnerdiim. Xfm _tdr.  \mtrkmvmh Idrof =,

<:<:, grni

fttps0//www.tfmstdr.oni.iy/bmws/bdtknb/<:4=/:</46/prnmct-tmdofmrs-hnbt-

odcc-us-wmda-wmrm-cmdrbkbe-bmw-imtfnhs-wktf-d-ennh-prnerdiim

\nsckzdi Fdssdb, @dikcdf Dfidh & [usng Lnnb. (<:46). Zrngmssknbdc

Cmdrbkbe Oniiubkty Kb Idcdyskd. Kbtmrbdtknbdc @nurbdc ng Mbekbmmrkbe &

Xmofbncney, 5( ?), 8??-88?. \mtrkmvmh Idrof 8,

<:<:, grni fttps0//www.rmsmdrofedtm.bmt/pulckodtknb/?

<;==77?7^Zrngmssknbdc^Cmdrbkbe^ 

Oniiubkty^kb^Idcdyskd/ckba/=o:g=m?8<;;lg4?;o58go=8g/hnwbcndh

_trdtmeko Xfkbakbe _akccs. (b.h.). \mtrkmvmh Idrof 7, <:<:,

grni fttps0//www.rnlmrtfdcg.on.bz/odrmmr-dhvkom/odrmmr-

hmvmcnpimbt/strdtmeko- tfkbakbe-sakccs