Tiltle

Swadhin Kumar Hota 1, Chandrasekhar N. Bhende 2*

1
School of Electrical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Pin-752050, India
2
School of Electrical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Pin-752050, India
*
cnb@iitbbs.ac.in

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1. Introduction network. PV inverters can act as smart device and

absorb the reactive power and this way voltage rise
The high penetration of Photovoltaic (PV) to
phenomena can be mitigated [7-8]. Hence, by
the grid, transforms the passive distribution network
absorbing/supplying reactive power by the inverters
into an active network. In an active distribution
of PV, the voltage regulation can be maintained to
network, the power flow occurs from load as well as
certain extent. As many PV systems are connected to
source side (i.e., Bidirectional power flow). All the
the particular distribution network, the reactive
PV-generators are controlled to operate at maximum
power sharing among various PV systems is
power point. Due to the photosensitivity of the PV
important. Reactive power sharing for particular PV
generators, the output power of the PV fluctuates
system is based on its maximum capacity, current
with the change in solar insolation and ambient
active power and maximum kVA rating of PV
temperature. Due to the uncertainty of PV power and
inverter.
bidirectional power flow, voltage regulation and
In practical scenario, micro grid contains
overloading of distribution line arise in the
large number of systems connected in parallel and in
distribution network.
this systems power (real and reactive power) sharing
In distribution system some critical bus
are two vital challenges for mitigation of voltage
should be restored as soon as possible for reliable
regulation problem [9]. In [10], authors proposed
and continuous operation of sensitive loads. In [1],
parallel operation of power conditioning module for
authors discussed control strategies for restoration of
voltage support. In [11],authors discussed about a
critical bus voltage and reactive power sharing in
new control scheme for power management in
islanded micro grid. To provide voltage support
parallel connected system.
during peak load condition, adaptive droop control
In PV connected distribution network,
and cost based droop control are incorporated in the
cooperative control strategy is used not only to
distributed generators (DGs) [2-3].
control active and reactive power output of each
Proper coordination of DGs and Energy
DGs, but also to make the DGs to operate at the
storing systems (ESSs) are necessary to mitigate
same ratio of available PV power in such a way that
voltage rise and voltage drop in low voltage
current in any particular line and voltage profile of
distribution network (LVDN). During peak PV
any critical bus are to be kept at reference value [12].
generation, the voltage rise may be avoided by
In [13], authors proposed cooperative control based
storing surplus energy in battery and stored energy is
on multi agent based framework to address energy
used
imbalance problem. In [14], authors have discussed
for voltage support during the peak load period [4-6].
about cooperative control using Adaptive neuro-
When PV penetration is more in the system, the
fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for voltage
rating of ESSs will increase, which leads to increase
regulation problem and proposed a supervisory
in cost of the system.
energy management system (EMS) for controlling
In grid-connected PV system, when PV
the voltage at critical bus in any non-linear and
power is more and load is less, then surplus PV
fluctuating operating condition. Decentralized
power goes to the grid. Under such situation, the
controls are used to mitigate the voltage regulation
voltage rise phenomenon occur in the distribution

1
problem in cooperative control system. Less 2. Structure of the Test System
communication requirement is the major advantage
Fig.1 shows, single line diagram of 9-bus test
of using decentralized control in micro-grid. In [15,
micro grid including local loads. Each PV units are
16], authors have investigated a decentralized control
connected to a load bus through coupling inductor
of active and reactive power of each DGs for voltage
(LC=0.185mH). Then all the load buses are
and frequency regulation in micro-grid.
connected to another load bus which is nothing but
When system has limited ESSs i.e., when
point of common coupling (PCC). Then PCC is
there is not sufficient storage capacity then active
connected to a weak grid through a (Y g-Δ)
power curtailment is performed to mitigate over
transformer (500 kVA).
voltage and thermal stressing (over loading in
conductors) on the system [5,17,18,19]. In this paper, Table.1 Impedance of the line
de-loaded power of each unit is calculated from
algorithm used for cooperative control and modified Impedance (Ω) Length(km)
Perturb and observe (P & O) algorithm is used to
perform the Z L1 0.1 +j0.31 5
de-loading operation of the PV units.
Traditionally, the reactive power sharing Z L2 0.14+j0.434 7
among various PV inverters can be achieved using Z L3 0.13+j0.403 6.5
droop characteristics [2, 19, 20, 21]. Traditional
droop-controlled systems assume that the generators ZL 4 0.15+j0.46 7.5
are able to provide sufficient power as required. This
is however not always true, especially in renewable
Table.2 Load at different buses
systems, where the energy sources (e.g., photovoltaic
source) may not be able to provide enough power Load Real power Reactive power
due to the intermittency. Moreover, the kVA rating (kW) (kVAR)
of PV inverters are different from each other. Under Load1 15 5
such situations, conventional droop method may not
provide proper sharing among inverters. Hence, in Load2 20 10
this paper, instead of droop method, direct fuzzy- Load3 10 5
control based strategy is proposed so that power Load4 12 7.5
sharing varies dynamically with the Load5 Not fixed Not fixed
operating conditions.
Looking at the above mentioned requirements
and challenges, the objective of the papers are : Line impedance and loads at different buses are
given in Table.1 and Table.2 respectively. The
I. To maintain the voltage of the point of specifications of transformer and grid are given in
common coupling (PCC) at a nominal value Fig.1.
by injecting reactive power into the PCC
bus from PV inverters.
II. Cooperative sharing of reactive power
among the PV inverters in such a way that,
the utilization factor of each inverters
should be same.
III. Active power curtailment (APC) during
heavy power penetration into the grid and
cooperative sharing of curtailed power
among the PV units.
.

2
 PV generator can supply real power only
when solar insolation is available but it can be
used for voltage support even in the night time. In
this paper, reactive power of the PV inverter is
controlled to maintain the PCC voltage (VPCC) at
it’s nominal value. Here, PV-inverter is controlled
to supply or absorb the reactive power, so that PV
inverter is operated as the source of variable
reactive power.

3.1 Real and Reactive power controller

for PV-inverter

The controller for real and reactive power is

shown in Fig.2, where all the three phase ac
voltage and current of PCC are transformed into
dq-frame. Hence, the proportional plus integral
(PI) controller processes dc quantity instead of
sinusoidal varying signal. Real power injected by
the PV inverter is controlled by d- axis reference
current (Id-ref) and reactive power is controlled by
q- axis reference current (Iq-ref) . Id-ref is
compared with d- axis actual current (Id) to
generate ud then d-axis modulation signal (md) can
be generated using equation (1). In the same way
q- axis modulation signal (mq) can be calculated
using equation (2).
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of studied micro-
grid 2
md =
V DC
( U d +V d −ωL I q ) (1)

3. Voltage controller for PCC 2

m q= ( U +V q+ ωL I d ) (2)
V DC q

3
Fig.2. Current controller of inverter for real and reactive power control

4
Then md and mq are transformed into abc frame to get 3
ma , mb and mc then subsequently pulses are generated Q= (V q I d−V d I q )
2
for inverter using PWM technique.
−3
3.1.1 Controller to Estimate Id-ref : Q= (V d I q )
2
To regulate the real power from the PV- inverter, Then, Iq-ref can be written as

Id-ref should be generated accurately. Fig.3 shows the
controller to generate Id-ref. DC-link reference voltage
(Vdc-ref) and actual DC-link voltage (Vdc) are
compared and the error is processed through PI-
controller and power limiter (limits the power with in
the rating of PV unit) to generate reference real
power (Pref), subsequently Id-ref is generated by using
equation (3).
Real power in dq-frame is given by:
3 3.2 Cooperative Controller for Zero
P= (V d I d +V q I q )
2
If PLL (phase looked loop) in steady state then Vq=0
3 depending upon direction and amount of power flow
P= (V d I d )
2 leads to non-zero voltage regulation. It is considered
Then, Id-ref can be written as
I d−ref =
( )
2 Pref
3 Vd
(3)
( )
−2 Qref
I q−ref = (4)
3 Vd
So to generate Iq-ref , it is necessary to find
reference reactive power Qref. To maintain the PCC
voltage (VPCC) at it’s nominal value, all the inverter
connected to PCC must provide reactive power in
cooperative manner to avoid overloading on any
inverter.
Voltage Regulation mode of Operation
There is some droop or rise in PCC voltage
(either real power or reactive power or both), which
that, when there is no power flow, the VPCC =400V.
Controller for generation of Qref is given in Fig.4,
where the difference between reference PCC voltage
(VPCC-ref) and VPCC is passed through PI-controller to
get total reference reactive power (Qref-T). After
getting Qref-T, it is shared among the inverters
connected with the PCC to estimate the reference
reactive power (Qref-i) for each inverter.

Fig.3. Controller for Id-ref generation

3.1.1 Controller to Estimate Iq-ref : Fig.4. Controller for zero voltage regulation

By controlling the value of Iq-ref , reactive power Algorithm-1

injected by the inverter to PCC can be controlled.
Hence, voltage at any bus can be regulated by I. Input the value ofQ ref −T .
controlling the Iq-ref at each inverter.
Reactive power in dq-frame is given by: II. Calculate the reserve capacity for each inverter.
Qres−i=√ S i −Pi where, i= 1,2,3,..,n
2 2

Qres−i Reserve reactive power capacity of ith

inverter.
Si  KVA rating of ith inverter.
Pi Real power supplied by ith inverter.
III. Calculate the Q ref −i ∀ i=1,2,3…n. using
equations given in step-4.
IV. Q ref −T =Q ref −1+ Q ref −2+ …+Q ref −n

Qref −1 Q ref −2 Qref −n

= =…= =¿
Qres−1 Q res−2 Qres−n
V. By using step-4, Q res−i ∀ i=1,2,3…n. have
been calculated.

5
 By using Algorithm-1 Qref-T is shared among all
the inverter in such a way that utilization factor ( ) of
all the inverter are same and subsequently Iq-ref for
each inverter can be calculated using equation (4).

3.3 Fuzzy based reactive power

controller for zero voltage regulation
Fuzzy logic can be considered as a tool to
imitate human mental capabilities, because of it’s
ability to make complex decisions in an environment
of imperfection, non-linearity and uncertainties [22].
In LVDN networks, voltage regulation problem can (b)
be considered as an environment of uncertainties.
The controller in Section 3.2 has some disadvantages
given below.
I. The controller basically is a centralized
controller which requires the
communication network for transmitting the
information of each PV-units.
II. Communication and complex calculation
adds some delay in the control process.
To overcome the limitations of the above (c)
controller, fuzzy based controller is proposed in this
Fig.6. (a) Input Membership functions for change in
paper. The proposed fuzzy controller utilizes only,
PCC voltage (b) Input Membership functions for
change in PCC voltage (VPCC) and reserve reactive reserve reactive power of ith inverter (c) Output
power capacity of ith inverter (Qres-i) to determine Qref-i membership functions for reference reactive power
which is nothing but the reference reactive power for of ith inverter
ith inverter. Qres-i can be calculated by using equation
(5), where Si is the rating of ith inverter and Pi is the Table.3. Rule Base of the Proposed Fuzzy Controller
real power output of ith inverter. Block diagram for
fuzzy controller is given Fig.5. VPCC
Qres-i NH NL Z PL PH
Q res−i=√ S 2i −P2i (5) Least NLR NLR ZR ZR ZR
Less NLR NLR ZR PLR PLR
Medium NHR NLR ZR PLR PHR
High NHR NHR PLR PHR PHR
Very High NHR NHR PLR PHR PHR

Fig.5. Block diagram of Fuzzy controller. Each input is assigned 5 membership functions
(MFs), namely, “Least”, “Less”, “Medium”, “High”
The membership functions and their and “Very High” for Qres-i; and “NH”, “NL”, “Z”,
corresponding ranges for input and output variables “PL”, “PH” for VPCC, where “N”, “P”, “Z” , “H”
are shown in Fig.6 (a-c). The fuzzy set rules are and “L” stand for negative, positive, zero, high and
given in Table.3. low respectively. The output, Qref-i is assigned five
MFs, namely NHR, NLR, ZR, PLR and PHR, where
“N”, “P”, “Z” , “H” , “L” and “R” stand for negative,
positive, zero, high, low and reactive power
respectively. The rule base is illustrated in Table.3,
in which final crisp output of the controller is derived
by defuzzification using centroid method.
4. Active Power Curtailment PV units
When available PV power is much more than
load demand, then large amount of PV power
(a) penetrates to the grid. This affects adversely on the
distribution lines, transformers and grid as they are
generally weak in rural areas [23-24]. Therefore,

6
under this situation, PV power needs to be reduced Pde Pde Pd e
through de-loading operation. This can be achieved
PV 1
= PV 1
=…= PVn
=(10)
by shifting the operating point of PV from maximum P mpp PV 1
P mpp PV 1
P mp p PVn

power point (MPP) to a reduced power output. The

MPP and reduced power operating point (B) are
Pde  De-loaded power shared by nth PV unit
PVn

shown in P-V curve in Fig.7 [24].
For the same power, there is two operating point
namely, “A” and “B”, which are shown in Fig.7.
Operating point “A” is in the left side of MPP (i.e.,
dP/dV >0) and B is on the right side of MPP (i.e.,
dP/dV >0). PV should operate at point B, as it is a
stable operating point [21]. The stability of the
operating point could be explained as: If dc-link
voltage (Vdc) is below the MPP voltage, any positive
load step will lead to drop in Vdc due to discharging
of stored energy from capacitor. Due to the drop in
Vdc, the output power from PV panel decreases,
which further decreases the Vdc, so dc-link finally
collapse.
Pmpp  Maximum power shared by nth PV unit
PVn
The above mentioned objective is fulfilled by
modifying the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm
mentioned in Fig.8. From the algorithm, the unique
de-loaded voltage (Vde) is calculated so that Eq.(9)
and Eq.(10) are satisfied and this Vde becomes the
reference dc-link voltage (Vdc_ref) for the controller
given in Fig.3 to generate d-axis reference current
(Id-ref ).

Fig.7. PV curve under different operating condition

The total de-loaded power (Pde_T) is calculated by

subtracting the fraction of grid power (xPg) from
maximum PV-power (Pmpp_T), as given in Eq.(6).
Pmpp_T and “x” can be calculated using equation.(7)
and (8).
Pde =Pmpp −x P g (6)
T T

Pmpp =Pmpp + P mpp +…+ Pmp p (7)

T PV 1 PV 2 PVn

I lim ¿
x=I g − (8)¿
Ig
Fig.8. Modified P&O algorithm for de-loading
I gActual grid current operation
I lim ¿¿ Maximum permissible grid current References
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