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 1. FORCE
1. Moment of force = Force × Perpendicular

distance of force.

SI unit = Newton × metre ( Nm )

CGS unit = dyne × cm

Important conversion :

1 Nm = 10⁵ dyne × 10² cm

= 10⁷ dyne cm

2. Moment of Couple = Either force ×

perpendicular distance between the two forces.

3. Principle of moments = Sum of anticlockwise

moments = Sum of clockwise moments.

 CENTER OF GRAVITY

1. Rod = Mid point of Rod.

2. Circular Disc = Geometric centre.

3. Solid or hollow = Geometric center of sphere.

sphere.

4. Solid or Hollow = Mid point of Axis of Cylinder.

Cylinder

5. Solid cone = At a height h/4 from the base, on

its axis.

6. Hollow Cone = At a height h/3 from the base.

7. Circular ring = Centre of Ring.

8. Triangular Lamina = The point of intersection of

medians.

9. Parallelogram or rectangular lamina or square or

rhombus = The point of intersection of diagonals.

NOTE : In Uniform circular motion speed

remains constant and direction changes at
each point.
 2. WORK, ENERGY AND
POWER
1. Work = Force × displacement

W = F × S it is a scalar quantity.

W for an inclination = F × S costhita

SI unit = Joule i.e. Newton × metre

CGS unit = Erg i.e. dyne × cm.

Important conversion :

⁵ dyne × 10² cm
1 joule = 10

= 10⁷ dyne cm = 10⁷ erg

SPECIAL CASES :

1. If the displacement is in direction with the force

then work done is positive.

2. If the displacement is normal to the direction

of force then work done is zero.

3. If displacement is in direction opposite to the

force then work done is negative.

 POWER

Power = Work / Time .

It is a scalar quantity.

For a constant force with change in displacement

Power = Force × average speed.

P = F × v.

SI unit = Watt = Joule/second.

CGS unit = erg/s

Bigger units of Power :

1. Kilowatt (kw) = 10³W

2. Megawatt (MW) = 10 ⁶W
3. Gigawatt ( GW ) = 10⁹ W

Smaller units =

milliwatt = 10^-3 W , microwatt = 10^-6 W.

Horse Power : 1 HP = 746W = 0.746 kW.

 ENERGY

The energy of a body is its capacity to do work.

SI unit = Joule

CGS unit = erg

Bigger units of Energy :

1. Watt hour ( Wh) = 3600 J = 3.6 kJ

2. Kilowatt hour (kwh) = 3.6 × 10 ⁶ J = 3.6 MJ

3. Calorie : 1 calorie = 4.18 J

4. Electron volt ( eV ) = 1 eV = 1.6 × 10^-19 J.

Force due to gravity = mg

at a certain height = mgh

Gravitational potential energy U = mgh

Kinetic energy = 1/2 mass × (velocity) ²

²
= 1/2 mv
 WORK ENERGY THEOREM

Let u = initial velocity

v = final velocity.

W = 1/2 mv ² - 1/2 mu².

Thus work done on a body is equal to increase in

Kinetic energy.

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Motion Height K.E P.E Total E

h 0 mgh mgh
Downward
1/2 h 1/2 mgh 1/2 mgh mgh
motion.
0 mgh 0 mgh

0 mgh 0 mgh
Upward
1/2 h 1/2 mgh 1/2 mgh mgh
motion.
h 0 mgh mgh

Refer the textbook for the diagram of the above table.

 3. MACHINES
1. Mechanical advantage ( M.A. ) = Load ( L ) ÷

Effort (E)

2. Velocity Ratio = Velocity of Effort ÷

Velocity of load
IC

V.R. = dE / dL.
SE

3. Work input = work done by effort.

IM

4. Work output = work done on load.

PN

5. Efficiency = work output/ work input

OT

For an ideal machine

ES

output energy = input energy.

Relation between above formulas :

M.A. = V.R. × Efficiency .

All the above formulas are unit less.

 PULLEY

SINGLE FIXED PULLEY

M.A. = 1

V.R. = 1

Efficiency = 1 or 100%
IC

SINGLE MOVABLE PULLEY

SE
IM

M.A. = 2

V.R. = 2
PN

Efficiency = 1 or 100%
OT

FOR COMBINATION OF PULLEYS

ES

M.A. = 2^n

V.R. = 2^n

Efficiency = 1 or 100%.
 BLOCK AND TACKLE
SYSTEM

1. Effort required to balance the load

E = L/n , n = number of pulleys, L = load.

In this system the effort gets multiplied n times

IC

therefore it acts as a force multiplier.

SE

Work done by effort = effort × distance moved

IM

= E × nd = nEd.
PN

Work done on the load

O

= load × distance moved by the load

TE

= L × d
S

= nE × d = nEd.

For greater efficiency the pulleys in the lower

block should be as light as possible.

 4. REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT
PLANE SURFACES.

For normal incidence angle of incidence is zero

degree.

Refractive index ( ų ) = sin i / sin r

S
Or

TE
Speed of light in vaccum or air ÷ speed of light in that

medium.
O
PN

The refractive index of transparent surfaces is always

greater than 1.
IM
SE

Principle of reversibility :
IC
Lateral Displacement :

Important formula :

S
TE
O
PN

Angle of Deviation :
IM
SE
IC
REAL AND APPARENT DEPTH :

SHIFT :
IC
SE
IM
PN
O

CRITICAL ANGLE :
TE
S
 5. REFRACTION THROUGH A LENS

LENS FORMULA :

S
TE
O
LINEAR MAGNIFICATION :
PN
IM
SE
IC

Since this lesson does not have many formulas we

are also providing you the important numericals
of this chapter from the Physics Imp Question
BANK.
Q1:A: at what position a candle of length 3 cm be

placed in front of a convex lens so that its image

of length 6cm be obtained on a screen placed at

a distance of 30cm behind the lens?

Q2: A lens forms the image of an object placed at

distance 15 cm from it at a distance 60 cm in front.

S
find

TE
1:the total the focal length
O
2: the magnification and
PN

3: the nature of the first image.

IM

Q3: An object is placed at a distance of

SE

20 cm in front of a concave lens of focal length

20cm. find
IC

1: the position of image and

2: the magnification of the image

Q4: A convex lens forms an inverted image of size

same as that of the object which is placed at a

distance 60 cm in front of the lens. Find

1 : the position of image

2 : the focal length of the lens.

IC

Q5: The power of the lens is + 2.0 D. Find its focal

length and state the kind of lens.

SE
IM

Q6: The power of a lens is -2.0 D. Find its focal

length and its kind. IMP

PN
O
TE
S

These numericals are important for

your board exam.
Solve them thoroughly.
 6. SPECTRUM

Relation between speed, frequency and

wavelength of electromagnetic waves :

IC
SE

NUMERICAL
IM
PN

• Calculate the frequency of yellow light of

wavelength 550 nm. the speed of light is 3x10^8

O

ms^-1.
TE
S

• An Electromagnetic wave has a frequency of

500MHz and a wavelength of 60cm.

a) calculate the speed of the wave.

b) name the medium through which it is travelling.

 7. SOUND

Relationship between wave velocity V,frequency

f,wavelength

V=f

2.Relationship between time period t and it's

frequency f of a wave :

f=1/T

3.Speed of longitudnal waves in a gaseous medium of

density d at a pressure P is :

4.Speed of trasverse waves in a streched string with

tension t is given as :
ECHO:
Time taken to hear the echo:

t=2d/V or d=Vt/2

2.To determine the speed of the sound by echo

method:

V=2d/t

LOUDNESS &
INTENSITY:
Relationship between Loudness and intensity:

L=K log I
10
 8. CURRENT ELECTRICITY

CHARGE : Units of Charge:

The S.I unit of charge is coulumb denoted by symbol

(C).

The smaller units of Charge are :

S
Milli-coulomb

TE
Micro-coulomb

Nano-coulomb
O
PN

1mC=10- ³ C , 1 uC=10-⁶ C and 1nC=10-⁹ C

IM

CURRENT : Units of current:

SE

S.I unit of current is Ampere denoted by symbol (A)

IC

The smaller units of Ampere:

Milli-ampere (mA)

Micro-ampere (uA)

³ ⁶
1mA = 10- A and 1uA = 10- A
Current ( I ) = Q / t

Q = n × e

I = ne / t

• POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE :

V = W / Q

Unit of potential difference

S
S.I unit of potential difference is volt denoted by symbol

(V).
TE
O
It is a scalar quantity.
PN

1volt = 1joule/1coulumb.
IM

• RESISTANCE :
SE

Unit of Resistance
IC

S.I unit of resistance is Ohm.

Unit of R = Unit of V/Unit of I.

Higher resistance are measured in:

³ ohm
1 kilo-ohm = 10-

1 Mega-ohm = 10⁶ ohm

Resistance is directly proportional to :

Lenght if conductor and temperature of the conductor.

Indirectly proportional to thickness of conductor.

• OHM'S LAW

Formula for Ohm's law: V=IR

IC

Where ,
SE

V is potential difference.

I is current.
IM

R is resistance.
PN

• Conductance =
O

Formula : Conductance = 1/Resistance.

TE

Unit = ( ohm ) ^-1

S

• SPECIFIC RESISTANCE = Ra / l

R = resistance, a = area of cross section, l = lenght.

Unit = ohm × metre

Conductivity = 1 / specific resistance.

Unit = 1 / ohm × metre.

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE :

Formula : E = W/q

Where, E is e.m.f, W is work done

q is Charge.
IC

TERMINAL VOLTAGE :
SE

Formula : V = w'/q

Where, V is potential difference . W' is work done, q is

IM

charge.
PN

VOLTAGE DROP IN A CELL :

O

Formula : v = w/q
TE

Relationship between e.m.f & terminal voltage of a cell :

S

Formula : E=V+v Or V=E-v

Internal resistance of a cell

Formula : v=Ir.
*MOST IMPORTANT FORMULAS*

1:Total resistance of circuit = R+r

2:Current drawn from the cell :

I = E/R+r.

3:E.m.f of a cell: (Use this one not the above one)

IC

E = I(R+r)
SE

4:The terminal voltage of the cell:

IM

V=IR.
PN

5:Voltage drop due to internal resistance =

O

v=Ir
TE

6:Internal Resistance:
S

i)r=v/I

ii)E-V/I

iii)E-V/V/R

iv)(E/V-1)R.
SERIES & PARALLEL COMBINATION :

1:Equivalent resistance in series:

Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 .......+ Rn times..
IC

2:Equivalent resistance in parallel:

SE

1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 ......+1/Rn

IM
PN
O
TE
S

This chapter is very important

therefore prepare the formulas
and NUMERICALS thoroughly .
9. HOUSEHOLD CIRCUITS

This chapter does not have

any formulas.

10. ELECTRO - MAGNETISM

This chapter is now removed from

your syllabus.
 11. CALORIMETRY

HEAT : Units of heat :

S.I unit of heat is joule (J)

And the other unit commonly ised unit is calorie (cal).

Relationship between calorie and heat:

1calorie = 4.186J or 4.2 J nearly.

S
TE
TEMPERATURE: Unit of temperature:
O
S.I unit of temperature is Kelvin (K)
PN

The other commonly used unit is degree celsius (*C).

IM

Relationship between celsius and kelvin:

SE

TK = 273 + t*C.
IC

Amount of heat absorbed:

Formula : Q=mc×delta t.
HEAT CAPACITY : Unit of heat capacity:

¹
S.I unit of heat capacity is Joule per kelvin (JK- ).

It is denoted by (C').

Formula for heat capacity:

C'=Q/ delta t

Where ,

S
C' is heat capacity

Q is total heat energy

TE
Delta t is temperature difference
O
PN

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY : Unit of heat capacity:

¹
S.I unit of heat capacity is Joule per kilogram kelvin (JK- ).
IM

It is denoted by (c).
SE

Formula for specific heat capacity:

IC

c = Q/m× delta t

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAT CAPACITY AND SPECIFIC

HEAT CAPACITY : Heat capacity C' = mass m × specific

heat capacity c
Principal of caloriemeter:

Heat energy lost by the hot body = Heat energy gained by

cold body.

Formula :

m1 c1 (t1 -t) = m2 c2 (t -t2)

Where, M is mass, c is specific heat capacity

IC

t is temperature.
SE

LATENT HEAR AND SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT :

IM
PN

Unit of specific Latent heat :

¹
S.I unit of specific latent heat is Joule per kilogram (Jkg- ).
O

It is denoted by (L)
TE

Formula: L = Q/m or Q= mL
S

Where,

L is specific heat capacity

Q is total heat absorbed

m is mass.
 12 . RADIOACTIVITY

ALPHA EMISSION :
IC
SE
IM

BETA EMISSION :
PN
O
TE
S

GAMMA EMISSION :
 IMPORTANT TERMS

LEARN THESE SI UNITS

THOROUGHLY
 All the best

Thank you so much for reading this ebook.

Hope that you got much value and great help

with respect to your studies.

- Admins @icseimpnotes
 To make the ebook 100% helpful we

observed that few more points are

important, therefore we have attached

these points here.

CHAPTER 2 :

Where : u = initial velocity

Equations of motion : v = final velocity.

a = acceleration
1. v = u + at
t = time
2. S = ut + ½ at² S = distance travelled

3. v² - u² = 2aS

CHAPTER 6 :

SPECTRUM