613 oan TT _WT DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR THE SELF-SUPPORTING CHIMNEY chimney height H and its diameter D are predetermined an are city the owners of the plant. The design of the chimney ma i owing steps. ; 1, Determine the Risk Coefficient k, from Table 11.3(B). 2, Determine the Terrain Category from Table 11.2(B). Determine the Class of the structure: see Sec. 11.2.6.6(B). Determine the Terrain Height and Structural Size Coefficient k, from Table 11.1(B). The values not listed for various heights may be calculated by linear interpolation. 3, Determine the Topography Factor k, from Sec. 11.2.6.7(B). 4, Determine the flare-height as 1/3rd of the chimney height: IS 6533 (Part 2) 5. Determine the minimum outside diameter of the flare at the base d, = 1.6 (outside diameter d, at the top). 6. Determine the shape factor K, from Table 11.3(A). 7, Establish the basic wind speed V, for the chimney location from Table 11.4(B) and Fig. A-4 of Appendix A. Calculate the following: (4) Design wind velocity at a height z above the ground level (GL) as Vi. = ky ky ky Ve (b) Design wind pressure at a height z above the GL as p, = 0.61 (&) Total wind force for the segment with its mid-height point at the height z above the GL as F, = K, p, (the projected area of the segment). Note: The flared part of the chimney may also be divided into segments of equal height and the wind force for each segment calculated using the average diameter of the segment-frustum. Altematively, the flared part may be treated as one segment and the wind force calculated accordingly. 8. Calculate the total wind moment at GL. Also calculate wind moments at the bottom of each segment. % Per IS 6533 the minimum thickness of the chimney shell 1, = 1/500th of its outside diameter. Apply a suitable corrosion allowance to obtain the total shell thickness. 10. Check shell thickness at the GL and at the bottom of each segment. Modify as required 1. Check for the seismic loads. 12. Design the base plate, the anchor bolts and the concrete foundation. ROY sive CHIMNEYS M4444 Ge Suyeq Steg i . ‘es of, Chimneys do not have an elaborate mechanism to transfer the applied horizontal 'd or earthquake to their foundation. Whereas the self-supported chimneys depend id provided to the design y, therefore, proceed along ‘eneral ,ws) Staucturat Destoy wy Step, on their cantilever action to transfer applied transverse forces to the ground, the guyed chimne : are equipped with steel guy-wires attached at one or more strategic location on the shell for this purpose. These guy wires are securely attached at one end to a steel collar around the chimney. The other ends of the guy wires ate suitably anchored to concrete foundations fo, the ultimate transfer of transverse forces to the ground. For shorter chimneys, only one set of three or four guy wires, attached to the chimney shell with a collar located usually at 1/3. to 1/4th its height from the top, is provided. For taller chimneys, two or three such sets of Suy wires may be provided at various heights. The wires are inclined at an angle of 30° to 6g! from the vertical chimney. They resist the applied horizontal forces by developing tension. The vertical component of the tension in the wires subjects the chimney shell to compression, while its horizontal component resists the applied wind or earthquake forces. Since guyed chimneys are rarely lined, the vertical forces on them consist only of their self-weight and the vertical component of the force in the guy wire. The base of the chimney is connected to a base plate similar to one used in self-supporting chimneys. The base plate is anchored to a concrete foundation, However, the connection of the base plate to the concrete foundation is not meant to transfer the horizontal forces from wind and earthquake in the same fashion, and to the same extent, as is the norm for self-supporting chimneys. The bolted connection to the base is neither a fixed connection nor a pin-connection. The connection of the chimney shell to the foundation does impart a degree of fixity to the chimney at its base, but it is not possible to determine the a mount of this partial fixity to any degree of precision. It is reasonable, and acceptable, to completely ignore the partial fixity of the chimney at the base, and treat it as pin-connection in the interests of convenience and practicality. Thus, the chimney is assumed to behave as a transversely loaded vertical beam pin-connected to the foundation at the base, and laterally supported by the horizontal component of the guy- wire tension at some pre-designated intermediate point. The chimney-beam can now be easily analyzed by any of the commonly used methods of structural analysis. Chimneys with multiple sets of guy wires at various locations on the chimney can also be treated similarly. 14.14.2 Analysis Figure 148 shows a guyed chimney of height H with one set of Buy wires attached to a collar around the chimney at a distance h from the top. The tension in the guy wire will be a maximum when the wind blows along or parallel to the wire. The following terms are defined: D = Outside diameter of the chimney = Thickness of the chimney shell w =Wind pressure per unit height on the chimney F, = wH = Total wind load on the chimney R,, = Tension in the guy wire due to wind 0 = Angle of inclination of the guy wire to the vertical Ry. = Vertical component of R, = R, . cos 6 Ru = Horizontal component of R, = R, . sin 0catts2¥S 615 ig 180) shows a schematic of the chimney and the forces on it. The chimney is assumed jaa vertical beam Pin-connected at its base and laterally supported by the wire at the collar. if R, and Ry denote the horizontal reactions to the wind pressure w at A and B respectively, then Ry +R, =F, = wh Taking moments of all the forces at A and setting it to zero yields the following: Rotman, 2 n( —hy= P| 5 ny = Full _ Full = Fut where : (H~h)= i, 80 that: 2) ek Ry H a (14.35) ‘The maximum moment in the span AB occurs at the point of zero shear. Let the shear force in [AB be zeto at a distance x from A. Setting the shear zero at X gives: (14.36) The maximum bending moment at X is given by the following equation Fy x M (* x ] Substituting the values of R, from Eqn (14.35) and of x from Eq M, as below n (14.36) yields the maximum Hy - (14.37) easily for this moment or the cantilever moment at The chimi designed ey section may no Oe oe ‘may be developed for a chimney with more than 8, whichever is bigger. Similar expressions One set of guy wires. Example 14.1 Design a self-supporting rivete poeation: Outskirts of Aligarh, UP. ight of the chimney H = 90 m Diameter of the chimney D = 3.5 m Thickness of brick lining = 100 mm 1. From Table 1.3 (B): for general BuAtNES Ot ic so To . = 1 for an upwind topogra Ieee ee cares plain and ‘Psfies this criterion: s d steel chimney with the following specifications: gs and structures, k= 1 ype of less than 3°. Aligarh is ee Sec. 11.2.6.7(B)™ Cy STRUCTURAL Desi Sy 3. Determination of k, (Terrain Height and Structural Size coefficient) From Table 11.2(B): Terrain Category is 1 See. 112.6.6(B): Maximum dimension = 90 m. Hence the chimney is Class C struc Table 11.1(8) lists the values of k for various categories and Class structures of varigs heights. Values of ky for heights not listed in the table can_be linearly interpolate (A) Wind Forces and Moments 1. Per IS 6533: Minimum height of flare =! = 2° - 39m Minimum outside diameter of the flare = 1.6D = 1.6(35) = 5.6 m “. Use 6 m diameter at the base of flare. 2. Table 11.4(B): Basic wind speed at Aligarh V, = 47 m/sec Let z = height of a point above the base of the chimney KK kV, m/sec 0.672 N/m Design wind force F, = K, p, (projected area of element) where shape factor K=07 per. Table 11.3(A) for circular shapes 3. Figure 14.7 shows the chimney schematically. It has been divided in 9 segments, each 10 m high. Table 14.7 shows the calculations for the wind load at mid-height points of all segments. Sample calculations for one segment in the cylindrical part of the chimney and one in the flared portion, are given below to illustrate the development of the table @)z=65m Design wind velocity V. Design wind pressure p, k= 1144 Carrie 16: From Table 11.1(B) V, = 116 x 47 = 54.52 m/sec P. = 06 x 54.52? = 1783.5 N/m? = 1.784 kN/m? Fio= 07 x 1.784 x 35 x 10 = 43.71 kN (b)z= 25m Avg. diameter = 257433 5 4,5 2 1.06 + 1.0 2 = 1.1075 x 47 = 50.525 m/sec P. = 06 x 50.525? = 1531.67 N/m? = 1.539 KN/m? F= 07 x 1532 x 3.915 x 10 = 4198 kN85m 435m Fg = 45.78, Fy = 44.70 1" 9@10m=90m q 22mm chimney shell Lato « 110 * 10 (Typ) 345 mm * 22 mm Base Plate cLStRucTuRAt Destey 1s Spy, ng the tabulated values the moments of the wind forces about the base of the chimney may be calculated as below: Fs = 45.78 kN Myge = 45.78 x 85 = 3891.3 kNm F.5 = 44.70 kN Me = 44.7 x 75 = 3352.5 kNm Fs = 43.71 kN Myo = 43.71 x 65 = 2841.8 kNm Fes = 42.74 kN Myoy = 42.74 x 55 = 2350.7 kNm Ps = 41.29 kN Myo = 41.29 x 45 = 1858.1 kNm F,, = 39.48 kN Myo = 39.48 x 35 = 1381.8 kNm Py = 41.98 kN Myo = 41.98 x 25 = 1049.5 kNm F,s = 46.298 kN Mugg. = 46.298 x 15 = 694.47 kNm F, = 12.70 kN Moe = 12.70 x 5 = 63.5 kNm Total = 17483.67 kNm TABLE 14.7: V,=47,k=Lk=1 No. [2 k | V.=kRKY, p.=06y2 | F:=0.7p, (Proj. Area of element 1 85 | 1.187 55.79 1.868 Fy = 45.78 2 75 1.173 55.13 1.824 Fis = 44.70 3 65, 1.160 | 54.52 1.784 Ey = 43.71 4 55 1.147 53.91 1.744 42.74 5 45 1.128 52.99 1.685 41.29 6 35 1.103 51.82 1.611 39.48 7 25 1.075 50.53 1.532 8 15 1.025 48.18 1.393 9 5 0.495, 23.27 0.325 The wind-moments at the bottom of each Segment may now be calculated (see Fig. 14.7): M4, = (45.78 x 5) = 228.9 kNm (44.7 x 5) + (45.78 x 15) = 910.2 kNm 43.71 x 5) + (44.7 x 15) + (45.78 x 25) = 2033.6 kNm (42.74 x 5) + (43.71 x 15) + (44.7 x 25) + (45.78 x 35) = 3589.3 kNm Mss = (41.29 x 5) + (42.74 x 15) + (43.71 x 25) + (44.7 x 35) + (45.78 x 45) = 5565.15 kNm Mea = (39.48 x 5) + (41.29 x 15) + (42.74 x 25) + (43.71 x 35) + (44.7 x 45) + (45.78 x 55) = 7944.85 kNm Mya = (41.98 x 5) + (39,48 x 15) + (41.29 x 25) + (42.74 x 35) + (43.71 x 45) + (44.7 x 55) + (45.78 x 65) = 1073185 kNm Moa = (46.29 x 5) + (41.98 x 15) + (99.48 x 25) + (41.29 x 35) + (42.74 x 45) * (A371 x 55) + (44.7 x 65) + (45.78 x 75) = 13960.2 kN Mi = (127 x 5) + (46.29 x 15) + (41.98 x 25) + (39.48 x 35) + (41.29 x 45) + A274 x 55) + (43.71 x 65) + (44.7 x 75) + (45.78 5 85) = 174835 kNmr a 619 nt inney Shell @ chi 43, minimum thickness of the shell i = a 8 shell is 5 of (outside shell diameter) t 3.51000 = Sy 7mm (Use 8 mm) use non-copper bearing steel. Corrosion allowance = 5 mm «. Total f, = (8 +5) = 13 mm Effective f, = 8 mm efficiency of riveted butt joint in compression = 100 per cent riveted butt joint in tension = 85 per cent sile stress in steel = 0.6 f, = 0.6 x 250 = 150 N/mm* 0.85 x 150 = 127.5 N/mm? Assum Efficiency of Allowable ten: Usable tensile stress in steel = ‘he steel shell can now be checked at various locations. 1, Sect. 9-9 h, = 10 m, D=35 m,t,=8mm = Ey = 437.5 8 n,/D = 10/35 = 2.86 0 N/mm? From Table 14.3 : Allowable P, Stresses: Py, = 0.079 h N/mm? Self weight P, = 0.002 h/t N/mm? Lining Wind p, = 20004Mw N/mm* nD*t Hence, for Sect. 9-9: 1.79 N/mm? P,, = 0.079 x 10 = , = 9.002210 = 2.50 N/mm 0.008 p, = 01004%2289_. 2.97 N/mm 1X 3.57 x 0.008 = 0.79 + 2.50 + 2.97 = 6.26 N/mm? < 70 N/mm* Pama) Prax) = 2-97 ~ 0.79 = 2.18 N/mm? < 127.5 N/mm Hence f, = 8 mm : shell thickness OK eat h, = 20m, D= 35m, f= 8mm D/t, = ae =437.5 h,/D = 20/35 = 5.71 From Table 14.3 : P, = 70 N/mm? p, = 127.5 N/mm? as before P,, = 0.079 x 20=1 58 N/mm?STRUCTURAL Disiy, y yy 20_ 5,0 N/mm? 0,008 P, = 0.002 910.2%0.004_ = 41,83 N/mm? P, = © x35? x0.008 Praga) = 1-58 +5.0 + 11.83 = 18.4 N/mm? < 70 Nfmr Phyayy = 11.83 - 1.58 = 10.25 N/mm? < 1275 N/1u Hence #, = 8 mm : OK 3. Sect. 7-7: h, = 30 m, D = 35m, t,= 8mm D/t, = east 1,/D = 30/35 = 857 Allowable P, = 70 N/mm? Allowable P, = 127.5 N/mm? as before P,, = 0.079 x 30 = 2.37 N/mm? P, = 0.002%—22. = 7.49 N/mm? 0.008 3 eo = 26.42 N/mm? x35? x0.008 2: Pag) = 2.37 + 749 + 26.42 = 36.28 N/mm? < 70 N/mm? Pan) = 26.42 - 2.37 = 24.05 N/mm? < 127.6 N/mm? Hence f, = 8 mm : OK 4, Sect. 6-6: h, = 40m, D = 35 m,,= 8mm D/t, = = =4375 JD = 40/35 = 11.43 From Table 143 P. 1.079 x 40 = 3.16 N/mm? 40 P, = 0.002x——— = 10. 2 1 7008 0 N/mm? 3589.3%0.004 aaa 2 3.5? «0.008» 4606 N/mm Pyany = 3:16 + 10.0 + 46.66 = 59.82 N/mm? < 70 N/mm? Pras) = 46.65 ~ 3.16 = 43.5 N/mm? < 127.5 N/mm? Hence t, = 8 mm : OK 5. Sect. 5-5: h, = 50 m, D = 35m, t= 8mm D/t, = 20-375,cannes h,/D = 50/35 = 143 Table 143 P, = 70 N/mm? P, = 127.4 N/mm? P,. = 0.079 x 50 = 3.95 N/mm? From 0.002 x 50 P, = 9:002%50 _ a ee p, = 556515%0.004 _ 1) 5. : 2 x3.5?x0.008 | 9° N/mm + Pamaxy = 3.95 + 12.5 + 72.35 = 88.8 N/mm? > 70 N/mm? Prax) = 72.35 - 3.95 = 68.4 N/mm? < 127.5 N/mm? Inctease shell thickness to 16 mm (+6 mm for corrosion) for a total of !, = 22 mm P, = 12.5 (8/16) = 6.25 N/mm? P,, = 72.35 (8/16) = 36.18 N/mm? Prax = 3.95 + 6.25 + 36.18 = 46.38 N/m? < 70 N/mm? Hence f, = 16 mm : OK 6. Sect, 4-4: h, = 60 m,D=35m,t,=16 mm D/t, = 3500 ~ 18.75 16 h,/D = 60/35 = 17.14 From Table 14.3: P, = 112 N/mm? P, = 1275 N/mm? Pa, = 0.079 x 60 = 4.74 N/mm? P, = 290260 _ 75 N/mm? 0.016 7944.85 0.004 = 51.61 N/mm? 1x3.5? x0.016 © Pema) = 4.74 + 7.5 + 51.61 = 63.85 N/mm? < 112 N/mm* Pyyas) = 51.61 ~ 4.74 = 46.87 N/mm? < 127.5 N/mm? Hence ¢, = 16 mm : OK 7. Sect. 3-3: h, = 70 m, D = 3.915 m, t, = 16 D/t, 4.4.7 16 h,/D = 70/3.915 = 17.88 From Table 14.3: P,™ (2) STRUCTURAL Distey y on 0.079 x 70 = 5.53 N/mm* p, = 2.00270 _ 375 N/mm? 0.016 1O7B1.85x0.008 55 99 Ni mnm? 1Xx3.915? x0.016 Poygn) = 5.53 + 8.75 + 55.72 = 70.0 N/mm? < 105 N/mm* Py) = 55.72 ~ 5.53 = 50.19 N/mm? < 127.5 N/mm? Hence f, = 16 mm : OK 8. Sect. 2-2: h, = 80 m, D = 4.748 m, f, = 16 mm p/t, = S48 2968 16 1,/D = 80/4.748 = 168 From Table 14.3: P, = 87 N/mm? P, = 127.5 N/mm? 079 x 80 = 6.32 N/mm? 0.00280 0.016 13960.2x0.004 x 4,748? x 0.016 = 6.32 + 10.0 + 49.28 = 65.6 N/mm? < 87 N/mm? = 10.0 N/mm? = 49.28 N/mm? Premex) Pyar) = 49.28 ~ 6.32 = 42.96 N/mm? < 1275 N/mm? Hence t, = 16 mm : OK Sect. 1-1: h, = 90 m, D = 5.583 m, t, = 16 mm D/t, = 2S = 348.9 h/D = 16.12 5.583 *. From Table 14.3: P. = 78 N/mm? P, = 127.5 N/mm? P,, = 0.079 x 90 = 7.11 N/mm? 0.00290 0.016 17483.50.004 x 5.583? x 0.016 + Pains) = 7-11 + 11.25 + 44.64 = 63.0 N/mm? < 78 N/mm? = 11.25 N/mm? = 44.64 N/mm? Pausy = 44.64 ~ 7.11 = 37.53 N/mm? < 127.5 N/mm?16 mm : OK 623 Her se of Table 14.3, the ad calcul “ foe Saar any allowable stress have a on the conservative side s able s: i ” le in praction Ptable simply because the results ae ote, Ts #8 usually done Fi actual Weight of the Chimney ults are on the conservative side. c . ” sre actual weight of the chimney is now calculated. It w; urces The total weight W, consists of the Iwill be used to check the chimney against ismi Weight of the steel W, and that of the swing Wi W, = x 10 x mx 3.5 x 0.013 x 79) + (10x m x 3.5 x 0.022 x 79) 3.5 x 0.022 x 79) +@]x10xnx 3546 x9 022 x W, = 1533.79 kN 7 “D W, = (6x 10 x mx 35 x 0.1 x 20) +x ey A . 10 x are xx 7) 0.1 x 20) W, = W, + W, = (1533.79 + 2214.8) W, = 3748.59 kN (0) Check for Seismic Force ‘At the base of the chimney : D, = 6m D, = 6.044 m feqaaeee vos = 2129 The radius of gyration r, ge Me = 3 2129 i «. From Table D-6: Cy = 2.557 = 1079 From Equation (14.11) a or fe where: W, = 3748.59 KN We =90m E, =2%*10 kN/1 g = 9.81 m/sec A = mx 60 x 0.022 = OF 3748.59%90__ = 2.19 sec 2 T = 107-9 ¥ 35408 x0. 15x9.81 For ; "2 per cent damping Fig. D-1 : = coe ni ‘abl le Det : Delhi and Aligarh are in Zo >SreuctuRAt Desion wy Sten, Table D-2: For zone IV, a, = 0.05 Table D-3: Type Il medium soil, Isolated R.C. footing : B = 1.2 I = 1 normally 4. Gy, = Blag= 1.2 x 0.05 x 1 = 0.06 The seismic moment M, is given by Eqn. (14.14) M, = 0, Wh’ [Ps = Distance of section from the top = 90 m h’ = Height of the structure = 90 m M, = 0.06 x 3748.59 x 90 [0.6 + 0.4] = 202424 kN m > 17483.67 KN m __: Wind moment At the base: P,,, = 7.11 N/mm? P, = 11.25 N/mm? P, = 44.64 (20242.4/17483.67) = 51.68/KN min? mn) = 7.11 + 11.25 + 51.68 = 70.04 KN/mm? < 78: OK The above is conservative since the 33 has not been used. (E) Design of Joints 3 per cent stress increase allowed by the specifications There is nothing unique about the joints in a chimney. Two illustrative examples are provided below. 1. Sect. 6-6 : f, = 13 mm Try 20mm diameter rivets Single shear value = a (20 + 1.5)? x 100 x 103 = 36.31 kN Bearing value on 13 mm plate = (20 + 1.5) 13 x 300 x 10° = 83.9 KN +» Rivet value = 36.31 kN Usable strength of plate = 0.7 (0.6 x 250) = 105 kN/mm? . Plate strength/unit length = 105 x 13 = 1365 kN 2x 36.31x1000 1365 Maximum allowable p = 101, = 10 x 13 = 130 mm Use double riveted lap joint - p = = 53.2 mm Use 20 mm diameter rivets @ 55 mm pitch in a double riveted lap joint. 2, Sect. 1-1: f, = 22 mm Try 23 mm diameter rivets Single shear value = (23+1.5)° 4100x107 = 47 14 KNconst NBS value on 22 mm plate = (23+1.5)x22x300x 10-3 1 = 1617 kd iver value = 4714 KN N ttle plate strength per unit length = 105 x 22 = 2310 KN, tye mm diameter rivets in a double riveted lap joint 2310 =40.8mm Maximum allowable pitch = 10 x 22 = 220 mm je 23 mm diameter rivets at p = 40 mm in a double riveted lap joint (p) Base Plate Figure 147 shows the base plate arrangement in Det. 1. The chimn two angles which are riveted to it. The angles are supported by the applied loads to the foundation through the anchor bolts ey shell plate is straddled by the base plate which transfers Maximum compressive force per unit circumferential length F.= | “+i, 4Mw nd; * nd? = 3748.59 x 1.05 rt 4x17483.67 = 827. KN/ m? nx6 1x ™ The factor 1.05 is used to include the weights of extra elements eg. ladders, platforms, etc., at 5% of the self weight of the chimney. Allowable bearing pressure on concrete = 4 N/mm? Width of the base plate B = 9222 -2068mm Use a 320 mm wide x 22 mm thick base plate to accommodate anchor bolts on both sides: of ‘he chimney shell. Try 22 mm diameter rivets to connect the shell to angles Double shear value = 2.x % x 23.5? x100 x 107? = 86.74 KN Bearing on 22 mm plate = 23.5 x 22 x 300 x 10°= 155.1 kN . Rivet value = 86.74 kN 741000 Rivet pitch p = ee = 104.9 mm Allowable maximum p = 10 x 22 = 220 mm Use 22 mm diameter rivets at p= 100 mm 3 The overhang c in the figure = oe Actual po a = 8272 59 kN/mm? Bx 320x1 < 40: OK626 SrRUCTURAL DESIGN IN Step, — From the figure, equating moment of the upward concrete pressure to the resistant moment of the slab base (P,, = 185 kN/mm?) Sore 32.59 t=¢,| 2% =39, =8: rae ag 8mm Actual t = tye + tas = (10 + 22) = 32 mm > 8.0: OK. Use a 320 mm wide x 22 mm thick base plate with 22 mm diameter rivets @ a pitch of 100 mm o/c. »fs, Mmax_ BMD.