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Design of Footbridge
Design of Footbridge
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Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of
Bachelors of Technology
in
Civil Engineering
1
CERTIFICATE
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Acknowledgement
2. About :
Introduction 5
Types 5
Advantages 6
Disadvantages 6
3. Design details :
Design data 7
Assumptions 7
7
Design of Planks
8
Design of cross beam
11
Influence line Diagram 14
Forces on members 19
Wind load calculations 22
Final design 23
Design of rakers 29
Design of Bearing Plates 31
4. Drawings :
Joint U0 32
Joint U1 U2 U3 U4 33
Joint U5 34
Joint L0 35
Joint L1 L2 L3 L4 36
Joint L5 37
5. References
4
INTRODUCTION
A footbridge or person on foot connect is a scaffold intended for walkers and now and
again cyclists, creature movement and stallion riders, as opposed to vehicular activity.
Footbridges supplement the scene and can be utilized beautifully to outwardly connect
two particular zones or to flag an exchange. In numerous created nations, footbridges
are both useful and can be lovely masterpieces and figure. For poor provincial groups
in the creating scene, a footbridge might be a group's just access to medicinal centers,
schools and markets, which would some way or another be inaccessible when
waterways are too high to cross. Straightforward suspension connect outlines have
been created to be reasonable and effectively constructible in such rustic zones
utilizing just neighborhood materials and work.
Sorts of footbridge (which are not likewise kinds of street connect) include:
• Clapper connect
• Moon connect
• Step-stone extension
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• Zig-zag connect
• Plank
• Boardwalk
• Joisted
• Simple truss
The private scale footbridges all traverse a short separation and can be utilized for an
expansive scope of uses. Entangled building isn't required and the footbridges are
worked with promptly accessible materials and fundamental tools.
• Timber footbridges
• Steel footbridges
• Concrete footbridges
Favorable circumstances
Gives protected and economical intersections and gives specialized help to nearby
government and groups require straightforward, effortlessly connected rules on the
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determination and development of compelling water intersections. Much rustic travel
happens on nearby ways, tracks and town streets. These give basic access to water,
kindling, cultivate plots and the grouped street organize. Groups or potentially nearby
government are by and large in charge of this foundation.
Disadvantage
One of the primary issues that groups and additionally nearby governments confront
when managing building footbridges is in giving powerful water intersections.
Especially in the stormy season, the absence of a satisfactory intersection can
counteract access to administrations, or temporary routes of numerous km or going for
broke, particularly by ladies and kids, on a hazardous intersection.
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Design data of foot over bridge
Clear span = 21m
Width of carriageway = 25m
Cross girder spaced at centers = 2.1m
Type of truss configuration = N type
Assumptions:
Dead load and live load loads IS 875 part I &II
Wind loading IS 875 part III
Pedestrian loading = 4000 N/m2
Flooring to be made timber planks
Design of planking:
Span = 2.1 m
Assume the thickness of planking = 60 mm
Dead load of planking:
= (60×1000) ×8000 [dead load of wood = 8000 N/m3]
= 480 N/m2
Live load = 4000 N/m2
Total load = 4480 say 4500 N/m2
(1/6)×f×1000×(60)2 = 2480.625×1000
f = 2480.625/600 = 4.135 N/m2
Where permissible value of bending stress
f = 10 N/mm2
Maximum shear force = wl2/2
= (4500×2.1)/2 = 4725 N
8
Mean shear stress = w/bd
= 4500/(60×1000) = 0.075 N/mm2
Maximum shear stress = 1.5× mean shear stress
= 1.5× 0.075 = 0.1125 N/mm2
= 6.33 mm
Allowable/permissible deflection = span/325
= 2100/325 =6.46mm
= (23925×2.8)/8 = 8373.75 Nm
Permissible bending stress = .66×fy
9
Z = M/ σbc
αh = 0.05×1×1.5 = .075
Fh = Horizontal seismic force
Fh = αh × wm
2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
10
= (8.4 × 12.6)/(21 × 1.8) = (8.4 × 12.6)/(21 × 2)
= 2.80 = 2.5
Allowing a stress of 150 N/m , Net area required for this member
= 162750/150 = 1085 m2
11
U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U10 U10
L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
(9/10)*(4.2/2) = 0.945
(8/10)*(6.3/2) = 1.68
(7/10)*(6.3/2) = 2.205
(6/10)*(8.4/2) = 2.5
(5/10)*(8.4/2) = 2.625
12
U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U10 U10
L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
x= 0
y = 2.1
y
y
x= 0.23
2.1 y = 1.87
x
y 16.8
x=
y 0.47
y = 1.63
x
4.2
y 14.7 y
x= 0.70
x y = 1.40
6.3
y 12.6
y
x= 0.93
x y = 1.17
8.4
y 10.5 y
13
U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U10 U10
L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
h1 = 1.32
h1= 1.178
y h2 = 0.145
x
y
h1= 1.03
y h2 = 0.29
h2
x
y
h1
h1= 0.885
h3 = 0.435
y
x y
h1= 0.745
y h2 = 0.585
x
y
14
Forces in various members of truss
1. For loading condition 1.
Dead load + Live Load that had been already worked out i.e. = 6200 N/m
= 6200×(1/2)×21×1.68 = 109368 N
Member U2U3
= 6200×(1/2)×21×2.205 = 143545.5 N
Member U3 U4
= 6200×(1/2)×21×2.5 = 162750 N
Member U4 U5
= 6200×(1/2)×21×2.625 = 170887.5 N
So maximum compressive force in top chord will be 170887.5 N
15
The tensile force in this member will be numerically equal to the force in compressive
member U1 U2 i.e.
= 109368 N (Tensile)
Member L3 L4
The tensile force in this member will be numerically equal to the force in compressive
member U2 U3 i.e.
= 143545.5 N (Tensile)
Member L4 L5
The tensile force in this member will be numerically equal to the force in compressive
member U3 U4 i.e.
= 162750 N (Tensile)
So maximum compressive force in bottom chord will be 162750 N
Vertical Members
Member U0 L0
This is the compression member. Maximum compression in this member will occur when the
whole span is loaded
Maximum compression in U0 L0
= 6200×(1/2)×21×(9/10) = 58590 N (Compressive)
Member U1 L1
Area of +ve zone of ILD
= (1/2)×(16.8+1.87)×(8/10) = 7.468
Area of -ve zone of ILD
= (1/2)×(2.1+0.23)×(1/10) = 0.1165
16
Extreme forces in this member
8821.8 + 37340 = 46161.8 (compressive)
8821.8 – 582.5 = 8239.3 (compressive)
Member U2 L2
Dead load
= 1200×(4.2-1.05) = 3780 N (compressive)
Live load compression
= 5000×4.2 = 21000 N (compressive)
Live load tensile
5000×1.05 = 5250 N (Tension)
17
Load on extreme values
3780 + 21000 = 24780 (compressive)
3780 – 5250 = 1470 N (tensile)
Member U4 L4
Diagonal Members
Force in U0 L1
= Force in U0 L0 cosecθ
= 58590×1.45 = 84955.5 N (Tensile)
Force in U1 L2
= Force in U1 L1 cosecθ
= 46161.8 × 1.45 = 66934.610 N (Tensile)
Force in U2 L3
= Force in U2 L2 cosecθ
= 34841.6 × 1.45 = 50520.320 N (Tensile)
Force in U3 L4
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= Force in U3 L3 cosecθ
Tensile force = 247870 ×1.45 = 39846 N
Compressive force = 1470 × 1.45 = 2131.5 N
Force in U4 L5
= Force in U4 L4 cosecθ
Tensile force = 15810×1.45 = 22924.5 N
Compressive force = 8040×1.45 =11658 N
19
Wind load calculations
Basic wind speed for delhi zone is vb = 47 m/s
Design wind speed at any height z is given by
Vz = Vb K1 K2 K3 K4
K1 = Probablity factor (risk factior)
From table 2:
K2 = 0.8
Topography factor (K3) = 1.00 for as slope < 30
Importance factor for cyclonic region (K4)
As our structure is a post cyclonic importance
Pz = 0.6 Vz2
Kc = combination factor
Pd = 0.9×0.9×1.0×971.168 = 786.65 N/m2
20
Table 1: Dimensions of chords
S.No. Details of exposed Width (mm) Depth (mm) Face (mm) Total length
area (mm)
1. Top chord 60 120 60 21
2. Bottom chord 60 120 60 21
3. End post 60 120 60 2×2.0
4. Verticals 60 60 60 9×2.0
5. Diagonals 60 60 60 10×2.9
On diagonal
= 10×2.0×0.06×786.65 = 2737.5 N
On verticals in between
= 9×2×0.06×786.65 = 1699.16 N
Gusset for top chord
= 11×.005×786.65×2 = 86.53 N
= 5932 N (296 N)
Wind load on vertical end posts = 2260 N
On diagonal member = 8185 N
On verticals in between = 5080 N
22
Table 2: Design forces in Newton
23
The final Design of Girder of Foot Over Bridge
Top chord of the Girder
Design force = 170987.5 N (Compressive)
Hence safe
Vertical members
Member U0 L0
Compressive force = 58685.00 N
Length of member = 2.0 m
Since the end vertical members it is desirable to provide a double section
Try Double L‟s 60×60×10
Area = 2200 mm2
r = 1.78 cm or 17.8 mm
Slenderness ratio = l/r
= (0.85×2100)/17.8 = 95.50
for value of l/r = 95.50, safe compressive stress = 84.5 N/mm2
Safe load
= 84.5×2200 = 185900 N
Hence safe
Member U1 L1
Compressive force = 46256.8 N
Length of member = 2.0 m
Try single L‟s 60×60×10
Area = 1100 mm2
r = 1.15cm or 11.5 mm
25
so the total allowable load is
50.22 × 1100 = 55242 N
Hence safe
Member U2L2 , U3L3 , U4 L4 and U5 L5 can be designed in the same way with one LS
60×60×10 for compressive force
For Tension force in U4 L4
Maximum tension = 1470 N
Effective area for single angle Tension
= A1 + A2 K
A1 = Net section area of connected leg
= (60-5)×10-21×10 = 340 mm2
A2 = Net section area of outstanding leg
= (60-5)×10 = 550mm2
K = 3A1/(3A1+A2)
= 1020/(1020+550) = 0.649
Net area provided
= 0.649×550+340 = 697.324 mm2
Permissible tensile stress = 150 N/mm2
Safe tensile load
= 649.324×150 = 104598.72 N
Diagonal member
Member U0 L1
Maximum tension = 85050 N
Permissible tensile stress = 150 N/mm2
Try single L‟s 60×60×10
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Safe tension for this section = 104598.72
Hence the section is safe
Member U1 L2
Maximum tension in this member = 67029.61 N
Member U3 L4
Design compressive force = 2131.5 N
Design tensile force = 39941.0 N
So, both for compression and tension single LS 60×60×10 will be safe to be provided
Member U4 L5
Design compressive force = 23019.5 N
Design of joints
Assume the thickness of gusset plate = 8mm
Diameter of rivets = 20 mm
Finished diameter of rivets
= 20 + 1.5 = 21.5mm
Rivet value in single shear
27
Rivet value in bearing on 8mm plate
= σcb × d × t
= 300 × 21.5 × 8 = 51600 N
Joint U0
Riveting in U0 U1 = 61619.5/51600 = 2 rivets
Riveting in U0 L0 = 58685/51600 = 2 rivets
Riveting in U0 L1 = 85050/51600 = 3 rivets
Joint U1
U1 U2 as this is continuous chord
Joint U4
Again U2 U3 = 170987.5/51600 = 3 rivets
Riveting in U4 L4 = 15905/36305 = 2 rivets
Riveting in U4 L5 = 23019.5/36305 = 2 rivets
Joint U5
No. of joints in top continuous chord
= 2 ×2 – 1 =3
28
No. of rivets in U5 L5 = 2 rivets
Bottom chord
Joint L0
Riveting in L0 U0 = 2 rivets
Joint L1
Provide 3 rivets in bottom chord
Riveting in L1 U0 = 2 rivets
Joint L2
Provide 3 rivets in bottom chord
Riveting in L2 U1 = 2 rivets
Joint L3
Riveting in L3 L2 = 109468/51600 = 3 rivets
Riveting in L3 U2 = 2 rivets
Riveting in L3 L4 = 143645.5/51600 = 3 rivets
Joint L4
No. of rivets in L4 L3 = 3 rivets
29
Rakers
Assume the rakers be provided at an angle θ with the vertical
2.8
θ
2.0 m
0.5 m
T = 4274.68/sin14002‟ = 17628.50
Length of rakers
= 2.0 sec14002‟ = 2.062m
The rakers can be designed as compression member of 2.062 long for 17628.50 N
Length of raker
= 2.062m = 2062mm
Effective length „l‟
0.85 ×L = 0.85 × 2062 = 1752.7 mm
30
So, Slenderness ratio = l/r
= (0.85×2062)/16.9 = 103.7
or say l/r = 100
So, for this value, the safe compressive strength of the section
=
Which is for above from total max. Compressive of 1728.5N.
Hence section is safe.
31
BEARING PLATE:
Maximum end reaction
=
So, total load = 5.199N/m]
Therefore;
32
Drawings of joints
33
34
35
36
37
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