 Background

o Weak rulers after Aurangzeb.

o Army demoralized, nobles weak.
o Hinduism rising and pressure on Muslim empire.
o 1739 Nadir Shah attack and plundering.
o Moral depravity.
 Services
o Religious
 Quran translation into Persian.
 Concept of Ijtihad.
 Against blind following of orders and call for Unity.
o Political
 No hereditary politics.
 Merit based decision making.
 Self-consciousness for Political Consciousness.
o Military
 Letter to Ahmad Shah Abdali.
 Call for Jihad.
 Weakened Marathas.
o Economic
 Negated accumulation of wealth.
 Economic equality.
 Excessive taxation controlled.
o Two-Nation theory
 If at that time, Marathas had dominated Muslims, perhaps Islam would have
gotten so weak that Muslim League could not be established in the future and
hence no Pakistan.