LESSON 7.

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER

Dissociative disorder refers to one which loses the integration of consciousness,

identity, and memories important personal events. This includes four recognized varieties:

1. Psychogenic Amnesia. Also Know ds dissociative amnesia, it refers to the

temporary or permanent loss of a part or all of the memory caused by extreme
psychosocial stress. This stress is most often associated with catastrophic events.
The four sub-categories of psychogenic amnesia, are:

a. Localized Amnesia. It renders the afflicted person unable to recall the

details of a usually traumatic event, such as a violent incestuous rape. This
is undoubtedly the most common type of amnesia.

b. Selective Amnesia. This is similar to localized amnesia except that the

memory retained is very selective. A person can recall certain general
traumatic situations, but not the specific parts which make it so.

c. Generalized and Continuous Amnesia. This exists when a person either

forgets the details of his/her entire lifetime, or can't recall the details prior
to a certain point in time, including the present.

2. Psychogenic Fugue. It is also known as dissociative fugue. It is simply the addition

to generalized amnesia of a flight from family. problem, or location. The person may
create an entirely new life (fugue means flight).

3. Multiple Personality Disorder. Also known as dissociative identity disorder (DID),

it refers to the occurrence of two or more personalities within the same individual,
catch of which during sometime in the person's life is able to take control. It is
mentally unhealthy when the personalities vie for control.

4. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder. This is the continued presence of

feelings that the person is not himself/herself or that he/she can't control his/her
own actions. This is labeled as disorder when it is recurrent and impairs social and
occupational function.
 LESSON 8. IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDER

Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are common psychiatric conditions in which

affected individuals typically report significant impairment in social and occupational
functioning, and may incur legal and financial difficulties as well.
A simple definition of an ICD is one where the individual cannot resist an impulse to
behave in a certain way or cannot stop repeated behavior, even when they know that the
behavior must stop.

Types of Impulse Control Disorders

1. Intermittent Explosive Disorder. It refers to person's irresistible outburst of

anger or extreme temper tantrums.

2. Kleptomania. ft refers to the urge of an individual to steal small items that usually
have very little value.

3. Pathological Gambling. It refers to person's inability to stop gambling

4. Trichotillomania. It is an impulse to twirl and pull hair or an urge to eat hair that
leads to hair loss.

5. Unspecified Impulse Control Disorder. It occurs when someone has symptoms

from various impulse-control disorders, but it is not able to be singled down to one.

6. Compulsive Sexual Behavior. It refers to an excessive or uncontrolled sexual

behavior or thoughts that leads to marked distress and social, occupational, legal,
and/or financial consequences.

7. Pyromania. It is characterized by the following diagnostic criteria: deliberate and

purposeful fire setting on more than one occasion, tension or affective arousal
before the act, fascination with, interest in, curiosity about, or attraction to fire and
its situational contexts, and pleasure, gratification, or relief when setting fires or
when either witnessing or participating in their aftermath.

These disorders are characterized by difficulties in resisting urges to engage

in behaviors that are excessive and/or ultimately harmful to oneself or others.
 LESSON 9. SLEEP DISORDER

A sleep disorder is a condition that frequently impacts person's ability to get enough
quality sleep. While it's normal to occasionally experience difficulties sleeping, it's not
normal to regularly have problems getting to sleep at night, to wake up feeling exhausted,
or to feel sleepy during the day. Symptoms can differ depending on the severity and type of
sleeping disorder. They may also vary when sleep disorders are a result of another
condition. However, general symptoms of sleep disorders include:
a. difficulty falling or staying asleep,
b. daytime fatigue,
c. strong urge to take naps during the day,
d. irritability or anxiety,
e. lack of concentration, and
f. depressions.

Types of Sleep Disorder

1. Insomnia. It refers to the inability to tall asleep or to remain asleep. It can be caused
by jet lag. stress and anxiety, hormones, or digestive problems. It may also be a
symptom of another condition. Insomnia can be very problematic for once's overall
health and quality of lite, potentially causing:
a. depression,
b. difficulty concentrating,
c. irritability,
d. weight gain, and
e. impaired work or school performance.

Three Types Insomnia

a. Chronic. It is an insomnia occurs on a regular basis for at least one month.
b. Intermittent. It is an insomnia that occurs periodically.
c. Transient. It is an insomnia that lasts for just a few nights at a time.

2. Sleep Apnea. It is characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. This is a

serious medical condition that causes the body to take in less oxygen.

3. Parasomnia(s). It refers to sleep disorders that cause abnormal movements and

behaviors during sleep. It includes:
a. sleepwalking (somnambulism or noctambulism),
b. sleep talking (somniloquy),
c. groaning.
d. Nightmares
e. bedwetting, and
 f. teeth grinding or jaw clenching.

4. Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS). It is an overwhelming need to move the legs. This
urge is sometimes accompanied by a tingling sensation in the legs. RLS is often
associated with certain health conditions, including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) and Parkinson's disease.

5. Narcolepsy. It is characterized by *sleep attacks" that occur during the day. This
means that one will suddenly feel extremely tired and fall asleep without warning.
The disorder can also cause sleep paralysis, which may make a person physically
unable to move right after waking up.

6. Rapid Eye Movement (REM). It is a sleep behavior disorder in which a person

physically acts out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds and sudden,
often violent arm and leg movements during REM sleep. It is Sometimes called as
Dream-enacting Behavior.

Sleep Recommendations
Age Hours of Sleep
Infant (4-11 months) 12-15 hours
Toddler (1-2 years) 11-14 hours
Preschooler (3-5 years) 10-13 hours
Preschooler (3-5 years) 10-13 hours
School-age child (6-13 years) 9-11 hours
Teen (14-17 years) 8-10 hours
Young adult (18-25 years) 7-9 hours
Adult (26-64 years) 7-9 hours
Older adult (65+ years) 7-8 hours

Sleep Disorder and Criminality: Research Findings

The question of whether sleep apnea can lead to homicide was recently raised
during a criminal trial when a man claimed that he fatally shot his wife during his sleep as a
result of his sleep apnea. While injurious behavior occurring during sleep is well
recognized, accidental homicide related to a sleep disorder is considered rare. The most
common sleep disorders that have been associated with sleep-related injurious behavior
include sleepwalking, REM sleep behavior disorder, and confusional arousals. In contrast,
there is little information regarding the relationship
between sleep apnea and sleep-related violence.
Sleepwalking, confusional arousals and sleep terrors Disorders of Arousal-have
been reported to be associated with violent behaviors against other individuals for
hundreds of years. Murders, attempted murders, assaults and sexual assaults have been
reported to occur during these disorders and have occasionally resulted in criminal
charges.95,90) Some defendants using sleepwalking defenses have been acquitted, as
sleepwalkers are not thought to have the required conscious awareness or criminal intent
to be judged guilty. The violent act itself is most often described as the release of a
primitive form of rage over which the sleepwalker has no control.