KIEN GIANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

BRITISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE

LECTURER: Danh Thị Minh Hiếu

Student name: Lê Yến Nhi

Student code: 1905204087
Class: B19NA4
 Table of contents
I: Reflection:

Reflection 1: ....................................................................................................... 3
Reflection 2: ....................................................................................................... 4
Reflection 3: ....................................................................................................... 5
Reflection 4: ....................................................................................................... 7
Reflection 5: ..................................................................................................... 10
Reflection 6: ..................................................................................................... 12
Reflection 7: ..................................................................................................... 16
Reflection 8: ..................................................................................................... 18
Reflection 9: ..................................................................................................... 21
Reflection 10:................................................................................................... 24

II: Powerpoint Presentation:

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I: Reflection:
- Reflection 1:
Cinderella is one of the literary works I have ever known. This story is about an innocent,
innocent but extremely pitiful girl named Cinderella. She had a difficult life because her mother
died early and she had to live with her stepmother and her two daughters. She is always treated
unfairly and scolded all day long even though she always does her job very well. In her loneliest
moments, she could only talk to small animals. But on the contrary, she has a wonderful,
beautiful beauty and she always has a beautiful dream of a better life. Suddenly one day the king
decided to find a wife for his son, Cinderella also wanted to join but was prevented by her
stepmother in every way. Fortunately, a kind fairy came and gave her a miracle to turn her into a
beautiful young woman with a luxurious dress and glass shoes. Her appearance surprised
everyone, but told her to return home before midnight because then the magic would expire.
When she went to the party, her step-aunt and two daughters did not recognize her, thinking it
was a princess from a foreign country, because she was so gorgeous and beautiful. Here,
Cinderella as the most beautiful princess, was noticed by the prince and invited to dance with her.
When it was midnight, she suddenly remembered the advice of the fairy and rushed out to the
point of dropping a shoe. At that time, the prince fell in love with Cinderella and picked up the
shoe with the desire to find her again. Then the prince, because he missed her so much, he wore
the shoe everywhere so that the girls could try and see who would fit the shoe to be the prince's
wife. Many girls from all over came to try on the prince's wife, but in the end only Cinderella fit
the shoe. In the end, the prince married Cinderella and the two lived happily ever after. Through
this story, we can understand that in life, let's live honestly, emotionally and sincerely, eventually
we will have a good life like Cinderella.

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 - Reflection 2:

Perhaps, the period of English literature that I feel like is the Old English period. In this period,
literature is transmitted and the text in this period is often a translation of something else. Most of
all Old English poetry was written in a single stanza, a four-stressed line with a syntactic break,
between the second and third stresses. Poetry has a formula and is based on a set of common
phrases and phrase patterns. In some of these periods there are Historical poems in the Anglo-
Saxon Chronicle, poetic renderings of Psalm 51-150, historical poems such as the battle of
Brunanburh (after 937). During this period very few poems are specifically dated. But for a long
time English literature has been used to express the subject, the author's desire such as short
stories about martyrdom, narratives, scriptures and sermons. With the richness of literature came
the term elegy, used in Old English poems lamenting the loss of glory, human companionship.
Deor was the one to bridge the gap between the epic and the heroic poem by alluding to sad
stories from German legend. This narrative contains some of the language's finest verses, setting
up wondrous stories against a historical backdrop. They make me admire, feel admiration for
things that no one thought possible centuries ago, especially in the Old English period. This
period helped me to expand my knowledge a lot, it helped me in my studies. One of the earliest
works of prose is King Aethberht I of Kent's code and other prose of the 7th and 8th centuries
have similar characteristics. Besides, in England soon there were literary prose translations into
English because Kong wanted to improve his English learning situation. Towards the end of the
10th and 11th centuries, prose grew increasingly associated with the Benedictine Reformation, a
movement that sought to impose a disciplined order on a loosely developed monastic
establishment. There were many anonymous but high-quality works published such as sermons,
lives of saints, dialogues... To show us that English literature has developed very well. for a long
time. During this period, English became a rich and flexible literary language that could not be
compared.

Practice creating:
I will go to the silent land

When you can't hold me back with your hands

I will never turn stay

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Please remember me no matter what day.

- Reflection 3:

As far as I know, there is a character quite similar to the character Beowulf that is the character
Thach Sanh in Vietnamese fairy tales. Thach Sanh is the crown prince who was reincarnated as a
poor child by the Jade Emperor with goodwill. When growing up, Thach Sanh was helped by the
gods, taught martial arts, all miracles. Later, Thach Sanh was sworn in as a brother by a man
named Ly Thong and invited Thach Sanh to his house. At that time, a man-eating monster
appeared here, every year the villagers had to hand over one person to it to eat. One day, it was
Ly Thong's turn to submit his life to the monster. Ly Thong thought of a plan to harm Thach
Sanh in his place. He lied to Thach Sanh that Ly Thong had to go watch the temple, but was busy
with work and expected Thach Sanh to go instead, he immediately agreed. Here he met the
monster, But with what he learned he beheaded the monster, found the golden bow and arrow and
brought it home. Ly Thong saw this and tricked Thach Sanh to return to his old house and bring
the monster's head to the king to receive the reward. Then the princess was taken away by an
eagle. Thach Sanh accidentally saw it and shot an arrow to kill the eagle, saving the princess. But
Ly Thong came again, tricked Thach Sanh to bring back the princess, but since then she could no
longer speak. Rescuing the princess, Ly Thong locked Thach Sanh and brought the princess back
with the desire to become a prince. Thach Sanh then continued to save the son of King Thuy Te
and he was given a magic lute, then he returned home and continued his life as usual. Until one
day he was harmed, taken to court, he played the lute and the sound was transmitted to the
princess, she suddenly could speak. So he met the king and told him what had happened. Finally,
Ly Thong was cut to death and Thach Sanh became a prince. Suddenly one day the country was
invaded, Thach Sanh just played the lute but the enemy soldiers didn't want to invade anymore.
In the end, he was abdicated by the king and became King.

A: The different between primary epics and secondary epics is:

- Famous primary epics:

+ Beowulf o Gilgamesh (about 3000, BCE) from Summer (In modern day Iraq)

+ The lliad and the Odyssey (around 1000 BCE) by the legendary poet.

- Famous secondary epics: (from later historical period). Their poets wrote them down as
they composed them.
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+ The Aeneid- a Vrtil Latin poem (about 30-19 BCE). It is about how Aeneas escaped trom
Troy, and after many dangerous adventures, found Lavinium, the parent town of Rome.

B:
1. 3 reasons why Beowulf is famous is the oldest epic written in English. It is set in
Scandinavia,which is mostly a mixture of German myths and legends. Talk about loyalty
to chiefs & tribes & revenge on enemies.
2. A few historical references in Beounlf are from the sixth century.
3. Because like other early poetry, Beowulf was first told orally and passed on from poet to
poet over a long time before finally being written down.
4. The 1st written version was a manuscript from about 1000.
5. The author of Beowulf is anonymous (by just one person).
6. The event are set in Scandinavia, a mostly mixture of Germany myth & legand.
7. The main values found in the poem is loyalty to chief & tribe & revenge on enemies
(sdme comments from Christian points of view) o Main (Germanic & Old English) &
kennings.
8. The most impotant element of style is a very "poetic" style, very diff. from every day
lang., (repetition, elaborate, greetings & long speeches).
9. The manuscript now is in British Museum now.

C:
1. Shakespeare formal education was scholars surmise that he most likely attended the
King's New School, in Stratford, which taught reading, writing and the classics.
2. After 1592, he was a shareholder, & a stage director in one of London's most popular
acting companies, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. By 1599, the company built the Globe
Theatre, the most famous of Elizabethan theatre.
3. The thetre is closely connected with his life is most of Shakespeare's plays were
performed at the Globe, a theatre located in London's suburb, South walk. Lack of
scenery could be compensated by beautiful speeches, and the brightly colorful costumes.
4. His plays divided into 3 groups: 14 comedies, 10 histories, and 12 tragedies.
5. Theatre goers demand a variety things: action & blood, fine phrase & wit, thought &
debate, subtle humour & boisterous clowning, love, song, & dance. Shakespeare met all
of the demands.
6. He compensated the lack of scenery by soliloquies & asides are other communicated with
his audience when he was on conventions.
7. Today, his plays are highly popular and constantly studied and reinterpreted in
performances with diverse cultural and political contexts. The genius of Shakespeare's
characters and plots are that they present real human beings in a wide range of emotions
and conflicts that transcend their origins in Elizabethan England.

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 - Reflection 4:

I'm Jane Eyre, a girl with an unlucky childhood. I lost both my father and mother to typhus when
I was 10 years old, then I lived with my aunt Reed, who was my mother's sister-in-law. From
here my miserable life began, living here I have only one ally, the nanny, the rest they all hate
me. I was then sent to Lowood School, a school for poor orphan girls. Here we lacked
everything, old food, clothes were not warm enough After a few years as a student, then as a
teacher in Lowood, I also came of age. I mustered all my courage and confidence to leave. I
worked as a tutor at Thornfield Hall, where I met Edward Rochester. Here I take care of Adèle,
the daughter of a French dancer she is also Edward Rochester's mistress and I also befriend the
kind housekeeper Alice Fairfax. At that time, I fell in love with Rochester, he accepted my
feelings and proposed to me. But finally on the day of the wedding I found out that he was
married, his wife was locked upstairs because of dementia and went insane, her presence
explained the strange noises that I heard. Believing that he had been deceived in this marriage,
Rochester thought he loved me and asked me to join him in France to live as husband and wife,
but I refused and ran away. After many days of wandering, I was helped by Pastor John, here for
a while I fell in love with John whom I later found out to be my cousin, he was a very serious
man and cold. He offered me the job and then offered to marry me, but had to join as a
missionary in India and as his wife, not a cousin. As I was at a loss of what to do, I received a call
from Rochester and I returned to Thornield, where I found out that the castle was on fire, that
Rochester's mad wife had caused it and committed suicide. Because of saving my wife, Rochester
was blind, the day of reunion I was extremely sad and felt sorry for Rochester. We reunited and
got married, after a while he regained his sight and we gave birth to a son.

TIMELINE:
1. Elizabeth & Maria both died in 1825.
2. Charlotte fell in love with Monsieur Heger in 1842.
3. Charlotte died in March 1855.
4. Charlotte was born in Yorkshire, England on April 21, 1816.

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 5. Villette was published in 1853.
6. Charlotte & Emily went to Brussels to study language in the Pension of Heger - 1842.
7. She went Jane Eyre was published in 1824.
8. Jane Eyre was published in 1847.
9. Charlotte married Mr. Nicholls, a curate, in 1854.

CHILDHOOD:
1. Why did Jane Eyre live with Mrs Reed? → Because her parents were dead.
2. What were the names of Jane's cousins? → John, Rliza and Georgiana.
3. Why was Jane unhappy? → Because Mrs Reed and her children were cruel to her.
4. What did John Reed do to Jane? → He hit her.
5. Why was Jane so frightened in the Red Room? → It was cold and dark.
6. The doctor asked Jane two questions . What were they ? → Are you sad ? Would you like
to go to school ?

Question for your comprehension:

1. A clergy man named Patrick Bronte were Charlotte Bronte's parents.
2. All of the children loved reading, & created a magic world of their own based on the stories
they had read.
3. A boarding school at Cowan Bridge.
4. Her experience of love with Monsieur Heger, but being refused.
5. As people did not respect women writers at that time.
6. Charlotte Bronte died in March 1855 at the age of 39.

Imagine you were Jane Eyre. Put the story in order to tell your classmates about
the life at school:
1. I started my journey to Lowood School in January.
2. It was dark when I arrived at the school.
3. A teacher took me into a wide, long room which was full of girls.
4. After supper, I went up to bed with the other girls.
5. It was very early when I woke up next morning.
6. Miss Temple, the head teacher, came irtio see us at twelve o'clock.
7. After we had eaten our lunch, we went into the garden
8. One girl was reading a book. I decided to try to be friendly with her.
9. This girl was called Helen Burns.
10. I did not like the teachers. They seemed to be very strict and unfriendly.
11. O In the spring of that year, many of the girls became ill.
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 12. I stayed with Helen through the night to comfort her, and in the morning I found that she
had died.

The wedding:

1. Someone tore Jane's veil.

2. He said that he would buy her a new dress.
3. Mr. Mason.
4. Because he was already married.
5. Mr Mason's sister.

Answer the questions:

0. A
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. D
9. B

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 - Reflection 5:

Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in South West England into an ordinary civil
servant family. His first love was Maria Bidnell, a girl from a wealthy family, but her family
forbade them, so they soon broke up. The interesting facts about Dickens is that Charles Dickens
was politely described as "eccentric," but today the medical community suspects he has an
obsessive disorder. He has a habit of always touching objects three times, believing that it is bad
luck to touch them only once, twice before using them, and 100 times a day at best. Oliver Twist
and Great Expectations are two novels that help the genius writer assert his great position in the
English literature. In Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens takes British history as the main backdrop, he
exposes the darkness behind the glossy, flashy appearance of the upper class and the painful
truths about the abuse and exploitation of power, child labor at that time. In the book Great
Expectations, the novel is simply a self-worth journey of the main character, the boy Pip. Since
1836, the writer has been married to Katherine Hogarth. The couple has eight children. From the
side their marriage seemed happy, but Dickens was upset by ridiculous quarrels with his wife,
worried about painful children. In 1857, he fell in love with the actress Ellen Ternan, whom he
met until his death. Of course, it was a secret relationship, contemporaries called Ellen "the
invisible woman". Among his works I feel most like Great Expectations. Throughout the novel, I
am so impressed with the character Pip, Pip realizes that his "great expectations" - social status
and wealth - are less important than loyalty and compassion. , the boy Pip is always learning and
improving himself. Pip boy understands more than anyone what he needs to do, he has cognitive
changes, sees what is good for himself and always aspires to be able to achieve them. Besides,
another character that I also love very much is the prisoner Magwitch - the embodiment of crime,
for evil, is Pip's panic every time he meets him. But it was the man of the old prisoner Magwitch
that always contained a deep love, he was the factor that influenced Pip until later.

Answer the question:

1. From whom did Franklin get the whistle?

→ C. Another boy.
2. Which rhetorical device is most evident in the sentence beginning on line?
→ C. connotative language.
3. From the context, what does the word folly in line 7 mean?
→ C. a mistake.
4. From the context, what does the word reflection in line 8 mean?
→ C. possibility thought.
5. The word whistle, in line 11, is an example of which rhetorical device?
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→ D. figurative language.
6. According to Franklin, what will happen if people neglect their affairs?
→ A. Their affairs will suffer.
7. In line 18, which literary device does Franklin use in the phrase said I?
→ C. Inversion.
8. In the paragraph beginning on line 19, which is an example of connotative language?
→ B. Miser.
9. From the context, what does the word fine in line 25 mean?
→ C. Elegant.
10. Where does Franklin say one "fond of appearance" will end his career?
→ D. in prison.
11. From where does Franklin say most of the "miseries of mankind" come?
→ A. false estimates of value.
12. Starting with the second paragraph, which literary or rhetorical device does Franklin employ
at the end of each paragraph?
→ D. Repetition.
13. On the basis of this passage, what is the overall tone of this piece?
→ A. Aphoristic.
14. Which of the following best describes the author's purpose?
→ A. to explain.
15. What is the main idea of this passage?
→ C. Always be aware of the true cost of your desires.

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 - Reflection 6:

The American Romantic Literary Period, which lasted from 1800 to 1860, was one of the periods
that most inspired me. That's because romanticism began in Germany and swiftly moved to
England, France, and beyond, eventually reaching America in 1820, approximately 20 years after
William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge published Collection of Lyrical Ballads,
which changed English poetry (Lyric Poetry). A fresh new vision spread like an electric current
across the world of artists and intellectuals of the time, both in America and Europe. There was,
however, a significant difference: in the United States, romanticism coincided with a period of
national growth and the discovery of America. The masterpieces of the "American Renaissance"
were nurtured by the consolidation of national character, the emergence of idealism, and a
passion for romanticism. Romanticism won out, and most American poets and essayists
embraced it. The "sublime" is embodied in America's huge mountains, unending deserts, and
immense tropics. Romanticism appears to be particularly important to American democracy since
it fosters individualism, recognizes the significance of the ordinary man, and seeks aesthetic
values and ethics through the inspirational imagination. The Romantics undoubtedly inspired the
New England transcendental writers—Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and their
ilk—to a new and cheerful outlook. Walt Whitman penned poems on his hometown of New York
City. In Leaves of Grass (1855), he eschewed the customary restraints of rhyme and meter in
favor of free poetry, and his candor in matter and tone irritated some reviewers. However, the
book became a landmark in American poetry, and it typifies the Romantic period's trademarks. It
was reprinted numerous times after that. And another very famous person during this period was
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) who lived the reclusive life of a modest single woman in a small
town called Amherst, Massachusetts. Her poetry is skilled, delicate, ethereal, and psychologically
profound within the formal structure. Her art was avant-garde at the time, and only a few of her
works were published during her lifetime. Many of her poems sit on death, often with a
mischievous writhing. "For I cannot stop for death," begins one poem, "death has kindly stopped
waiting for me." The opening of another poem by Dickinson that toyed with her role as a woman
in a male-dominated society and an unnamed poem.

I: Question for discuss:

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1. How Americans did view relationship to the world Native their around them?

The Earth was something given as a gift for man to do with as he pleased. They viewed the world
as a threatening place. Man was better than the natural world. Man was dependent on nature.

2. What were the major cultural features that the Puritans them to New England?

food, shelter, and politics.

3. How did the development of society in colonial America lead to the Revolution?

On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence,
asserting the colonists' right to self-government and establishing the United States of America. To
defend their independence, the Americans fought a long war with the British, who finally
accepted American independence in 1783.

2. Question for discuss

1. Do you think the bid idea that shaped this period continue to affect America culture today?

An idealistic literary and philosophical movement

2. Which of the writers of this period reflect the positive side of Romanticism? Which reflect its
dark side?

- Romantic' writer: Washington Irving, Tom Walker

- Dark romantic' writer: like Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville.

3. In what way does the Romanticism period seem better than the contemporary period? In what
way does it seem worse?

3. Question for discuss

1. How did the slavery question lead to the Civil War?

By the 1850s, The Southern States had become isolated from the rest of the country because of
their support of the slavery & their exclusion from the industrial boom in the North. oTension
between the North & the South grew and the end of the Union, hovered on the horizon.

2. How was the Civil War reflected in the writing of the period?

Many moved from Romanticism to realistic portrayal of the problems confronting the nation.
major poets of the period also found inspiration in personal feelings and ordinary events

3. What made the poetry of Whitman and Dickinson revolutionary?

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Poets Whitman & Emlly Dickinson experimented with new verse forms during this perlod. In
divergent way, they exploded the self and Its relation to the world.

4. Question for discuss:

1. How was the United States changing between 1880 and 1910?

Rapidly

2. What are the basic characteristics of Realism, Regionalism, Naturalism?

Writers sought to describe with scientific objectivity and the effects of environment and heredity
on character.

3. How do you think the historical and cultural trends of this period continue to affect the United
States today?

American writers reacted to these changes by turning away from Romanticism toward Realism, a
literary movement whose writers depicted life they saw it, not as they imagined it to be.

5. Question for discussion:

1. How did World War I change Americans' view of the world?

One of the most significant impacts of World War One was huge advances in technology, which
would transform the way that people all around the world travelled and communicated, in
particular, in the years after the conflict. ... Engineers went to war, creating deadly technologies
never seen before World War I.

2. How was Modernism a departure from the American literature tradition?

Modernism departed from American literary traditions such as urbanization, new technology, and
war. Artists attempted to depart from traditional forms of art, which they considered outdated or
obsolete

3. What social and cultural forces shaped the Harlem Renaissance?

The Harlem Renaissance was the development of the Harlem neighborhood in NYC as a black
cultural mecca in the early 20th century and the subsequent social and artistic explosion that
resulted.

6. Question for discussion:

1. How did the Depression encourage a revival of regionalist literature?

Writers strived to sources of continuity and strength to revive low morale caused by the
Depression, characters were shaped by the struggles

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2. In what different ways did the writers of this period present urban life?

Divided into five major periods, each of which has unique characteristics, notable authors, and
representative works.

- The Colonial and Early National Period (17th century to 1830)

- The Romantic Period (1830 to 1870)

- Realism and Naturalism (1870 to 1910)

- The Modernist Period (1910 to 1945)

- The Contemporary Period (1945 to present)

3. How did the role of the United states in the world change as a result of World War the and the
Cold War?

The entry of the United States into World War II caused vast changes in virtually every aspect of
American life: The overall impact of such public policies was almost incalculable,..

7. Question for discussion:

1. What social, political and cultural faces contributed to the rise of protest movements in the
1960s & 1970s?

This time period saw a rise in confessional poetry and sexuality in literature, which resulted in
legal challenges and debates over censorship in America.

2. How has environmentalism affected contemporary American literature?

3. How have today writers reshaped the traditions of Modernism?

William S. Burroughs and Henry Miller are two writers whose works faced censorship challenges
and who, along with other writers of the time, inspired the counterculture movements of the next
two decades.

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 - Reflection 7:

For me, my favorite is the old man character. An old man who is deaf has a lot of money, but his
life is not happy. He's deaf, so he likes the dark. When the darkness came I thought to him then
everything was quiet. Although he had money and was rich, he was not happy, he always drank
until he got drunk, drank until late, but he was still very neat, not messy, making people feel
uncomfortable. He had committed suicide, perhaps because life was too boring, without joy, even
though he had a lot of money. He used to have a wife, maybe he used to be happy, so when he
loses something that was so familiar, people will gradually lose their joy in life. He too, although
he still has a granddaughter, when he committed suicide his niece saved his life, but he still chose
to go drinking, only when the bar no longer wanted to sell alcohol to him did he leave. Even so,
when he left, he still arranged everything neatly, leaving a lot of tips before leaving. Prove that
even though he is more than 80 years old, life is boring. But he still wanted everything to be neat
and not burden others. Although sometimes, he knew he was making the waiter character feel
tired and wanted to send him away because he had been sitting for too long, but he still thanked
the character for giving him wine even though the wine had spilled out. A really kind person,
living neatly even though he is over 80 years old, but life treats him so unfairly, he always has to
live in pain and sadness even though he has a lot of money, Mr. still no end-of-life happiness.
The waiter character told him his age, it would look terrible, maybe he felt it too and he was
looking for death. For me, I feel like I learned a lot from this character, even if life takes them to
the end, living neatly and cleanly will still help us retain respect of everyone with us. Sometimes
as long as we live well, let the sad and bad things pass, we will still receive love from everyone.

QUESTION FOR DEEP UNDERSTANDING

1. What did Ernest Hemingway write?
He wrote The Sun Also Rises(1926) and A Farewell to Arm(1929), which were full of the
existential disilluionment of the Lost Generation expatriates; For whom the bell tolls (1940),
about the Spanish Civil War; and the Pulitzer Prize – winning The Old Man and the Sea(1952)

2. How did Ernest Hemingway influence others?

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Ernest Hemingway, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954, has had a great
impact on other writers through his simple prose, easily deceived, full of subtext, and tough but
vulnerable masculinity, which This created a myth that imprisoned the author and haunted the
Second World War generation.

3. What was ErnesHemingway’s childhood like?

Ernest Hemingway was born in a suburb of Chicago. He was educated in public schools and
began writing in high school, where he was active and distinguished. The most important teenage
years for him were the summers spent with his family on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey,
Michigan.

4. When did Ernest Hemingway die?

After leaving Cuba, his homeland for about 20 years, Ernest Hemingway settled in Ketchum,
Idaho, in 1960 and temporarily continued his work, but because of anxiety and depression, he
was twice hospitalized. at the Mayo Clinic. On July 2, 1961, he killed himself with a shotgun at
his home in Ketchum.

QUESTION FOR STORY DISCUSSION

1. What function does the old man serve in the story?
2. Do you think the younger waiter and the older waiter are indeed” of two different kinds”?
3. What is the signification of “insommia”at the end of the story? Why might the older
waiter dismiss his dissatisfaction as such?
4. Hemingway wrote this story when he was a young man. Does this information affect your
reading of the story? Why or why not?
when he was a young man .
QUIZ : A CAFE OF MY OWN
1. Younger waiter
2. No spills
3. This Hemingway. That’s what he does
4. Nada
5. Nothing is certain but loneliness
THEME
1. Unstaticfactory
2. Man and time
3. Time
4. Good drunk
5. Lonely
SYMBOLS

1. The central image is a? cafe

2. A cafe is a(n) idealized space
3. What is not allowed at the cafe? Music
4. What chases away the dark? Light
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 5. What is the Spanish word for nothingness?Nada

I PREFER DARK & MESSY

1. Which of these word does not describe the man in the cafe? Purple
2. What does the waiter say to the man when he asks for another drink? That he should have
killed himself
3. Even though he’s drunk the old man is still: Dignified
4. Why do people need clean, well- lit places? So they can fornet about death
5. Of the three men, whom do we get to know best? Older waiter

- Reflection 8:

Washington Irving was born April 3, 1783. He was an early-nineteenth-century American

author. He is most known for his short stories, the most renowned of which are "The Legend
of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip van Winkle”, beside he also authored essays, biographies, and
other works. He and James Fenimore Cooper were the first two American authors to gain
international recognition. As a young man, Irving tried himself as a theater actor in Europe
and even worked as the director of the famous Globe theater. In 1842, he was appointed U.S.
Ambassador to Spain, serving for four years before returning to Sunnyside, N.Y., his
hometown. The History of New York was Washington Irving's first full-length Book that
appeared in December 1809. The series is a fanciful and often satirical history of his beloved
New York City as told by a The eccentric old Dutch historian, Diedrich Knickerbocker. Next
up was "Geoffrey Crayon's Sketchbook, Gent." This book consisted of a series of essays,
short stories, and paragraphs about the United States and Britain, all of which led European
literary critics to begin to respect Washington Irving. In the book "Sketch Book", there are
two most important works of the author, the story "Rip Van Winkle" and the story "The
Legend of the Sleeping Valley". The truth about Irving Day in America is that he was named
after President George Washington and he once met his name in New York City while the
president was in town. Washington Irving began writing at a young age, and by the age of
nineteen he had published several letters in the Morning Chronicle (under the pseudonym of
Jonathan Oldstyle). Sanders and William Irving, Sr. raised him in New York. He spent the
last few years of his life in Tarrytown, New York. In his novels I really like Rip Van Winkle,
this is also the name of the main character, Rip Van Winkle is a kind but lazy farmer, so he is
afraid of being scolded by his wife. Rip accepts their drink invitation and quickly falls asleep.
When he woke up, 20 years later, he was an old man with a long white beard. When Rip
returned to town, he found that everything had changed: his wife had died, his children were
grown, and a portrait of George Washington hung in place of a portrait of King George III.

18
Answer the question:
1. Rip Van Winkle lived in a village at the bottom of

C. the Hudson River.

2. Rip Van Winkle was

A. a nice man.

3. The Van Winkle Farm

C. was run down and falling apart

4. Rip Van Winkle

D. was a lazy man.

5. Rip Van Winkle's wife

B. was not pleased with her lazy husband.

6. Rip Van Winkle did no work on the farm, but he worked hard to help his

C. friends.

7. Dame Van Winkle Did not like

C. housework.

8. When Rip Van Winkle got tired of listening to his wife, he

D. went for a walk with Wolf.

9. Knowing that he wouldn’t be home before dark, Rip Van Winkle worried that his wife
would be

A. angry

10. As Rip Van Winkle got ready to go home,

C. he heard someone call out his name.

11. Rip Van Winkle thought he had fallen asleep because

C. he drank too much at the party.

12. When Rip Van Winkle came near to his village,

B. he was surprised that he didn’t know anyone.

19
 13. The people in the village

A. did not dress as Rip Van Winkle had remembered.

14. Rip Van Winkle had been sleeping for

D. 20 years.

15. Rip Van Winkle was happy to learn that his wife had ?

B. died.

16. Rip Van Winkle and the stranger took furns ?

C. carrying the barrel up the mountain.

17. The strangers at the party looked like ?

B. they were having a very good time.

18. What do you think was in the barrel?

C. Liquor.

19. Symbolically what does the fact that Rip retreats to the wilderness represent?

A. The romantic ideal of the rejection of society.

23. The Death of Dame Van Winkle represents...

A. Irony.

1. What state was Irving born in?

B. New York
2. What is the name of the literary Magazine that Irving started with Mr. Paulding and brother
William?
C. Salamagundi
3. Whose poem did Irving republish in Analectic Magazine that later became the national
anthem of the U.S.A.?
D. Francis Scott Key
4. How many children were in Irving's family?
A. 11.
5. All of the following were pen names Irving chose for himself except,
B. Rip Van Winkle.
6. What president was Iriving named affer?
C. George Washington.
7. How old was Irving when he attended GW's inauguration?
B. 6.

20
 8. Where did Irving get the inspirations for his most notable stories?
D. The Hudson River Valley.
9. What was the name of Irving's fiancee?
A. Matilda Hoffman.

- Reflection 9:

Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens on November 30, 1835 in small town Florida,
MO, and raised in Hannibal, became one of the greatest American authors of all time. Renowned
for his honest and insightful commentary on society, politics, and identity, many of his essays
and novels, including American classics, are known. A complex, idiosyncratic person, he never
liked being introduced during lectures, preferring to introduce himself instead. Twain is a
complicated mix between a Southern boy and a Western thug struggling to fit in with the elite
Yankee culture. Growing up in Hannibal, Missouri had a lasting effect on Twain, and serving as a
steamboat captain for several years before the Civil War was one of his greatest joys. His time as
a miner and journalist in Nevada and California during the 1860s introduced him to the crude and
messy ways of the West. During the American Civil War, Mark Twain tried his luck as a pilot on
a ship. After the war, he returned to journalism and wrote under the pseudonym Mark Twain. In
1870, at the height of his success from The Simpletons Abroad, Twain married Russian Olivia
Langdon. He is friendly with Nikola Tesla and is often in his lab. He has quite a few famous
works. Twain has the first break in the early as how to be a house text in the year 1865 with an
article on life in a Mining camp, named Jim Smiley and his Dancing Uncle. Among these moves,
he wrote the book, The Innocents Abroad, in 1869, which became a best-seller. In 1876, a novel
about archiving by a boy named Tom Sawyer was published. This novel was followed by The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884). Mark Twain's famous historical novel The Prince and
Pauper (1881). Among his famous novels, my favorite is the character Tom Sawyer in the novels
of Tom Sawyer's adventures. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer tells the story of a poor, naughty
boy, many defects, but very intelligent and full of justice. Tom is with Poly, although he grew up
in an advanced educational environment, but like many boys his age, Tom always starts from
games. During a time playing with the boy Huck, Tom discovered a robbery murder, the brave
boy stood up to testify, expose the crime and save the wrongdoer.

21
Answer the questions:
1. How does Tom trick his friends into helping him whitewash the fence?

→ He convinces them that the job is fun.

2. Why do Tom and Huck first go to the graveyard?

→ To charm away warts.

3. What is Jackson’s Island?

→ A small island in the middle of the Mississippi Rive.

4. Who is Sid?

→ Tom’s younger half-brother.

5. What does Injun Joe do after Tom testifies against him?

→ He flees out the window.

6. What insect does Tom release in church?

→ A pinch-bug.

7. Who is blamed for the murder of Dr. Robinson?

→ Muff Potter.

8. What does Tom do to win a Bible in Sunday school?

→ He trades the other children for their tickets.

9. What does Huck do outside Tom’s window to summon him to their midnight adventures?

→ He meows like a cat.

10. Who is the first of the boys to suggest abandoning the pirating expedition?

→ Joe Harper.

10. Who is unaffected by the revival that sweeps through town?

→ Tom Sawyer, who is sick at the time.

12. What day is bad luck for hunting buried treasure?

→ Friday.
22
13.Why does Huck not go on the picnic?

→ Because he has not been invited.

14. What happens when Tom and Joe learn to smoke?

→ They get sick.

15. Who decides to have McDougal’s Cave bolted shut?

→ Judge Thatcher.

16. What will become of the treasure Huck and Tom find?

→ It will be invested for the boys.

17. Who is the only person to hug Huck when the three boys return for the funeral?

→ Aunt Polly.

18. Who adopts Huck Finn at the end of the novel?

→ The Widow Douglas.

19. Whom does Tom encounter in the cave?

→ Injun Joe.

20. What keeps Injun Joe from finding Tom and Huck hidden upstairs in the haunted house?

→ The staircase begins to crumble.

21. Why does Injun Joe want revenge on the Widow Douglas?

→ Because her husband once punished and humiliated him.

22. Whom does Tom suspect of spilling ink on his spelling book?

→ Himself.

23. What is Huck most afraid of when he and Tom return to the cave to find the treasure?

→ Injun Joe’s ghost.

24. Who doesn’t believe Tom’s claim that he dreamed about things that occurred at home
while he was pirating on Jackson’s Island?

→ Sid.

25. What does Tom find behind door No. 2 at the Temperance Tavern?

23
 → Whiskey and Injun Joe.

- Reflection 10:

Maureen Daly was born March 15, 1921 in County Tyrone, Ireland to Joseph Desmond Daly and
his wife Margaret Kelly Daly. She was the third daughter born to the Dalys, who already had
daughters Marguerite, known as Maggie, and Kathleen, or Kay. The family emigrated to the
United States in 1921, and settled in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Maureen Daly became a
naturalized American citizen. Daly began to write shile in high school; her teacher urged her to
join the staff of the school newspaper. She entered a short story that she had written, "Fifteen," in
Scholastic magazine's short story contest. She was one of the four "Daly sisters" whose
successful careers in media, fashion and business were covered by national magazines during the
1940s and 1950s. She co-wrote some books with her husband, mystery and crime author William
P. McGivern. In the 1980s and early 1990s, she wrote two more young adult novels dealing with
themes of romance. Dame Helen Daly's first novel Seventeenth Summer was published in 1942
when she was just 17 years old. It became a bestseller, remaining continuously in print for over
six decades and selling over one million copies by the time of her death in 2006. It received a
Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1969 and was nominated for a National Book Award in 1973. Daly
wrote the young adult novel Acts of Love (1986), basing the protagonist, Retta Caldwell, on her
daughter Megan and the plot on events that had happened to Megan as a teenager. She published
a sequel, First a Dream, in 1990. Daly's sisters, as well as herself, all became known for their
work in journalism, fashion, and advertising. When Daly married mystery and crime thriller
writer William P. "Bill" McGivern in 1946; he died of cancer in 1982. The couple had two
children, Megan McGivern Shaw (1948–1983) and Patrick McGivern (1952–2012). Daly died at
age 85 on September 25, 2006 in Palm Desert, California, of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Maureen
Daly's "Sixteen" conveys the message that in affairs of the heart it is best to use your head. The
main character says, My heart still prays but my mind laughs. Finally, mind wins! The message is

24
an age old one that many young people learn over and over as they grow to use reason when
dealing with love.

Questions for comprehension:

1. Where is Maureen Daly hometown?

→ D. Ireland.

2. When was the Daly born?

→ B. 1921.

3. In which year did Sixteen won the first prize?

→ A. 1938.

Questions for comprehesion:

1. Did the boy in the story call the girl?

→ B. No

2. Why did the girl know that the boy would never call her?

→ Because he said he would call her, but that was last Thursday. And then he was gone,
completely gone. She shivered. Somehow the darkness seemed changed. The stars were hard
little lights up in the sky and the moon had a sharp yellow glare. The air was suddenly cold
and the wind wiped out his footsteps. Everything was quiet. For days after that everything
was quiet and she understood that he wouldn't call her.

Read and think:

Q: From “Sixteen” by Maureen Daly in the passage above, what effect does the narrator's
insistence that she is experienced actually have on the reader?

→ A. It is make the reader understand that the narrator has a great deaf of life experience.

Q: What the main conclusion the reader can make from this excerpt?
→ C. The narrator maintains her popularity based on what she wears.

Questions for analysis:

25
1. How would you describe the character of the narrator in Daly’s short story “Sixteen”?

→ In Maureen Daly's short story "Sixteen" the narrator is clearly trying to prove to the reader
that she is smart and popular. A very clear example of this occurs at the beginning of the story
when the narrator is describing herself. Daly writes, "I mean, I want you to understand from
the beginning that I'm not really so dumb. I know what a girl should do and what she
shouldn't. I get around." When she says, "I want you to understand," she is clearly directing
the statement at us, the reader. As she goes on to say that she is not really that dumb, her
message clearly becomes an attempt to convince us that she is smart. Finally, when she says,
"I get around," it appears as though she is trying to tell the reader that she is popular.
Combining what has just been learned from the narrator's statements, She is trying to prove to
someone her ethos: that she is smart enough and popular enough to be telling us a story about
a boy.

2. In the story “Sixteen”, what do you think is the main message Maureen Daly is trying to
communicate?

→ In the story "Sixteen", the main message Maureen Daly tries to communicate is that life
isn't a fairy tale. The young female narrator has to accept the reality that the popular boy she
was ice skating with is never going to call her.

3. What do you think the main message the author is trying to communicate in the story
“Sixteen”? How does the author’s word choice or use of language affect this theme?

→ The main message of the story is that infatuation doesn't always equal true love. We can
all sympathize with the girl in the story who is flattered by the young man's attention. The
words the author choses are those that resemble the speech of a teenager. This allows us to
sympathize with the girl by making it easier to imagine the types of thoughts she is having.
The author also uses some rhetorical devices such as anaphoras (the repetition of words at the
beginning of neighbouring clauses), similes and metaphors. These use of words contributes to
the theme of confusion and pain that comes from confusing superficial flirting with serious
attraction.

26
II: Powerpoint Presentation: (Group 9)

BRITISH AND AMERICAN

ITERAT RE

27
 a te :
S
S Y
a an

Writer 1835 191

An adventurer and wily intellectual, Mark Twain
wrote the classic American novels 'The Adventures
of Tom Sawyer' and 'Adventures of Huckleberry
inn.
Synopsis
Born on November 3 , 1835, in lorida, Missouri,
Samuel . Clemens wrote under the pen name Mark
Twain and went on to author several novels,
including two major classics of American literature:
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of
Huckleberry inn. He was also a riverboat pilot,
journalist, lecturer, entrepreneur and inventor. Twain
died on April 21, 191 , in Redding, Connecticut.

28
Early ife:

Writing grand tales about Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry inn and the mighty Mississippi River, Mark
Twain explored the American soul with wit, buoyancy, and a sharp eye for truth. He became nothing
less than a national treasure. Samuel anghorne Clemens, better known by his pen name, Mark
Twain, was born on November 3 , 1835, in the tiny village of lorida, Missouri, the sixth child of
John and Jane Clemens. When he was 4 years old, his family moved to nearby Hannibal, a bustling
town of 1, people. John Clemens worked as a storekeeper, lawyer, judge and land speculator,
dreaming of wealth but never achieving it, sometimes finding it hard to feed his family. He was an
unsmiling fellow according to one legend, young Sam never saw him laugh. His mother, by
contrast, was a fun loving, tenderhearted homemaker who whiled away many a winter's night for her
family by telling stories. She became head of the household in 184 when John died unexpectedly.
The Clemens family "now became almost destitute," wrote biographer Everett Emerson, and was
forced into years of economic struggle a fact that would shape the career of Mark Twain. Sam
Clemens lived in Hannibal, Mississippi, from age 4 to age 1 . The town was a splendid place to
grow up, but violence was commonplace. When Sam was 9 years old, he saw a local man murder a
cattle rancher. At 1 he watched a slave die after a white overseer struck him with an iron bar.

ife in Hannibal:

Hannibal inspired several of Mark Twain's fictional locales, including "St. etersburg" in Tom
Sawyer and Huckleberry inn. These imaginary river towns are complex places: sunlit and
exuberant on the one hand, but also vipers' nests of cruelty, poverty, drunkenness, loneliness and
life crushing boredom all parts of Sam Clemens's boyhood experience. Sam kept up his schooling
until he was about 12 years old, when with his father dead and the family needing a source of
income he found employment as an apprentice printer at the Hannibal Courier, which paid him
with a meager ration of food. In 1851, at 15, he got a job as a printer and occasional writer and
editor at the Hannibal Western nion, a little newspaper owned by his brother, rion. Then, in
185 , 21 year old Clemens fulfilled a dream: He began learning the art of piloting a steamboat on
the Mississippi. However, his service was cut short in 18 1 by the outbreak of the Civil War, which
halted most civilian traffic on the river. As the war began, the people of Missouri angrily split
between support for the nion and the Confederacy. Clemens opted for the latter, joining the
Confederate Army in June 18 1 but serving for only a couple of weeks until his volunteer unit
disbanded. Where, he wondered then, would he find his future? What venue would bring him both
excitement and cash? His answer: the great American West.

29
Heading ut West:

In July 18 1, Twain climbed on board a stagecoach and headed for Nevada and California,
where he would live for the next five years. At first, he prospected for silver and gold,
convinced that he would become the savior of his struggling family and the sharpest dressed
man in Virginia City and San rancisco. But nothing panned out, and by the middle of 18 2, he
was flat broke and in need of a regular job. Twain became one of the best known storytellers in
the West. He honed a distinctive narrative style friendly, funny, irreverent, often satirical and
always eager to deflate the pretentious. He got a big break in 18 5, when one of his tales about
life in a mining camp, "Jim Smiley and His Jumping rog," was printed in newspapers and
maga ines around the country the story later appeared under various titles . His next step up
the ladder of success came in 18 , when he took a five month sea cruise in the Mediterranean,
writing humorously about the sights for American newspapers with an eye toward getting a
book out of the trip. And so it came to pass that in 18 9 The Innocents Abroad was published,
and it became a bestseller. At 34, this handsome, red haired, affable, canny, egocentric and
ambitious journalist and traveler had become one of the most popular and famous writers in
America.

Marriage to livia angdon:

In ebruary 18 , he improved his social status by marrying 24 year old livia ivy
angdon, the daughter of a rich New ork coal merchant. Writing to a friend shortly after his
wedding, Twain could not believe his good luck: "I have ... the only sweetheart I have ever
loved ... she is the best girl, and the sweetest, and gentlest, and the daintiest, and she is the most
perfect gem of womankind.

30
 Answer the uestion

1. Besides writing, what other jobs does Mark Twain do?

2. Why did Mark Twain marry livia ivy angdon?
3. Tell me about the great achievements that Mark Twain achieved between 18 5 and
18 9?

The answer

1. He is also a riverboat pilot, journalist, lecturer, entrepreneur and inventor.

2. Because he wanted to improve his social status, he married the daughter of a rich New
ork coal merchant.
3. He had his big break in 18 5, when one of his stories about life in a mining camp was
printed. The next step he took to success was that in 18 he went on a five month cruise
in the Mediterranean. In 18 9, The Innocents Abroad was published, and it became a
bestseller.

31
 u e e nn:
"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark
Twain called Huckleberry inn," Ernest Hemingway wrote in
1935, giving short shrift to Herman Melville and others but
making an interesting point . Hemingway's comment refers
specifically to the collo uial language of Twain's masterpiece, as
for perhaps the first time in America, the vivid, raw, not so
respectable voice of the common folk was used to create great
literature . In the meantime, he pursued respectability with the
1881 publication of The rince and the auper, a charming
novel endorsed with enthusiasm by his genteel family and
friends. In 1883 he put out ife on the Mississippi, an interesting
but safe travel book. When Huck inn finally was published in
1884, ivy Clemens gave it a chilly reception . In 1885, he
triumphed as a book publisher by issuing the bestselling
memoirs of former resident lysses S. rant, who had just
died. He never achieved the success he expected. His publishing
house eventually went bankrupt.

L :
Twain's financial failings, reminiscent in some ways of his
father's, had serious conse uences for his state of mind. In
1889, Twain published A Connecticut ankee in King
Arthur's Court, a sciencefiction historical novel about
ancient England . His next major work, in 1894, was The
Tragedy of udd'nhead Wilson, a somber novel that some
observers described as "bitter." He also wrote short stories,
essays and several other books, including a study of Joan of
Arc. Some of these later works have enduring merit, and his
unfinished work The Chronicle of oung Satan has fervent
admirers today.

Mark Twain's last 15 years were filled with public honors,

including degrees from xford and ale. robably the most
famous American of the late 19th century, he was much
photographed and applauded wherever he went. Indeed, he
was one of the most prominent celebrities in the world,
traveling widely overseas, including a successful
'round the world lecture tour in 1895 '9 , undertaken to pay
off his debts

32
 e na St u e :
But while those years were gilded with awards, they also brought him
much anguish. Early in their marriage, he and ivy had lost their
toddler son, angdon, to diphtheria in 189 , his favorite daughter,
Susy, died at the age of 24 of spinal meningitis. The loss broke his
heart, and adding to his grief, he was out of the country when it
happened.
His youngest daughter, Jean, was diagnosed with severe epilepsy. In
19 9, when she was 29 years old, Jean died of a heart attack. or many
years, Twain's relationship with middle daughter Clara was distant and
full of uarrels. In June 19 4, while Twain traveled, ivy died after a
long illness. Twain became somewhat bitter in his later years, even
while projecting an amiable persona to his public. In private he
demonstrated a stunning insensitivity to friends and loved ones "Much
of the last decade of his life, he lived in hell," wrote Hamlin Hill. He
wrote a fair amount but was unable to finish most of his projects. His
memory faltered. He had volcanic rages and nasty bouts of paranoia,
and he experienced many periods of depressed indolence, which he
tried to assuage by smoking cigars, reading in bed and playing endless
hours of billiards and cards
Samuel Clemens died on April 21, 191 , at the age of 4, at his country
home in Redding, Connecticut. He was buried in Elmira, New ork.

ue t n :
at ea a t e en e t nn e nne t ut Yan ee n n
t u u t u ed

a a n e e ed an unde aduate de ee m am u
un e t

at d d t e dau te named Su de

33
n e :
1 rinted 1889

2 xford and ale.

3 Su y ie at the age of 24 of spinal meningitis.

S S Y

34
 L :
L

Big Ideas 185 188

RESISTANCE T S AVER
S AVER The culture of African American was shaped by there struggle against. Spiritual
slave narratives testified the harshness of slavery American s fierce resistance to it.

Divided Nation During the Civil War, the Americans created a literary record that ranged from vivid
account of war time life to profound expressions of faith in American ideals.

oetic Revolution oets Whitman Emily Dickson experimented with new verse forms during this
period. In divergent way, they exploded the self and its relation to the world.

S Y:

The novel opens with Aunt olly searching for Tom Sawyer, the young protagonist of the novel who, along with his
younger brother Sidney, was sent to live in St. etersburg, Missouri, after his mother's death. After hearing no
answer to her calls, olly finds Tom eating out of the jam closet. Tom escapes Aunt olly's beating by diverting her
attention, leading olly into a tirade against Tom's irreverent ways.
During dinner, Aunt olly tries to trick Tom into admitting that he played hooky from school that day to go
swimming. But Tom, aware of Aunt olly's motives, has sewn his shirt collar back in place after his afternoon
swim. Aunt olly apologi es to Tom for her suspicions, until Sidney notorious for being "the Model Boy of the
village" points out that Tom's shirt is sewn together with black thread instead of the white thread that Aunt olly
had used that morning. Before she can punish him, Tom darts out the door and runs away from the house.
n the street, Tom runs into a well dressed boy with a "citified air about him that ate into Tom's vitals." After a
verbal fight, Tom and the nameless boy begin to throw fists at each other until Tom is finally victorious. Tom
returns home late in the evening by climbing through the window... but Aunt olly catches him in the act.

35
 LYS S:

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is considered one of the greatest works of American literature partly because it
reflects so perfectly the culture of mid18 s America. In a period where thoughts of gold and silver drove men
West and industriali ation had not yet begun, Twain was able to describe small town life in detail. St. etersburg is
portrayed as a small, tight knit community on the riverfront where the frontier culture and the classic Southern
tradition meet.
At the start of the novel, the reader is immediately introduced to the core characters. The character portraits that are
unfolded in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer are extensive and intricate, a uality that makes this piece a distinct
work of Mark Twain. In the first chapter, Aunt olly is introduced as a religious, pious, and stubborn mannered
lady Tom's first impression leaves the reader thinking he is mischievous, la y, and irresponsible. But as the story
unfolds, Twain develops both Aunt olly and Tom into multi dimensional characters whose emotions and actions
are somewhat unpredictable. The reader, then, must discern between the superficial and the meaningful portrayals
of each character.

1.The purpose of this chapter is to tell that?

2.Where did Tom hide from his Aunt?
3.Why are you able to figure out that Tom's collar was sewn with a
different colored ?

36
 S

1.Tom always got into trouble.

2. In the closet.
3. Because he sewed it himself.

37