LESSON 2

Culture and Morality

Introduction
In a review essay on morality and culture, Mary Douglas pointed out that there exists little
communication between anthropologists writing on morals and the (Western) moral philosophers.
Anthropological findings enter the ethical discussions as 'exotic examples." She expects this situation to
last for quite some
time.

Two conversations are running parallel: one the philosophers', about the rational foundation of ethics,
another the anthropologist’s, about the interaction between moral ideas and social institutions. The
conversations, as they are set at the present time, seems will never converge. Anthropologists are
confident that they are speaking about the role of culture in human life and societies. Moral
philosophers are sure that they are discussing moral issues. So far so good. But the problem begins
when anthropologists turn to the investigation of the morality of a culture and when philosophers try to
account for the role of culture in the formation of morality. The central difficulty has to do with the way
the relation between morality and culture is perceived. In fact, the problem is more fundamental than
Douglas assumes. According to her, it is possible to reduce the gap between anthropologists and
philosophers if the latter were to give up some of their (culturally determined) views on morality. True,
but this is not the whole story. The anthropologists have difficulties too while accounting for the
morality that philosophers speak about.

What is Culture?
Culture is derived from the Latin word “cultura” or “cultus” which means care or cultivation. Culture as
cultivation implies that every human being is a potential member of his own social group. He is
endowed with certain innate qualities to make use. However, he cannot develop these inborn talents
without the other people. He/she needs other people who can provide him/her with the needed
opportunities so he/she can translate these potentialities into realities called achievements. These
accomplishments not only help him achieve self- actualization but also make him/her a contributing
member of his society.

Anthropologist Edward B.Tylor, an Englishman, developed one of the classic definitions of culture. He
said, “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, law, art, moral, custom, and
other capabilities and habits acquired as a member of society.". In other words, culture refers to the
totality of the humanly created world, from material culture and cultivated landscapes, via social
institutions (political, religious, economic etc.), to knowledge and meaning, something that human has
created and learned in a society. His theory defines culture in descriptive terms as the "complex whole"
that makes up social ideas and institutions.

In Tylor's view, culture includes all aspects of human activity, from the fine arts to popular
entertainment, from everyday behavior to the development of sophisticated technology. It contains the
plan, rules, techniques, designs and policies for living.

On the other hand, sociologists defined culture as the entire way of life followed by people, and
everything learned and shared by people in society. （Hunt, et. al, 1994). According to Landis (1992),
culture is a complex set of learned and shared beliefs, customs, skills, habits, traditions, and knowledge
common to members of society.

The Influence of Culture in Moral Development

Culture has been with us since the dawn of human existence. Significant as it is, a culture considerably
shapes its members on how they live and relate within themselves and with other cultures (Bretzke,
2004). Culture is a social environment in which a person is born and wherein he or she lives together
with other persons. Hence, culture has a great impact in the development of the human person in varied
ways; may it be in physical, knowledge, thought, relationship, religious or moral development.

Moreover, culture is a person’s social heritage that has been passed from one generation to the next
basically through the relationship that binds the society together. It necessarily says on what are the
things a member of the society must do, what to do and how to do things. It teaches and conditions
members on how to relate and live with the other members of the society and even to people outside
of their own culture. At its fundamentals, culture has important characteristics. As I would emphasize,
culture is rooted from the collective “human experience”. Culture is always transmitted, shared or
acquired through learning. Culture satisfies human needs as a social being. And culture tends towards
the participation of the members of the society.

Therefore, culture functions to mold and establish a social identity that brings people as well to the
knowledge of common objectives which members would try to achieve. Culture, indeed, provides
norms, customs, laws, and moral demands that are to be followed. So to speak, in general, in a culture
there is consistency and systematic patterns of behavior (Palispis, 2007).

In general, culture plays a vital role the development of the human person. In every aspect of the human
person, the cultural background can be very visible. In particular, culture has an essential influence on
the moral development of the human person since morality is just one of the cultural aspects.

Culture would tell, as I have mentioned above, the members on what to do, how to do things and what
are the things that should be done as well as those things . that should be avoided. So to speak, culture
imprints the existing moral principles into its members, thus, shapes the character of its mémbers as
well. Indeed, this is a process from infancy to adulthood, effectively presented by Kohlberg in his theory
on the stages of moral development.

At. this point let us particularize how culture influences the moral
development of the people. The points below are the following:

1. Culture is always social and communal by which the relationship of the people towards one another
and their experience as a people are the culture's meadow. It is in this relationship and communal
experience that culture influences the moral development of its members. It is important to note that.
morality as principle is promoted because primarily of the relationship within the community. Laws and
rules and standards of attitudes and behaviors are set and promulgated by the community to promote
that relationship that binds them together as a people. And culture as it is being handed down from one
generation to another forms as well the morality of that particular generation. Yet, the kind of morality
may not be absolutely the same with the previous generation due to changes that would inevitable
occur.
2. The culture defines the normative principles and behaviors of the society. It defines which particular
principle and behavior that should be kept that would serve the best interest of the community. There
would be a definition on what are the principles and behaviors also that should not be promoted or
rejected. This kind of influence of culture in moral development is best seen in terms of relational level.
Again, it is basic that it is in the relationship within the community and in their experience of that
relationship that the community would able to for in certain normative principles and behaviors. These
defined normative principles and behaviors inform and indoctrinate the members as they live and relate
with the community. These would shape also the kind of moral judgment a person has, which is most of
the time congruent to the general moral judgment.

3. Moreover, a culture, as best exemplified in the experience of the people, develops restrictions and
sets boundaries and limitations as they live and relate with one another. These restrictions and
boundaries serve as protection among themselves. These would create an atmosphere of promoting the
welfare of the community. Indeed, anyone who tries to step beyond these is subject to punishment or
consequences set by the community embedded in the culture. Culture here draws this consciousness
into the moral development of its members.

4. As culture helps in generating the character and identity of its people, it also includes their moral
character. Culture conditions the mind - the way people think and the way they perceive the world and
their relationship' with one another. Henceforth, a culture which characteristic is aggressive tends to be
aggressive in terms of its relationship with one another or with other cultures. Yet, the character that is
being shaped by a culture may not always be just and rightful. A culture like many others may shape a
character that is unjust and mistaken in the general perspective of human morality.

5. The culture identifies the authorities or the governing individuals or groups. They are the symbol of
guidance and control. In many cultures, men are always regarded as the leaders who oversee the order
of the community and give guidance, which is true in patriarchal societies. Through their roles and
responsibilities in the community within the given culture, may it be patriarchy, matriarchy or whatever;
people submit themselves to their authorities. By their very authority as they represent the general
populace, the members look at them as people who promote and keep the set of rules and laws that
govern the community. Their moral judgments are considered essential in moral issues of the
community. In particular, in domestic level the parents of a child are the first authorities who set and
teach the child essential for the moral development of their child.

Evidently, culture is very significant in the development of the human person and in moral development
particularly. Furthermore, as one would look at it, culture has a tight grip on the moral development of
the people. Culture is the conditioning principle of the moral development of its members.
Nevertheless, culture as the principle that surrounds the moral development of the people may not
always promote what is good and just for all. It is certain that sometimes there are principles, attitudes
and behaviors that actually hinder good relationships. and violate the welfare of the others. These are
indeed difficult to eliminate immediately in a culture, yet, they should be subject to people's
discernment that proper changes and modifications have to be done for the sake of the welfare and
justice for everybody.

LESSON 3
Dynamics of Culture
Introduction

The cross-cultural relationship is the idea that people from different cultures can have relationships that
acknowledge, respect and begin to understand each other's diverse lives. People with different
backgrounds can help each other see possibilities that they never thought were there because of
limitations, or cultural proscriptions, posed by their own traditions. Traditional practices in certain
cultures can restrict opportunity because they are “wrong" according to one specific culture. Becoming
aware of these new possibilities will ultimately change the people that are exposed to the new ideas.
This cross-cultural relationship provides hope that new opportunities will be discovered but at the same
time it is threatening. The threat is that once the relationship occurs, one can no longer claim that any
single culture is the absolute truth. The concept of cultural relativism as we know and use it today was
established as an analytic tool by German-American anthropologist Franz Boas in the early 20th century.

We 'recognize that the many cultures of the world have their own beliefs, values, and practices that
have developed in particular historical, political, social, material, and ecological contexts and that it
makes sense that they would differ from our own and that none are necessarily right or wrong or good
or bad, then we are engaging the concept of cultural relativism.

Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism is the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments
using the standards of one's own culture. The goal of this is promote understanding of cultural practices
that are not typically part of one's own culture. Using the perspective of cultural relativism leads to the
view that no' one culture is superior than another culture when compared to systems of morality, law,
politics, etc. It is a concept that cultural norms and values derive their meaning within a specific social
context. This is also based on the idea that there is no absolute standard of good or evil, therefore every
decision and judgment of what is right and wrong is individually decided in each society. The concept of
cultural relativism also means that any opinion on ethics is subject to the perspective of each person
within their particular culture. Overall, there is no right or wrong ethical system. In a holistic
understanding of the term cultural relativism, it tries to promote the understanding of cultural practices
that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating insects, genocides or genital cutting (Leano, 1995).

Cultural relativism is considered to be more constructive and positive conception as compared to

ethnocentrism. It permits to see an individual's habits, values and morals in the context of his or her
cultural relevance not by comparing it to one's own cultural values and by deeming these the most
superior and greater of all.

Cultural relativism is a method or procedure for explaining and interpreting other people's culture. It
offers anthropologists a means of investigating other societies without imposing ethnocentric
assumptions (Scupin, 2000).

Cultural relativism is widely accepted in modern anthropology. Cultural relativists believe that all
cultures are worthy in their own right and are of equal value. Diversity of cultures, even those with
conflicting moral beliefs, is not to be considered in terms of right and wrong or good and bad. Today's
anthropologists consider all cultures to be equally legitimate expressions of human existence, to be
studied from a purely neutral perspective. Cultural relativism is closely related to ethical relativism,
which views truth as variable and not absolute. What constitutes right and wrong is determined solely
by the individual or by society. Since truth is not objective, there can be no objective standard which
applies to all cultures. No one can say if someone else is right or wrong; it is a matter of personal
opinion, and no society can pass judgment on another society (Ladd, 1973). Cultural relativism sees
nothing inherently wrong (and nothing inherently good) with any cultural expression. So, the ancient
Mayan practices of self- mutilation and human sacrifice are neither good nor bad; they are simply
cultural distinctive, akin to the American custom of shooting fireworks on the fourth of July. Human
sacrifice and fireworks- both are simply different products of separate socialization.

Marriage practices of Muslims should not be judged based on the culture of the Roman Catholics is one
example. The celebration of fiesta in the Philippines should not look into by other nation as too much
religiosity. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism There are additional cultural relativism
advantages and disadvantages to consider when looking at this theory. Here are some of the key points
to consider (Vittana.org).

Hereunder are the advantages of cultural relativism:

1. It is a system which promotes cooperation. For the most part, humanity is strong because of the
differences we all have. Every individual has a different perspective that is based on their upbringing,
experiences, and personal thoughts. By embracing the many differences, we have, the cooperation
creates the potential for a stronger society. Each individual definition of success allows us to pursue
stronger bonds with one another and potentially achieve more because there are no limitations from a
group level and what can or cannot be accomplished.
2. It creates a society where equality is possible. In any society, people rise by climbing on top of other
people. It is a socially acceptable way of creating discrimination. We see this today in the wage gap that
women face, the educational opportunities hat minority groups face, and the violence we see because
of political oppression. Cultural relativism allows the individual to define their moral code without
defining the moral code of others. Each person is separate in such a society. That separation creates
equality because each person can set his/her own definition of success.
3. People can pursue a genuine interest. In the modern society, people are funneled toward certain
career options because of their circumstances. If you can't afford to go to college, then you pursue a
vocational career or some sort of entrepreneurship instead of a career that requires a graduate degree.
If you can't afford to buy a house, you go rent an apartment. In cultural relativism, you get to pursue
your own interests without restriction. You set the definitions of what you can have and what you
cannot have. When implemented successfully, each person would get to focus on his/her strengths
instead of his/her weaknesses.
4. Respect is encouraged in a system of cultural relativism. People come from different cultures. They
have different ideas. They pursue different definitions of success. Because such a system promotes the
individual's definition instead of a group definition, a society can evolve because there is a natural level
of respect built into the process. Each person is naturally given the right to pursue life through his/her
own specific perspective and then learn from his/ her experiences in a way that works best for him/her.
5. It preserves human cultures. Humanity is a very diverse set of thoughts, traditions, ideas, and
practices. Many times, the traditions of humanity are set aside so that a set of standards can be
appeased. Native and First Nations tribes in North America did this by signing treaties which would help
them to preserve some lands, but limit their rights by being subject to a new governmental authority.
They were forced to trade some of their culture. Under the theory of cultural relativism, such a trade
would not be necessary. It wouldn't even be a consideration.
6.Cultural relativism creates a society without judgment. We are so trained to judge others in today's
world that we don't even give it a second thought. Looking at someone and saying,"Glad that isn't me,"
is a judgment.Under the theory of cultural relativism,judgment goes away.The only person that judges
you is yourself. People who might disagree with you are able to set their own codes and standards for
their own individualistic bubble.Instead of
worrying about others, you only worry about yourself.
7.Moral relatioism can be excluded from cultural relativism.Each culture can be treated as an individual
under the theory of cultural relativism. This means the moral codes of a culture can be defined and an
expectation implemented that people follow it. Although other cultures may not set up such a
restriction, and others might say such a restriction isn'ta true form of cultural relativism, people in such
a system can do what makes the most sense for them. You're focusing on the customs of a culture, not
the morality that is imposed upon those customs.
8. We can create personal moral codes based on societal standards with ease. To determine if a decision
would be “right” or "wrong," cultural relativism allows individuals to consult with the standards of their
society, or culture. It is a simple test to determine the course that a person should take in such a
circumstance. By consulting with the moral code of the culture, one question: must be asked: does the
action conform to the cultural moral code? If it does, then the action is permitted. Although this process
can allow for disturbing results, most cultures are based on inclusion instead of exclusion. It is only in
structures where apartheid, segregation, or purging where disturbing outcomes are typically present.
9. It stops cultural conditioning. People tend to adapt their attitudes, thoughts, and beliefs to the
people they are with on a regular basis. This is cultural conditioning and it prevents people from having
an individualistic perspective. Cultural relativism stops this.

The disadvantages are as follows:

1. It creates a system that is fueled by personal bias. Every society has a certain natural bias to it
because of how humanity operates. People tend to prefer to be with others who have similar thoughts
and feelings, so' they segregate themselves into neighborhood, communities, and social groups that
share specific perspectives. When people are given the power to define their own moral code then they
will do so based on their own personal bias. There is no longer a group perspective. People follow their
own code at the expense of others.
2. It would create chaos. People who clan follow their own moral code because there is no “wrong" or
"right" would be allowed to pursue any life they preferred under the theory of cultural relativism. If
you're upset with your neighbor, then you can kill that person without consequence if your moral code
allows for murder. Instead of purchasing something, you could steal it if you see stealing as “right" to do.
There is no real way to protect people in such a society, so each person becomes responsible to protect
themselves. It creates a system that is Darwinian in practicality, where only the strongest can survive.
3. It is an idea that is based on the perfection of humanity. Many people strive to do good every day.
Most want to see everyone have the chance to pursue happiness in some way. That is why the idea of
cultural relativism often. seems to be inviting. The only problem is that people are not perfect. We can
be forgetful. We can lie. We can become aggressive when a driver cuts you off while driving and puts
your family at risk. Without a group moral code in place to govern decisions, anything could happen
when we experience these moments of imperfection.
4. It could promote a lack of diversity. Cultural relativism promotes an individualistic point of view, so
although it seems to promote diversity, it actually removes it from a society. Cultural relativism would
allow slavery to return to the US South. It would allow men to exclude women from voting once again. It
would stop employers from paying someone a fair wage – or even paying them a wage at all. The only
standards that are in place are those which are set by the individual involved, which means everyone is
pursuing his/her own position of strength. We cannot create diversity when the emphasis of a society is
individualistic gain that can come at the expense of others.
5. It draws people away from one another. Although cultural relativism can promote people coming
together to share their strengths, it can also encourage people to draw apart from one another. C.S.
Lewis, in his description of Hell from The Screwtape Letters, envisions a place where people are
constantly going away from each other to avoid the demons that each person has. Because each person
is uncertain of what codes and standards another is following the natural inclination for self-
preservation causes people to draw away. You might develop a close-knit community at first, but as
Lewis describes, each demon causes people to back away from one another instead of coming closer.
6. It could limit moral progress. When we look at the idea of moral progress, we think of becoming more
inclusionary instead of exclusionary. This inclusion is reflected in the laws and customs of the culture.
The current debate on the transgender bathroom laws in North Carolina and Texas is a good example of
this. In cultural relativism, everyone would be able to use his/her bathroom of choice or a culture could
state that everyone must use a specific bathroom without exception and there would be complete
agreement in either choice. Within the society, either choice would be seen as moral progress, but in
reality, it could hold people back.
7. It could limit humanity's progress. We often think of the concept of cultural relativism as progression,
but it isn't necessarily that way. When you remove the ability to judge one standard from another, then
the comparative process of placing a current society or culture against a past one is removed as well. No
definition of success can be implemented because each is successful in its own way. We might consider
the ability for women to vote as the “right" thing to do today, but in past societies, not allowing women
to vote was also right" from a cultural standpoint. Because both are "right," there's no way to judge
progress.
8. Cultural relativism can turn perceptions into truth. It’s a dark night and it is warm outside. A teen is
walking down an alley wearing a hoodie and the hood is up. His hands are jammed into his pockets and
there is a bulge in one of them. In this scenario, some people may automatically assume that the teen is
up to “no good." The bulge might even be a weapon under that assumption. In the world of cultural
relativism, that bias becomes a truth that can be acted upon. It doesn't matter if the bulge is a gun or a
package of Skittles. The decision to act becomes a righteous one because of the individual truth that the
culture allowed through the bias it perpetrates. The cultural relativism's advantages and disadvantages
which are discussed are based on the theoretical implementation of such a system. Originally proposed
by Franz Boas in 1887, it is an idea that has never been implemented on a large scale. Moral standards
make sense in a person's culture. By creating individualized cultures, on singular or larger scales, it does
become easier to keep and embrace the traditions that humanity has developed over the millennia.

LESSON 4
The Filipino Way
Introduction
Our culture is a big reflection of our great and complex history. It is influenced
by most of the people we have interacted with.A blend of the Malayo-Polynesian
and Hispanic culture with the influence from Chinese, Indians Arabs, and other
Asian cultures really contribute to the customs and traditions of the Filipinos.
Filipino culture is unique compared to other Asian countries, and beliefs
applied every day in the life of the Filipinos reveal how rich and blessed the culture
the people have.
The Filipino Customs and Traditions
What is it about the Philippines that makes it different from the rest of the
world? Well, for one thing, it is all about their culture.
When children or young people greet or say goodbye to their elders they
typically do so by taking the right hand of the elder with their right hand and place
the back the elder's hand lightly on their forehead. It is a way of giving respect to
the elders and it is believed that is also a way of receiving blessing to the elders.
＂Mano po" is the term used when kissing the hands of elders.
Mano is a Spanish word for "hand" while po is used at the end of the sentence
when addressing elders or superiors.
The Filipinos are one of the most hospitable people you may find anywhere.
Foreign visitors in the country are treated with the utmost respect. This trait is
usually seen during fiestas and holidays where many Filipinos are giving their
best to entertain their visitors well.
It is amazing to see that even the simplest home along the road opens its door
to a stranger. For Filipinos, to be able to serve others gives them honor of showing
true friendship. Filipino hospitality is a trait you can't take away from them.
1. Having close family ties is also one of their unique traits. It is one of the
outstanding cultural values that Filipinos have. The family takes care of
each other and is taught to be loyal to family and elders by simply obeying
their authorities. This is one of the unique characteristics of Filipinos.
Having fondness for family reunions during secular and religious holidays
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Such as Christmas,New Year's eve,All Saints' Day, Holy Week, Fiestas,

homecomings, birthdays, weddings, graduations, baptisms, funerals etc. is
evidence that Filipino people value not only our cultural tradition but the
spirit of our family. As Filipinos, we are blessed to have been brought up with
strong family ties.
2. The Bayanihan - It is the spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a
particular objective. A famous example of this is the neighbors carrying a hut
or house to a new location. People nowadays use it to describe an outpouring
of community spirit - as people give their all to the common good, without
expecting recognition or personal gain.
Photo Courtesy of Blackswan Flickr.com
3. Courtship - We Filipinos are very romantic when it comes to heart affairs.
Serenading or harana in Tagalog is one of the most popular forms of courtship
to show that a man is very serious with his intentions to a woman. A serenade
would require the young man to sing a love song in front of the young lady's
house. Normally, he is accompanied by his male friends who act as back-up
singers. The man himself or his friend played the instrument, usually a guitar,
which provides the background music to his song.
They would have to wait until the young lady opened a window to listen.
It would be up to her if she wanted to invite them in for some refreshment.
and to chat after the song. Even if they had been asked to comè in, the suitor
would not expect that he could have the chance of a private moment with his
object of affection. It was highly likely that the parents would also be there to
entertain the man and his friends.
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4. Religion-The Philippines is one of two predominantly Roman Catholic

nations in Asia-Pacific. Their habit of going to church and often praying
reflects that Filipinos have a deep faith and belief when it comes to religion.
They are very devoted to religions that sometimes many take the risk of their
lives just to touch the Black Nazarene (in Quiapo, Manila). For many, it is just
－a choice between their faith and fears.
Filipinos believe that having a strong devotion may lead to a better life
and their guidance to face everyday life.
5. Superstition -In the Philippines, superstitious beliefs have grown throughout
the country. These beliefs have come from the different sayings and beliefs of
our ancestors that aim to prevent danger from happening or to make a person
refrain from doing something in particular.
These beliefs are part of our culture, for one derives his/her beliefs from
the influences of what his/her customs, traditions and culture have dictated
to explain certain phenomena or to scare people. Some are practiced primarily
because Filipinos believe that there is nothing to lose if they will comply with
these beliefs.
6. Marriage and Wedding Customs -In the country, marriage is a sacred union of
man and woman after a period of courtship and engagement. It is a sacrament
between two people who love each other. For many Filipinos, the eternal
quality of dedication to God pervades a truly sacred marriage.
A sacred marriage is a covenant between two who love each other in God
and with God, whose joining becomes an expression of the desire of each to
love and serve God together.
7. Death - Death in the Philippines is one of the most important occasions in
family life. For many Filipinos, a death of a relative is an opportunity to
strengthen ties in the family. To pay respect and honor the relationship to the
deceased, long lost relatives, friends, and even relatives working abroad are
reunited.
The Philippines is the home of some unique death rituals that are partly
religious and mostly superstitious. The mourning and the weeping are still
present, but a happy and welcoming atmosphere would usually envelop the
place to help the deceased on his/her journey to the afterlife:
After the death of a person, a nine-day period of having a novena of
prayers and masses offered up to the deceased is held,although the beginning
of the “siyam na araw" varies, but usually ends the week after the death.
Another period follows after death, the 40-day mourning period. Family
members indicate their state of bereavement by wearing a small, black
rectangular plastic pin on their left breast or breast pocket area. A ceremonial
mass is held at the end of this 40-day period. Common belief states that the
soul goes to Heaven after these 40 days,following the belief that Jesus Christ
ascended to Heaven after the said period of days.
8. Society-The primary ancestors of Filipinos are Malays who came from the
southeastern Asian country. The Philippines is a combined society, both
singular and plural in form. It is singular as one nation, but plural in that it
is fragmented geographically and culturally. The nation is divided between
Christians, Muslims, and other religious-ethno-linguistic groups; between
urban and rural people; between upland and lowland people; and between
the rich and the poor. Although different in numerous ways, the Filipinos are
very hospitable and give appropriate respect to everybody regardless of race,
culture and belief.
9. Christimas in the Philippines is considered as one of the biggest holidays in
the archipelago. We earned the distinction of celebrating the world's longest
Christmas season with Christmas carols heard as early as September and
lasting until Epiphany, the feast of the Black Nazarene on January 9 or, the
Feast of the Santo Niño de Cebú on the third Sunday of January.
In one article, Archbishop Cruz told in his Christmas message that "the
essence of Christmas is God made flesh, God who has come among us" in an .
act of love "that joins humankind to the Living God through our Lord Jesus
Christ". For many Filipinos, the true essence of Christmas is not gift giving but.
sharing this special holy day with family.
10. Fiestas - Every town and city in the Philippines has a fiesta of its own;
whatever time of the year it is, there's sure to be a fiesta going on somewhere.
Fiestas in the Philippines are held to celebrate a patron saint. It is part
and parcel of Filipino culture through good times and bad times, it must
go on. The biggest and most elaborate festival of all is Christmas, a season
celebrated with all the pomp and pageantry where the whole country breaks
out in celebrations that can begin long before December.
For individual Filipinos, fiestas can be a way of supplicating the heavens
or to make amends for past'wrongs. It is a way to celebrate their blessings,
commemorate their past and observe solemn religious rituals. Celebrations
may take the form of music, dancing, feasting, beauty contests, balls,
processions, sports challenges or a host of other events.
Spanish influence is evident in the elaborate masks, makeup, headdresses
preparation..
and costumes worn by the revelers; outfits which often take months of
11.-Living with Parents - Filipinos highly value the presence of family more
than anything. Adult children living with their parents are another Filipino
traditional that make them exceptional. Unlike in the United States where
children leave the home after finishing high school or college, many Filipinos
continue living with parents until they get married. (Abundo,2015)
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Characteristics of Filipino Culture

Here are some characteristics of the Filipinos that set them apart from any
other culture and society: (Dumaraos,2018)
1. The Filipino people are very resilient-In times of calamities and catastrophes,
Filipinos always manage to rise above the challenge. Instead of wallowing,
they manage to pick themselves up and smile.
2. Filipinos take pride in their families - In the Philippines, it is family first. So
whether you are part of the immediate family or you belong to the third or
fourth generation, you are treated as a family member. Sometimes, even the
closest of friends are considered family, too.
3. Filipinos are very religious - In all corners of a Filipino house, you can find
brazen images of crosses and other religious paraphernalia. They go to church
every Sunday, or sometimes even twice or three times a week.
4. Filipinos are very respectful - From the moment they are born into this
world, they are already taught how to be respectful by using these simple
catchphrases-po and opo, words that end sentences when addressing elders.
They have a culture of pagmamano, which is where they raise the backs of the
hands of their elders to their foreheads as a sign of respect.
5. Filipinos help one another - More popularly known as bayanihan, Filipinos
help one another-without expecting anything in return-so that undertaking
their tasks and responsibilities become much easier. Sometimes this is called
“community spirit."
6. Filipinos value traditions and culture - For Filipinos, traditions in their home
and in their family are important. They usually set aside a'specific day for a
certain celebration like festivals, birthday parties, reunions, etc. And of course,
every gathering is dedicated to keeping up with each other over sumptuous
food.
7. Filipinos have the longest Christmas celebrations - Even as early as August,
you can hear Christmas songs and jingles being played in the malls or in the
restaurants in the'Philippines. The mood becomes festive, with many people
shopping and in good spirits. Christmas celebrations last until around the first
or second week of January.
8. Filipinos love art and architecture-Just look at the massive and tall buildings
everywhere.Filipinos have a penchant for bringing art and architecture to a
whole new level. They love to design creatively, to think intuitively, and have
a passion for anything different and unique.
9. The Filipinos are hospitable people-Foreign visitors in the country are treated
with the utmost respect. This trait is usually seen during fiestas and holidays
where many Filipinos are giving their best to entertain their visitors well.

Filipino Family Values

The family is the center of the social structure and includes the nuclear family,
aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins and honorary relations such as godparents,
sponsors, and close family friends. People get strength and stability from their
family. As such, many children have several godparents.
Concern for the extended family is seen in the patronage provided to
family members when they seek employment. It is common for members of the
same family to work for the same company. In fact, many collective bargaining
agreements state that preferential hiring will be given to family members.
The Filipino family consists of many traditional values that have been
treasured and passed on for many generations already. These values are incredibly
beneficial. Hereunder are the following traditional values:
1. Paggalang (Respect) - The English translation of paggalang means to be
respectful or to give respect to a person. Filipinos are accustomed to using
the words “po," “opo," and “ho” when they are conversing with older people
or, sometimes, with those who are in a high role or a prestigious member of
society. Using these words is customary in the Philippines, and it shows a sign
of respect if you do so.
Paggalang can also be shown toward your elders by kissing their hands
before leaving/to say goodbye and upon arrival/to greet them. The younger
members of the family can show respect toward older siblings by calling them
kuya (older brother) or ate (older sister).
2. Pakikisama (Helping Others) - Pakikisama has the connotation of getting
along with people in general. There is a general yearning to be accepted
and well-liked among Filipinos. This applies to one and his or her friends,
colleagues, boss, and even relatives. This desire is what steers one to perform
pakikisama.
The word pakikisama literally translates to "helping others." Therefore,
this trait usually fosters general cooperation and performing good or helpful
deeds, which can lead to others viewing you in a favorable light.
3. Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude) - Utang na loob means to pay your debt
with gratitude. With utang na loob, there is usually a system of obligation.
When this value is applied, it imparts a sense of duty and responsibility on the
younger siblings to serve and repay the favors done to them by their elders.
4. Pagpapahalaga sa Pamilya (Prioritizing Family) -Pagpapahalaga sa pamilya
is in other words, putting importance on your family. This implies that a
anything else.
person will place a high regard on his/her family and prioritize that before
66.

For example, this is why it's not uncommon for a father or a mother in
a Filipino family from the Philippines to seek employment abroad or a job
they don't want just to earn a decent wage for their family.They've placed
the utmost priority on meeting the family's basic needs and toward practicing
pagpapahalaga sa pamilya.
5. Hiya (Shame) - Hiya means shame. This controls the social behaviors and
interactions of a Filipino. It is the value that drives a Filipino to be obedient
and respectful to their parents, older siblings, and other authorities. This is
also a key ingredient in the loyalty of one's family.
6.Damayan Systeim -extending sympathy for people who lost their loved ones.
In case of death of a certain member of the community, the whole community
sympathizes with the bereaved family. Neighbors, friends, and relatives of
the deceased usually give certain amount of money as their way of showing
sympathy.
7. Compassionate - a Filipino trait of being sympathetic to others even the
person is a stranger. An example of this is giving alms to the beggars. This
is observed when we hear Filipinos saying, “kawawa naman or nakakaawa
naman".
8. Fun-löving Trait - a trait found in most Filipinos, a trait that makes them
unique that even in times of calamities and other challenges in life, they
always have something to be happy about, a reason to celebrate.
Social Values of the Filipinos
The great majority of the Philippine population is bound together bycommon
values and a common religion. Philippine societyis characterized bymanypositive
traits.Among these are:
1. High regard for amor propio (self-esteem)-Self-esteem reflects an individual's
overall subjective emotional evaluation of his or her own worth. It is the
decision made by an individual as an attitude towards the self. Self-esteem
encompasses beliefs about oneself, as well as emotional states, such as triumph,
despair, pride, and shame (Hewitt, 2009). Smith and Mackie (2007) defined it
by saying "The self-concept is what we think about the self; self-esteem is the
positive or negative evaluations of the self, as in how we feel about it."
Thischaracteristicis generally conducive to thesmoothrunning ofsociety,
although, when taken tó extreme, it can develop into an authoritarianism
that discourages independent judgment and individual responsibility and
initiative.Filipinos are sensitive to attacks on their own self-esteem and
cultivate a sensitivity to the self-esteem of others as well. Anything that
might hurt another's self-esteem is to be avoided or else one risks terminating
the relationship. One who is insensitive to others is said to lack a sense of
shame and embarrassment, the principal sanction against improper behavior.
This great concern for self-esteem helps to maintain harmony in society and
within one's particular circle, but it also can give rise to clannishness and a
willingness to sacrifice personal integrity to remain in the good graces of the
group. Strong personal faith enables Filipinos to face great difficulties and
unpredictable risks in the assurance that "God will take care of things." But,
if allowed to deteriorate into fatalism, even this admirable characteristic can
hinder initiative and stand in the way of progress.
2. Smooth interpersonal relationships - An interpersonal relationship is the
nature of interaction that occurs between two or more people. People in an
interpersonal relationship may interact overtly, covertly, face-to-face or even
anonymously. Interpersonal relationships may occur with friends, family, co-
workers, strangers, chat room participants, doctors or clients.
3.
Personal alliance system - This scheme is anchored on kinship, beginning
with the nuclear family. A Filipino loyalty goes first to the immediate family;
identity is deeply embedded in the web of kinship. It is normative that one
owes support, loyalty, and trust to one's close kin and, because kinship is
structured bilaterally with affinal as well as consanguineal relatives, one's kin
can include quite a large number of people. Still, beyond the nuclear family,
Filipinos do not assume the same degree of support, loyalty, and trust that
they assume for immediate family members for whom loyalty is nothing
less than a social imperative. With respect to kin beyond this nuclear family,
closeness in relationship depends very much on physical proximity.
4. The Compadre system - Bonds of ritual kinship, sealed on any of three
ceremonial occasions-baptism,confirmation, and marriage- intensify and
extend personal alliances. This mutual kinship system, known as compadrazgo
or compadre, meaning god parenthood or sponsorship, dates back at least to
the introduction of Christianity and perhaps earlier. It is a primary method
of extending the group from which one can expect help in the way of favors,
such as jobs, loans, or just simple gifts on special occasions. But in asking a
friend to become godparent to a child, a Filipino is also asking that person
to become a closer friend. Thus it is common to ask acquaintances who are
of higher economic or social status than oneself to be sponsors: Such ritual
kinship cannot be depended on in moments of crisis to the same extent as real
kinship, but it still functions for small and regular acts of support such as gift
giving.
5. Utang-na-loob-A dyadic bond between two individuals may be formed
based on the concept of utang na loob. Although it is expected that the debtor
will attempt repayment, it is widely recognized that the debt (as in one's
obligation to a parent) can never be fully repaid and the obligation can last
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for generations. Saving another's life, providing employment, or making it
possible for another to become educated are "gifts" that incur utang na loob.
Moreover,such gifts initiate a long-term reciprocal interdependency in which
the grantor of the favor can expect help from the debtor whenever the need
arises and the debtor can, in turn, ask other favors. Such reciprocal personal
alliances have had obvious implications for the society in general and the
political system in particular. In 1990, educated Filipinos were less likely to
feel obligated to extend help thereby not initiating an utang na loob relationship
than were rural dwellers among whom traditional values remained strong.
＇Some observers believed that as Philippine society became more modernized
and urban in orientation, utang na loob would become less important in the
political and social systems.
6. Suki relationship - In the commercial context, suki relationships (market-
exchange partnerships) may develop between two people who agree to
become regular customer and supplier. In the marketplace, Filipinos will
regularly buy from certain specific suppliers who will give them, in return,
reduced prices, good quality, and, often, credit. Suki relationships often apply
in other contexts as well. For example, regular patrons of restaurants and
small neighborhood retail shops and tailoring shops often receive special
treatment in return for their patronage. Suki does more than help develop
economic exchange relationships. Because trust is such a vital aspect, it creates
a platform for personal relationships that can blossom into genuine friendšhip
between individuals (Dolan, 1991).
7. Friendship- Friendship often is placed on at par with kinship as the most
central of Filipino relationships. Certainly ties among those within one's
group of friends are an important factor in the development of personal
alliance systems. Here, as in other categories, a willingness to help one another
provides the prime rationale for the relationship.
Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
1. Passivity and lack ofinitiative - Acceptance of what happens, without active
response or resistance.
2.Colonial mentality-Colonial mentality more strictly refers to the attitude the
Filipinos feel that products coming from other countries are more superior
than the local products.For example,Filipinos often romanticize Western
culture and prefer to indulge in American restaurants or consume Western
media rather than supporting local businesses that were created with Filipino
culture. McDonald's versus Jollibee is one example. Many customers might
simply just prefer McDonald's due to its association with American culture
and life, and therefore, American superiority.
3. Kanya-kanya syndrome-Filipinos have a selfish, self-serving attitude that
generates a feeling of envy and competitiveness towards others,particularly
one's peers who seem to have gained some status or prestige. Towards them,
the Filipino demonstrates the so-called crab mentality referring to the tendency
of crabs in a basket to pull each other down using the levelling instruments
of tsismis, intriga, and unconstructive criticism to bring others down. There
seems to be a basic assumption that other's gain is one's loss.
Thie kanya-kanya syndrome is also evident in the personal ambition and
the drive for power and status that is completely insensitive to the common
good. Personal and in-group interests reign supreme. This characteristic is
also evident in the lack of a sense of service among people in the government
bureaucracy. The public is made feel that service from these offices and from
these civil servants is an extra perk that has to be paid for.
4.
Extreme personalisnı - Filipinos view the world in terms of personal
relationships and the extent to which one is able to personally relate things
and people determines the recognition of their existence and the value given
to them. There is no separation between an objective task and emotional .
involvement. This personalism is manifested in the tendency to give personal
interpretations to actions, i.e., “take things personally.” Thus, a sincere
question may be viewed as a challenge to one's competence or positive
feedback may be interpreted as a sign of special affection. There is in fact some
basis for such interpretations as Filipinos are quite personal in criticism and
praise. Personalism is also manifested in the necessity for the establishment
of personal relationships before any business or work relationships can be
successful.
5. Extreme family centeredness - While concern for the family is one of the
Filipino's greatest strengths, in the extreme it becomes a serious flaw.
Excessive concern for the family creates an in-group to which the Filipino is
－ fiercely loyal to the detriment of concern for the larger community or for the
common good.
Excessive concern for family manifests itself in the use of one's office
and power as a means of promoting the interest of the family, in factionalism,
patronage, and political dynasties and in the protection of erring family
members. It results in lack of concern for the common good and it acts as a
block to national consciousness.
6. Lack of discipline - Procrastination is one reason of lack of self-discipline.
Lack of willpower, motivation and ambition are also causes for lack of self-.
ability.
discipline. A weak state of health mightalso lead to weakness of this important
70
7. Lack of self-analysis and reflection -There is a tendency in the Filipino to
be superficial and even somewhat flighty. In the face of serious problems,
both personal and social, there is lack of analysis or reflection.We joke about
the most serious matters and this prevents looking deeply into the problem.
There is no felt need to validate our hypotheses or explanation of things.
Thus, we are satisfied with superficial explanations and superficial solution to
problems.
Related to this is the Filipino emphasis on form (porma) rather than on
substance. There is a tendency to be satisfied with rhetoric and to substitute
this for reality.Empty rhetoric and endless words are very much part of public
life. as long as the right things are said, as long as the proper documents and
reports exist, as long are deluded into believing that what ought to be actually
exist.
8.Ningas cogon-A Filipino attitude of being enthusiastic only during the start
of new undertaking but ends dismally in accomplishing nothing.
9. Gaya-Gaya Attitude-A Filipino attitude ofimitating or copying other culture
specifically in mode of dressing,language, fashion, trend or even haircut.
2.1 Freedom of Moral Acts
1. True freedom is based on idea. F
2. Acts of human is making use of his knowledge and free will. F
3. Breathing is an example of human acts. F
4. Freedom is not essential to a genuinely good human life at all levels of morality. F
5. Every human person must recognize the right freedom in other. T
6. To act freely is to choose the end itself.T
7. The existence of freedom is a central premise in Catholic morality. T
8. A person is responsible for his voluntary acts. T
9. True freedom is dependent upon truth. T
10. To act freely is not simply choose a means to a given end. T

2.2 Culture and Morality

1. According to Tylor, culture includes the following except – Nature
2. National pride is conceived when nation has common – All of the above
3. Who first defined culture as the complex whole? E.B Tylor
4. The sum total of human creation. culture
5. Which of the following is true of culture? All of the above
6. Culture is cumulative because – It has tendency to grow and expand
7. Which of the following is true? Culture compensates to many human physical limitation.
8. Culture is -None of the above
9. The culture is created and developed by man implies that it is – shared
10. Which of the following statement is true of culture? All of the above

2.3
1. The culture that every individual longs for- ideal culture
2. These are shared rules of conduct that specify how people ought to think and act. mores
3. The opposite of ethnocentrism cultural relativism
4. The feeling that their particular way of life is superior and right and that all other cultures are inferior
and often wrong. Ethnocentrism
5. The goal of cultural relativism is to – promote cultural practices that are not typically part of one’s
own culture
6. Respect is encouraged in a system of cultural relativism because – all of the above
7. Variations of culture – cultural diversity
8. Refers to the notion that each culture should be evaluated from the standpoint of its own standard
rather than from the standpoint of a different culture. Cultural relativism
9. Cultural relativism creates biases because – people tend to prefer to be with other’s who have similar
thoughts and feelings
10. Cultural relativism stops this kind of perspective: individual perspective

2.4
1. These are the characteristics of Filipino culture except – none of the above
2. The spirit of communal unity bayanihan
3. A system of showing sympathy for people who lost their loved ones. Damayan
4. He/she accepts whatever the result of his/her inability to make good of his actions: bahala na
5. That culture is created and developed by man implies that it is – shared
6. A Filipino trait of accepting his fate by believing that everything is written on his palm. Kapalaran
values
7. A feeling of obligation to repay someone who extended assistance to another, which may take place
in undetermined time and in whatever way. Utang na loob
8. A Filipino attitude of being enthusiastic only at the start of new undertaking but ends dismally in
accomplishing nothing. Ningas cogon
9. Culture is diverse because – it varies from one society to another
10. This implies that a person will place a high regard on their family and prioritize that before anything
else. Pagpapahalaga sa pamilya

Ass.
Your daughter is suffering from a debilitating disease that has put her in constant pain and agony.
Finally, one day, she decides that she really wants to die However, her condition is such that she cannot
die on her own. She is begging and pleading with you to help her commit suicide. This would, of course,
be illegal What would you do?