Short-Circuit Analysis IEC Standard: ©1996-2010 Etap Proprietary & Confidential

Short-Circuit Analysis
IEC Standard
©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Course Overview
Legend
Overview Main Topic
Required Sub-Topic
(PP)
Required Sub-Topic
(ETAP)
Optional Sub-Topic
(ETAP)
Optional Sub-Topic
(PP)

5 - 10 15 - 20 20 - 35 15 30 - 40 20 5 - 10 15 15
Device
Mode & Study Additional
Overview Introduction Methodology Evaluation & Unbalanced SC 1-Ph System 61363
Options Topics
Sizing
Duty Loop &

Agenda SC Mode & Modeling &
SC Concept Evaluation Radial Fault Types Objectives
Calculation Toolbar Method
Steps System
Objectives IEC Element Study Device Additional Ini File System Generator
Terminology Modeling Options Rating Data Entries Modeling Model
Source &
Data Study Study
Fault Types Fault Max Isc Exercise 5 Exercise 6
Required Options Options
Location
Study Factors for Exercise 2 SC Analyzer Plots

Procedure Isc (SC
Calculation)
Exercise 1 Exercise 3
Exercise 7
(Data Entry) (Evaluation)
Steps for
Sizing
Exercise
(Sizing)

Agenda – IEC Short Circuit Analysis
• Overview
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Mode and Study Options
• Device Evaluation & Sizing
• Unbalanced Short Circuit Faults
• 1-Phase System Short Circuit Analysis
• IEC 61363
• Summary OVERVIEW
©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 4

Overview – Objectives of SC Studies
• Device Evaluation for Existing System
– Protective device capability (making, breaking, short-time withstand

current)
– Bus (peak current)
• Device Sizing in System Design
– Determine bus and protective device SC current rating
• Short-Circuit Results for Other Studies
– I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)
– Max/Min SC current for relay coordination & arc flash Studies
– Phase/Sequence voltage and current of unbalanced SC for system

protection evaluation and studies.

Overview -- When to Run SC Studies
• System Design – To determine equipment and device ratings.
• System in Operation – To re-evaluate existing equipment ratings when

there are any
o changes in system operating conditions
o addition of equipment
o changes in equipment rating
o failure in system operations
• Other Studies – When short-circuit results are needed for
o Performing relay coordination studies (Max/Min SC current and

unbalanced SC current)
o Performing arc flash studies OVERVIEW

Types of Short-Circuit Faults
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 7

Maximum SC Current Fault Type
©1996-2010 ETAP
©1996-2009 Operation
PROPRIETARY
Technology, &
Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
CONFIDENTIAL Slide 8
Maximum SC Current Fault Type
Fault Current
•IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to
possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all
faults).
•In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare.
Typically IL-G  .87 * I3-phase
•In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition
is frequently the only one considered, since this type of
fault generally results in Maximum current.
OVERVIEW

SC Study Procedure
Based on a system model for Load Flow studies:
a) Validate Model for SC
– Tolerance for line, cable, XFMR, Generator Xd”, and Min Temp for
cable & line R.
– Additional data: Grounding connection type and impedance. XFMR

connection types.
b) Identify Possible Operating Conditions
– Use revisions for engineering data for what if studies.
– Use configuration for possible systems operating modes.
– Set up study cases to reflect operating conditions and other options

to get conservative results.

SC Study Procedure
c) Run Calculations & Analyze Results
– Use scenario and study wizard to group study together
– Use Report Analyzer, Alert View, and Report to identify the worst
case and check device ratings.
d) Modify/Select Device Rating or Adjust System Operating Modes
– If needed, modify/select device rating and go to step c.
– In system design stage, new elements may need to be added.
e) Coordinate with other Studies
– If system operating modes or components are changed, other

studies (LF, MS, etc) may need to be re-run.
– This may require to re-run SC calculations again.

OVERVIEW

Introduction
• Short-Circuit Current Characteristics

• Short-Circuit Fault Types
• IEC Short-Circuit Currents
• Short-Circuit Current Contributing Elements
• Required Data for Short-Circuit Calculations

Short-Circuit Current Characteristics
v(t) i(t)
v(t)  Vm  Sin( t   )

v(t)
i(t)
di
v(t)  Ri  L  Vm  S in(t   ) (1)
dt
Solving equation 1 yields the following expression
R
Vm Vm - t
i(t)   sin(t   -  )   sin( -  ) e L
Z Z
   
Steady State Transient
(DC Offset)

AC Current (Symmetrical) with No AC
Decay
DC Current

AC Fault Current Including
the DC Offset (No AC
Decay)

Machine Reactance ( λ = L I )
AC Decay Current

Fault Current Including AC & DC
Decay
OVERVIEW

IEC Short-Circuit Currents
• Initial Symmetrical SC Current (I"k) – r.m.s. value of a.c.
symmetrical component of prospective AC current at the instant of SC.
• Peak SC Current (ip) – Maximum possible instantaneous value

of the prospective SC current.
• Symmetrical SC Breaking Current (Ib) – r.m.s. value of

symmetrical a.c. component of prospective current at the instant of the
first pole open of a switch device.
• Steady-State SC Current (Ik) – r.m.s. value of SC current

after decay of the transient phenomena.
• Thermal Equivalent SC Current (Ith) – r.m.s. value of a

current having same thermal effect and duration as the actual current.
Isc Contributing Elements
• Generator
• Power Grid
• Synchronous Motors
• Induction Machines
• Lumped Loads
(with some % motor load)
• Inverters, PV Array, WTG
• I0 from Yg-Delta Connected Transformer

Elements without Isc Contribution
• Static Loads
• Motor Operated Valves
• All Shunt Y Connected Branches
OVERVIEW

Element Data Required
Data Required for Device Duty Calculations:
• Sources – power grid, generator, WTG, HVDC, inverter, PVA, UPS
• Branches – cable, equipment cable, line, impedance, reactor, XFMR,

overload heater, switching devices
• Loads – synchronous/inducdtion motor, lump load, panel,
• Equipment Rating – bus, HV CB, LV CB, recloser, fuse, switch,
Additional Data Required for Unbalance SC Calculations:
• Machines -- Z2 & Zo and grounding connection & Zg
• XFMR – winding connection types and grounding connection & Zg
• Yo – zero sequence shunt for line, cable, impedance, MOV, and static
load, and HA filter
•
Other Data Required
• Configuration – status of switching devices and loads
• Revision – engineering data for all elements
• Study Case – study parameter and options
• Preference Options
OVERVIEW

Modeling and Methodology
• Assumptions
• Calculation Method
• Element Modeling and Factors Used
• Source and Fault Location
• Factors for Different SC Currents

Calculation Assumptions
• No system configuration change during a fault.
• XFMR Z at main tap position.
• Rarc neglected.
• All line/cable capacitance and shunt admittance and non-

rotating loads neglected, except Yo.
• SC calculation for different pre-fault loading conditions not

needed.

Calculation Method
• Ik” = Equivalent V @ fault location divided by

equivalent Z
• Equivalent V is based bus nominal kV and c factor
• XFMR and machine Z adjusted based on cmax,

component Z & operating conditions
OVERVIEW

Element Modeling
• Designation of a Power Station Unit
Generator
Energized
Power
Unit
Transformer
Energized
• If either generator or transformer is not energized, they

are modeled as a regular generator and a network
transformer respectively.
• Power Unit XFMR and network XFMR

Element Modeling
• Modeling Buses
Connecting
Bus
Auxiliary Network
Bus Bus
Bus
• Connecting bus - Shortest path between unit
generator and transformer
• Auxiliary bus – includes all elements without going

across the unit transformer
• Network buses – Neither connection nor auxiliary

bus
Element Modeling

Transformer Z Adjustment
• KT -- Network XFMR
• KS,KSO – Unit XFMR for faults on system side
• KT,S,KT,SO – Unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary

system, not between Gen & XFMR
• K=1 – Unit XFMR for faults between Gen & XFMR

Syn Machine Z Adjustment
• KG – Synchronous machine w/o unit XFMR
• KS,KSO – With unit XFMR for faults on system side
• KG,S,KG,SO – With unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary

system, including points between Gen & XFMR
OVERVIEW

Source Connection & Fault Location
• Single-Fed & Non-Mesh Network – R/X can be

calculated accurately for individual sources.

Source Connection & Fault Location
• Meshed Network Fed from Multiple Sources – R/X

is calculated by approximate method.

Short-Circuit I with AC Decay
• Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
– This is a short-circuit condition to which at least one
synchronous machine contributes a prospective initial
short-circuit current which is more than twice the
generator’s rated current, or a short-circuit condition to
which synchronous and asynchronous motors contribute
more than 5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit
current ( I"k) without motors.
– I”k >Ib>Ik

Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
©1996-2010 ETAP
PROPRIETARY
Technology, &
Short-Circuit I without AC Decay
• Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
– This is a short-circuit condition during which the
magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of available
short-circuit current remains essentially constant.
– I”k =Ib
– I”k = Ik if no motors in the system

Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
OVERVIEW
©1996-2010 ETAP
PROPRIETARY
Technology, &
Factor for Ip & Idc (dc Component)
• κ – calc ip based on Ik” (dc decay component)
Meshed network -- method a, b, c for R/X calculation
Meshed network – method c for R/X calculation and fc

based on f*t

Factors for Ib (ac Decay)
• μ – calc ib based on Ik” (synch & Ind Machines)
Single-fed, near-to-generator -- μ dependent on tmin and

I”k/Ir
• q – for induction machine ib for near-to-gen & not

meshed network, dependent on tmin and PrM/p
• Equation (75) of Std 60909-0, adjusting Ib for

near-to-gen & meshed network
• Far-to-generator SC – Ib = I”k
Factors for Ik Calc
• λmin & λmax – calc ikG for non-meshed system
• Dependent on Xd, rotor saturation, voltage

regulation type, and maximum excitation voltage.
• For meshed network, Ik = I”k,noMtr

OVERVIEW

IEC Short-circuit Toolbar
OVERVIEW

Maximum SC Current
When these options

are selected
• Maximum voltage factor is used
• Minimum impedance is used (all negative

tolerances are applied and minimum
resistance temperature is considered)

Minimum SC Current
When this option is

selected
• Minimum voltage factor is used
• Maximum impedance is used (all positive

tolerances are applied and maximum
resistance temperature is considered)

Voltage Factor (c)
• Ratio between equivalent voltage &
nominal voltage
• Required to account for:
• Variations due to time & place
• Transformer taps
• Static loads & capacitances
• Generator & motor subtransient behavior

OVERVIEW

Other Options
• Cmax for Z adjustment per LV system
voltage tolerance
• R/X method for meshed network
OVERVIEW

Find Max Isc by Result Analyzer
• Comparison of multiple reports with different

configurations with fast 64-bit analyzer
• Critical and Marginal alerts
• Worst case duty evaluation
• Sorting and filtering individual columns
based on study
• Export results based on evaluation from
analyzer.

Short-circuit Device duty Analyzer

OVERVIEW

Device Evaluation & Sizing
• Steps for Device Evaluation

• Device Rating
• Study Case Options
• Device Evaluation Study (Exercise 3)
• Steps for Device Sizing
• Device Sizing Study (Exercise 4)
OVERVIEW

Steps for Device Evaluation
1. Identify all possible operating modes

(revisions, configurations and study options)
2. Validate device rating to be evaluated.
3. Set up scenarios to include all cases.
4. Determine worst case for each device.
5. Adjust device rating if any violation exists.
6. Re-run evaluation if any rating changed.
OVERVIEW

Device Rating
• Bus
• Low Voltage Circuit Breaker (LVCB)
• High Voltage Circuit Breaker (HVCB)
• Fuse
• Recloser
• Contactor
• Switch

Device Rating
OVERVIEW

Device Duty Comparison
OVERVIEW

IEC Short-Circuit Study Case options

• Comparison of multiple reports with different

configurations with fast 64-bit analyzer
• Critical and Marginal alerts
• Worst case duty evaluation
• Sorting and filtering individual columns
based on study
• Export results based on evaluation from
analyzer.


OVERVIEW

Steps for Device Sizing
1. Identify all possible operating modes

(revisions, configurations and study options)
2. Set up scenarios to include all cases.
3. Determine worst case fault current for each
device.
4. Select device rating based on worst case
fault current and company design guidelines.
5. Re-run device evaluation.
OVERVIEW

Unbalanced SC
Faults

IEC SC 909 Calculation
©1996-2010 ETAP
PROPRIETARY
Technology, &
IEC SC 909 Calculation
©1996-2010 ETAP
PROPRIETARY
Technology, &
L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components

Sequence Networks

L-G Fault Sequence Network
Connections
If  3  Ia 0
3  VPr efault
If 
Z1  Z 2  Z0
if Zg  0

L-L Fault Sequence Network
Connections
I a 2   I a1
3  VPr efault
If 
Z1  Z 2

L-L-G Fault Sequence Network
Connections
I a 2  I a1  I a 0  0  I a
VPr efault
If 
 Z0 Z 2 
Z1   
 Z0  Z 2 
if Zg  0

Transformer Zero Sequence
Connections

Additional Data for Unbalanced SC
• Zo and Z2 for the system.

• Yo for static loads and line/cable.
• Grounding type of sources, loads, and XFMRs.
• Grounding impedance of sources, loads, and
XFMRs.
• Study case options – Yo and Zf options.

Solid Grounded Devices and L-G
Faults
Generally a 3 - phase fault is the
most severe case. L - G faults can be
greater if :
Z1  Z 2 & Z 0  Z1
If this conditions are true then :
I f3  I f 1
This may be the case if Generators or
Y/  Connected transformer are solidly
grounded.

Zero Sequence Model
• Branch susceptances and static

loads including capacitors will be
considered when this option is
checked
• Recommended by IEC for
systems with isolated neutral,
resonant earthed neutrals &
earthed neutrals with earth fault
factor > 1.4

Unbalanced Faults Display &
Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
•L-G Faults
•L-L-G Faults
•L-L Faults
One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
•L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
•Sequence voltage and currents
•Phase Voltages OVERVIEW

©1996-2010 ETAP
PROPRIETARY
Technology, &
©1996-2010 ETAP
PROPRIETARY
Technology, &
Mesh & Non-Mesh If
• ETAP automatically determines mesh & non-meshed
contributions according to individual contributions for a fault
location.
• IEC Short Circuit Mesh Determination Method – 0, 1, or 2

(default)
OVERVIEW

.ini files Options (preferences)
• IEC Short Circuit Mesh Determination
Method – 0, 1, or 2 (default)

.ini files Options (preferences)
• Plot labels for Phase A, B, C based on each
reference
OVERVIEW

IEC-61363 (Transient Short –circuit)
• Applies to both Meshed and non-meshed

systems
• Fault current waveforms as function of time
considering many factors affecting short
circuit variations at different time
• Individual plots for all Three phases

IEC Transient Fault Current
Calculation
OVERVIEW

Transient Fault Current Calculation
(IEC 61363)
Total Fault Current Waveform

(IEC 61363)
Percent DC Current Waveform

(IEC 61363)
AC Component of Fault Current Waveform

(IEC 61363)
Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform

(IEC 61363)
Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform

Study Options
Single Phase plots Three Phase plots

IEC – 61363 Three phase plots

Combined Plots IEC-61363
OVERVIEW

1-Ph
• SC contribution only from 3-Ph upstream

source.
• Fault type is the same as the bus type.
• Panel internal CB.
• Exercise.

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Short-Circuit Analysis

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Duty Loop &

Study Factors for Exercise 2 SC Analyzer Plots

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

• Mode and Study Options

• Device Evaluation & Sizing

• Unbalanced Short Circuit Faults

• 1-Phase System Short Circuit Analysis

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 4

– Protective device capability (making, breaking, short-time withstand

– Bus (peak current)

• Device Sizing in System Design

– Determine bus and protective device SC current rating

• Short-Circuit Results for Other Studies

– I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)

– Max/Min SC current for relay coordination & arc flash Studies

– Phase/Sequence voltage and current of unbalanced SC for system

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 5

• System in Operation – To re-evaluate existing equipment ratings when

o changes in system operating conditions

o changes in equipment rating

o failure in system operations

• Other Studies – When short-circuit results are needed for

o Performing relay coordination studies (Max/Min SC current and

o Performing arc flash studies OVERVIEW

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 6

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 7

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 9

a) Validate Model for SC

– Additional data: Grounding connection type and impedance. XFMR

b) Identify Possible Operating Conditions

– Use revisions for engineering data for what if studies.

– Use configuration for possible systems operating modes.

– Set up study cases to reflect operating conditions and other options

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 10

– Use scenario and study wizard to group study together

d) Modify/Select Device Rating or Adjust System Operating Modes

– If needed, modify/select device rating and go to step c.

– In system design stage, new elements may need to be added.

e) Coordinate with other Studies

– If system operating modes or components are changed, other

– This may require to re-run SC calculations again.

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 11

• Short-Circuit Current Characteristics

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 12

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 13

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 14

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 15

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 16

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 17

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 18

• Peak SC Current (ip) – Maximum possible instantaneous value

• Symmetrical SC Breaking Current (Ib) – r.m.s. value of

• Steady-State SC Current (Ik) – r.m.s. value of SC current

• Thermal Equivalent SC Current (Ith) – r.m.s. value of a

©1996-2010 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL Slide 20