sp Hybridization

sp Hybrid Orbitals
• The lobes of sp hybrid orbitals are 180º apart.
• Since only one of the Be 2p orbitals has been used in
hybridization, there are two unhybridized p orbitals
remaining on Be.
 The sp hybrid orbitals in gaseous BeCl2.

atomic
orbitals

hybrid
orbitals

orbital box diagrams

The sp hybrid orbitals in gaseous BeCl2(continued).

orbital box diagrams with orbital contours

sp2 Hybridization
The sp2 hybrid orbitals in BF3.
sp3 Hybridization
 sp3
Hybrid
Orbitals
The sp3 hybrid orbitals in CH4.
 The sp3 hybrid orbitals in NH3.

11-11
Figure 11.5 continued The sp3 hybrid orbitals in H2O.
 Hybridization Involving d Orbitals
• Since there are only three p-orbitals, trigonal bipyramidal
and octahedral electron domain geometries must involve
d-orbitals.
• Trigonal bipyramidal electron domain geometries require
sp3d hybridization.
• Octahedral electron domain geometries require sp3d 2
hybridization.
• Note the electron domain geometry from VSEPR theory
determines the hybridization.
sp3d Hybridization
The sp3d hybrid orbitals in PCl5.
sp3d2 Hybridization
The sp3d2 hybrid orbitals in SF6.
Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion Theory
 Repulsion strengths

• Lone pair -Lone pair  Lone pair

-Bond pair  Bond pair-Bond pair
 Repulsion strengths

Triple bond >double bond >single bond

 Central atom with Five Electron Pairs Five
electrons in the valance shell of Phosphorus.
[1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 ] Molecular geometry-
Trigonalbipyramidal
Bond angle -120: &90:
Central atom with Six Electron Pairs

Six electrons in the valance shell of

Sulphur. [1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 ]
Molecular geometry- Octahetral
Bond angle-90:
SHAPES OF MOLECULES CONTAINING
BONDED PAIRS AS WELL AS LONE PAIRS
OF ELECTRONS
 Central atom with Four Electron Pairs
Tetrahedral
Five electrons in the valance shell of
Nitrogen. [1s2 2s2 2p3]
Molecular geometry- Tetrahedral
Electron pairarrangement- Trigonal Pyramidal
Presence of lonepair causes slight distortion from
109:28′ to 107:48′
 Central atom with Four Electron Pairs
Tetrahedral
Six electrons in the valance shell of Oxygen atom.
[1s2 2s2 2p4 ]
Molecular geometry- V-Shaped or Bent shape
Electron pairarrangement- Tetrahetral
Repulsions between Lonepair- Lonepair ,
Lonepair -Bondpair is possible.
It causes slight distortion from 109:28′ to 104:27′
 Central atom with Five Electron Pairs
Five electrons in the valance shell of
Sulphur. [1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 ]
Molecular geometry- seesaw[or distorted octahedron]
Electron pair arrangement- Trigonalbipyramidal

Lonepair –bondpair repulsion