BDwbU 5 ¯§„wZ I we¯§„wZ

Memory and Forgetting

f‚wgKv
¯§„wZ-we¯§„wZ wk¶v g‡bvweÁv‡bi welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Avgv‡`i cÖwZw`bKvi Rxe‡b me©`v
Gi cÖ‡qvM Ges cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv hvq| wk¶v Rxe‡b ¯§„wZi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv cÖwZwU wk¶v_©x Mfxifv‡e Abyaveb
K‡ib| ¯§„wZi cÖ‡qvRb Rxe‡bi mKj †ckvq, mKj K‡g©| ZeyI wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q Gi ¸iæZ¡ mxgvnxb| mviv eQi
cov‡kvbv K‡i ˆZwi n‡qwQ − cix¶vi n‡j me g‡b Ki‡Z cvi‡ev †Zv? fz‡j hv‡ev bv †Zv! GB g‡b ivLv Avi fz‡j
hvIqv GK wewPÎ e¨vcvi| †Kb g‡b ivwL, wKfv‡e g‡b ivwL, fz‡jB ev hvB †Kb BZ¨vw` cÖkœ †KŠZ‚n‡ji So ‡Zv‡j
g‡b| ¯§„wZ wK, wKfv‡e ¯§„wZ‡Z a‡i ivLv hvq, †KbB ev we¯§„wZ N‡U, GB we¯§„wZ wK cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq bv − BZ¨vw`
nvRviI wRÁvmvi DËi Luy‡R †eovq AbymwÜrmy gb|

Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi cvIqvi Rb¨B GB BDwb‡U ¯§„wZ wK, wKfv‡e GB cÖwµqv KvR K‡i, Avgiv wK ¯§iY mnvqK A_ev
we¯§„wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai wKQy e¨e¯’v Aej¤^b Ki‡Z cvwi BZ¨vw` ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨vw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Av‡jvPbvi myweavi Rb¨ GB BDwbUwU‡K Avgiv mvZwU cv‡V wef³ K‡iwQ|

cvV - 1 ¯§„wZi msÁv I cÖwµqvMZ ¯Íi

cvV - 2 ¯§„wZi cÖKvi‡f`
cvV - 3 ¯§„wZ mnvqK Kvh©vejx
cvV - 4 ¯§„wZ DbœZ Kivi †KŠkj
cvV - 5 we¯§„wZ
cvV - 6 we¯§„wZi KviY
cvV - 7 we¯§„wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv
 Bangladesh Open University

cvV 1 ¯§„wZi msÁv I cÖwµqvMZ ¯Íi

[Defination of Memory & Processional Stage of Memory]

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb 
♦ ¯§„wZ ej‡Z wK eySvq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ ¯§„wZi K‡qKwU msÁv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ ¯§„wZi wewfbœ cÖwµqvMZ ¯Íi ev Dcv`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ cybi€‡`ªK I cÖZ¨wfÁvi cv_©K¨ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

¯§„wZ
Avgiv AwfÁZv‡K msi¶Y Kwi Avevi cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv e¨envi Kwi| G ¶gZv‡KB mnRfv‡e ¯§„wZ ejv nq| gvbe
¯§„wZ GK we¯§qKi e¨vcvi| wewfbœ hš¿ †hgb- †Uc †iKW©vi, wfwWI †Uc †gwkb, Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw`‡Z AwfÁZv
I Z_¨vw` †iKW© Kiv hvq| Avevi cÖ‡qvRbgZ †m¸‡jv cybiærcv`b Kiv hvq, e¨envi Kiv hvq| wKš‘ gvbe ¯§„wZi
m‡½ G‡`i Zzjbv n‡Z cv‡i bv| gvby‡li gw¯Í®‹ GK Rxe‡bi Ávb I Z_¨vw` msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKUv AwZ DbœZ
Kw¤úDUv‡ii c‡¶I Zv m¤¢e bq| GKUv wfwWI †Uc †_‡K GKwU Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cy‡iv †UcwU LuyR‡Z nq| gvbe
¯§„wZ †_‡K †Kvb Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z ‡Zgb †Kvb mg‡qiB cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †hgb- Ô†Zvgvi Rb¥ †Kv_vqÕ GB Z_¨
mieivn Ki‡Z gvbe ¯§„wZi GK †m‡K‡Ûi GKwU ¶z`ª fMœvs‡ki cÖ‡qvRb nq|

cÖwZw`‡bi Rxe‡b Avgiv A‡bK wKQy wkwL, A‡bK wKQy cÖZ¨¶ Kwi, A‡bK wewPÎ AwfÁZv AR©b Kwi| Zvi me
wKQy Avgiv cieZ©xKv‡j ¯§iY Ki‡Z cvwi bv| wKQy wKQy Avgv‡`i g‡b msiw¶Z nq Ges AbyK‚j cwi‡e‡k
cÖwZiƒ‡ci AvKv‡i cybiærcvw`Z nq| Giƒc cybiærcv`b‡KB ¯§„wZ ejv nq| Ab¨K_vq, AZxZ AwfÁZvi h_vm¤¢e
AweKj cybiæ‡`ªK Kiv‡KB e‡j ¯§„wZ| GKwU KweZv gyL¯’ K‡i †mUv‡K Ave„wË Ki‡Z cviv n‡”Q ¯§„wZ| ¯§„wZ ej‡Z
¯§iY wµqv‡K eySvq| ¯§iY wµqvi wewfbœ ch©v‡qi mgš^qB ¯§„wZ|

GB ¯§„wZ cÖwµqv GKwU AwZ RwUj e¨vcvi| gvbe ¯§„wZ wewfbœ Bw›`ª‡qi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ Z_¨ I AwfÁZv mÂqb
K‡i| Avi Zv msi¶Y I ¯§iY Kivi GK Abb¨ mvaviY ¶gZv i‡q‡Q gvby‡li|

cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K g‡bvweÁvbxiv ¯§„wZi bvbv iKg e¨vL¨v w`‡q G‡m‡Qb| Zviv ¯§„wZ‡K GKwU gvbwmK kw³ wnmv‡e
Kíbv K‡i‡Qb| AvaywbK g‡bvweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z ¯§„wZ n‡jv GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv| Aek¨ GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv
bq| K‡qKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqvi mw¤§wjZ iƒc n‡”Q ¯§„wZ|

g‡bvweÁvbx DWIqv_© e‡jb, ÔÔ†h cÖwµqvi Øviv Avgiv c~‡e© †kLv †Kvb KvR‡K †mB GKB fv‡e cieZ©xKv‡j
msÁv m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cwi, ZvB n‡jv ¯§„wZ|ÕÕ ÷vDU Zuvi Manual of Psychology eB‡Z e‡jb, ÔÔc~e© AwfÁZvi
m‡½ cwic~Y© mvgÄm¨ †i‡L Av`k©MZ fv‡e Zvi cybiæ‡`ªK Kivi cÖwµqvB n‡jv ¯§„wZ|ÕÕ AvaywbK A‡bK Av‡gwiKvb
g‡bvwe` ¯§„wZ K_vwU e¨envi K‡ib bv| †hgb- g‡bvwe` †Wwfm wkLb cÖwµqvi Ask wnmv‡e mÂqb

"' (Acquisition) I msi¶Y (Retention) Gi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| K¬Rwgqvi (H.J. Klausmeier) ¯§„wZ‡K
wkLb cÖwµqvi m‡½ AviI GKvšÍ K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z msi¶Y (Retention), cÖZ¨wfÁv (Recognition)
Ges cybi€‡`ªK (Recall) GB wZb cÖwµqvi mw¤§wjZ iƒc n‡”Q ¯§„wZ| Ground work of Educational
Psychology eB G g‡bvwe` im (Ross) ¯§„wZi †h msÁv w`‡q‡Qb Zv‡K Avgiv GKwU m¤úY© msÁv wnmv‡e MY¨
Ki‡Z cvwi| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔÔAwfÁZvi mÂqb, msi¶Y Ges cybiæ‡`ªK †h RwUj gvbwmK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g nq,
ZvB n‡”Q ¯§„wZ ev ¯§iY-wµqvÕÕ|

AZxZ AwfÁZv †hfv‡e n‡q‡Q, AweKj †mfv‡eB Zv cybiæ‡`ªK Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` †mB AwfÁZv‡K bZzb fv‡e
msMwVZ Kiv nq ev †Kvb iKg iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq Zvn‡j Zv‡K ¯§„wZ ejv hv‡e bv| ¯§iY wµqv n‡”Q msiw¶Z
AwfÁZvi AweKj cybiæ‡`ªK|

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¯§„wZi wewfbœ cÖwµqvMZ ¯Íi

¯§iYwµqv‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq GB gvbwmK cÖwµqvwU GKwU GKK cÖwµqv bq| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨vb¨ AviI
¯§iYwµqvi wewfbœ cÖwµqv KvR Ki‡Q| ¯§iYwµqvi AšÍM©Z GB wewfbœ cÖwµqv‡K †Kvb †Kvb g‡bvweÁvbx ¯§„wZi Dcv`vb wnmv‡e wPwýZ
cÖwµqv K‡i‡Qb| GKwU KweZv gyL¯’ Kiv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cieZ©x‡Z †mUv Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvivi cy‡iv cÖwµqv‡K e‡j ¯§„wZ|
KweZv gyL¯’ Kivi GKwU KvR wk¶v_©x‡`i w`‡j, wk¶v_©xiv cÖ_‡g GwU cybive„wË K‡i wk‡L, c‡i †mUv cybiæ‡`ªK
K‡i| †kLv Ges cybiæ‡`ª‡Ki ga¨eZ©x mg‡q welqwU g‡bi g‡a¨ msiw¶Z nq|

GB we‡kølY †_‡K ¯§„wZi K‡qKwU cÖwµqvMZ ¯Íi ev Dcv`vb cvIqv hvq|

cÖwµqvMZ • wkLb ev w¯’ixKiY (Learning or Fixation)
¯ img n • msi¶Y ev aviY (Retention) Ges
• cybiærcv`b (Reproduction)

cybiærcv`‡bi c×wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i cybiærcv`b Avevi `yÕiKg -

• cybiæ‡`ªK (Recall) I
• cÖZ¨wfÁv (Recognition)

†h cÖwµqvi Øviv ¯§iY ivLvi e¯‘‡K AvqË Kiv nq Zv n‡”Q wkLb ev w¯’ixKiY| AwfÁZv‡K ¯’vwqZ¡ †`Iqvi
gvbwmK cÖwµqvi bvg msi¶Y| msiw¶Z AwfÁZv‡K e¨envi Kivi cÖwµqv n‡jv - cybiæ‡`ªK I cÖZ¨wfÁv| wb‡P
G¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

wkLb (Learning)
g‡b ivLvi †Mvovi K_vB n‡”Q wkLb| †h welq c~e©eZ©xKv‡j Avgiv †`wL bvB, ïwb bvB, wkwL bvB, Zv cÖwZiƒ‡ci
mvnv‡h¨ ¯§iY Kiv GKUv Am¤¢e e¨vcvi| hv †kLv nqwb Zv g‡b ivLvi K_v I‡Vbv| wkLb ¯§„wZi Acwinvh© cÖ_g
†mvcvb| †hgb- A‡÷ªwjqvi f‚-cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© ¯§iY Ki‡Z †M‡j Aek¨B G wel‡q c~e©Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| cÙv b`xi
DrcwË I MwZc_ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z †M‡j G wel‡q c~e© AwfÁZv _vKv `iKvi| GB c~e© AwfÁZvB wkLb|
wkL‡bi Øviv bZzb AwfÁZv‡K Avgv‡`i AZxZ AwfÁZvi m‡½ m¤ú~³ Kiv nq| A_©vr GUvI AwfÁZvi Ask n‡q
hvq| GB wkLb c‡i Rxe‡bi bZzb mgm¨v mgvav‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| †Kvb welqe¯‘‡K cybt cybt Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g
Zv‡K AZxZ AwfÁZvcy‡Äi As‡k cwiYZ Kiv‡KB ejv nq wkLb| GB wkLb ¯§„wZi †¶‡Î GKvšÍ fv‡e
cÖ‡qvRbxq| wkLb e¨wZ‡i‡K ¯§„wZ cÖwµqv KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

msi¶Y ev aviY (Retention)

†KD hLb wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z cv‡i, wewfbœ Z_¨vw` cybiærcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLbB msi¶‡Yi cÖgvY cvIqv
hvq| hv wkwL Zvi me Avgiv ¯§„wZ‡Z a‡i ivL‡Z cvwi bv| wKš‘ †hUzKz a‡i ivL‡Z cvwi - ZvB ¯§„wZ n‡q `uvovq|
ZvB A‡b‡K msi¶Y‡KB ¯§„wZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| †Kvb wKQy †kLvi wbw`©ó mgq c‡i Avgv‡`i gb hv mÂq K‡i
ivL‡Z cv‡i ZvB n‡”Q GB mg‡qi avi‡Yi cwigvY| †Kvb welq †kLv n‡j †mUv Avgv‡`i †PZb g‡bi ¯Íi †_‡K
Ae‡PZb g‡bi ¯Í‡i P‡j Av‡m| AZxZ AwfÁZv cÖwZiƒ‡ci AvKv‡i Ae‡PZb g‡b iw¶Z nq| GB msiw¶Z
cÖwZiƒc cybiæ‡`ªK nq e‡jB ¯§„wZ m¤¢e nq|

cybiæ‡`ªK (Recall)
hv †kLv n‡q‡Q Zv cybiærcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡jB ¯§„wZ m¤ú~Y© nq| GB cybiærcv`‡bi KvR cybiæ‡`ªK I cÖZ¨wfÁvi
mvnv‡h¨ n‡q _v‡K| c~e© AwfÁZv‡K g‡b KivB n‡jv cybiæ‡`ªK| gyL¯’ Kiv GKwU KweZv Ave„wË Kiv n‡jv
cybiæ‡`ªK| cybiæ‡`ªK n‡”Q g‡b Kiv| fvlv Av‡›`vjb KZ mv‡j n‡qwQj? GwU n‡”Q, cybiæ‡`ªK ev g‡b Kivi
`„óvšÍ | GLv‡b cÖwµqv N‡U e¯‘i Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Ges gvbwmK cÖwZiƒ‡ci gva¨‡g|

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wPÎ 5-1.1 †kªYxK‡¶ wkw¶Kv wk¶v_©x‡K cvV cybiæ‡`ªK Ki‡Z ej‡Qb

cÖZ¨wfÁv (Recognition)
mnRfv‡e GUv‡K Avgiv †Pbv ej‡Z cvwi| †Pbvi †¶‡Î ¯§iY Kivi e¯‘wU‡KB Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vwcZ Kiv nq|
e¯‘wU wVK †mB e¯‘B wK bv Zv g‡b Ki‡Z ev wPb‡Z ejv nq| †hgb- cjvkxi hy× n‡qwQj †Kvb m‡b? 1757,
1857, 1957, 1657| GwU n‡”Q cÖZ¨wfÁvi `„óvšÍ | cÖZ¨¶‡Yi Rb¨ †Pbv m¤¢e nq| cÖZ¨wfÁv cybiæ‡`ª‡Ki
†P‡q mnR ¯§iY cÖwµqv|

cybiæ‡`ªK I cÖZ¨wfÁvi cv_©K¨ n‡”Q g‡b Kiv ev cybiæ‡`ª‡Ki †¶‡Î e¯‘wU †`Iqv _v‡K bv wKš‘ †Pbv ev
cybiæ‡`ªK I cÖZ¨wfÁvi †¶‡Î e¯‘wU †`Iqv _v‡K| †mwU wVK †mB e¯‘ wK bv Zv ej‡Z nq| †hgb- evei †K wQ‡jb? GLv‡b
cÖZ¨wfÁvi cv_©K¨ cybi€‡`ªK Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi A‡bK¸‡jv Qwei ga¨ †_‡K eve‡ii Qwe wPb‡Z cviv n‡”Q cÖZ¨wfÁv| cÖ_g cÖwµqv
N‡U e¯‘i Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Ges wØZxq cÖwµqv N‡U e¯‘i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z| 25wU A_©nxb kã ZvwjKv GKevi 96 Rb
AwfÁv_©x‡K w`‡q cybiæ‡`ªK I cÖZ¨wfÁv c×wZ‡Z Zv‡`i ¯§„wZi cix¶v †bIqv nj| †`Lv †Mj g‡b Kiv ev
cybiæ‡`ªK c×wZi Øviv wbf©yj Reve w`j 12 Rb, †Pbv ev cÖZ¨wfÁv c×wZi Øviv wbf©yj Reve w`j 42 Rb| G †_‡K
†evSv hvq cÖZ¨wfÁv c×wZwU cybiæ‡`ªK c×wZi †P‡q A‡bK mnR| g‡bvweÁvbx wg‡PvwU (Michottee) I †cvwU©P
(Portych) G ai‡bi A‡bK cix¶v wbix¶v K‡i‡Qb|

AZxZ AwfÁZvi h_vm¤¢e AweKj cybiæ‡`ª`b‡K ¯§„wZ e‡j| ¯§„wZ GKwU gvbwmK
cÖwµqv| cÖwµqvwU LyeB RwUj| GB cÖwµqv we‡kølY Ki‡j cÖwµqvMZ K‡qKwU ¯Íi
cvIqv hvq| †m¸‡jv n‡”Q wkLb, msi¶Y, cybiæ‡`ªK I cÖZ¨wfÁv|

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 1


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ
Kiæb)

1. ÔÔc e© AwfÁZvi m‡½ cwic~Y© mvgÄm¨ †i‡L Av`k©MZ fv‡e Zvi cybiæ‡`ªK Kivi cÖwµqvB n‡jv
¯§„wZÕÕ  †K e‡j‡Qb?
K. im
L. ÷vDU
M. K¬Rwgqvi
N. DWIqv_©
2. ¯§„wZ cÖwµqvi cÖ_g ¯Íi †KvbwU?
K. cybiæ‡`ªK wkLb
L. cÖZ¨wfÁv
M. msi¶Y
3. Avcbv‡K †mvbvi Zix KweZvi Qq jvBb wjL‡Z ejv nj| GUv †Kvb ai‡bi cybi€rcv`b cÖwµqv?
K. ¯§iY wµqv
L. cybiæ‡`ªK cÖZ¨wfÁv
M. Abyl½

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. ¯§„wZ ej‡Z wK eySvq wjLyb|
2. ¯§„wZi `yÕwU msÁv D‡jøL Kiæb|
3. ¯§„wZ cÖwµqv‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j wK wK ¯Íi cvIqv hvq eY©bv Kiæb|
4. cybiæ‡`ªK I cÖZ¨wfÁv - ¯§„wZi cybiæcv`‡bi GB cÖwµqv `yÕwUi cv_©¨K¨ eY©bv Kiæb|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| M, 2| L, 3| L

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cvV 2 ¯§„wZi cÖKvi‡f`

[Kinds of Memory]

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb 
♦ wewfbœ cÖKvi ¯§„wZi bv‡gv‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ ms‡e`x, Aí¯’vqx I `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ evM©mui-Gi ¯§„wZi †kªYxKiY wee„Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ Ab¨vb¨ cÖKvi ¯§„wZ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

¯§„wZi cÖKvi‡f`
wewfbœ g‡bvweÁvbx wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¯§„wZ ev ¯§iYwµqvi †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb| Z_¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY gZev‡`
¯§„wZ cÖwµqvi wZbwU ¯Í‡ii K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq| GB ¯Íi wZbwUi Dci wfwË K‡i A‡bK g‡bvweÁvbx wZb cÖKvi
¯§„wZi K_v e‡jb|
• ms‡e`x ¯§„wZ (Sensory Memory)
• Aí¯’vqx ¯§„wZ (Short-term Memory) I
• `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ (Long-term Memory)

ms‡e`x ¯§„wZ ev Bw›`ªqRvZ ¯§„wZ

wewfbœ Bw›`ª‡qi AwfÁZv †_‡K GB ¯§„wZi m„wó nq| DÏxcK †_‡K `ªyZ mÂvwiZ aviYvB n‡&PQ GB ¯§„wZ| GUv
AZ¨š ¶Y¯’vqx| `yÕ‡qK †m‡KÛ Gi ¯’vwqZ¡|

GB ms‡e`bMZ ¯§„wZ‡K cuvP †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| hZ¸‡jv Bw›`ªq Av‡Q, ms‡e`x ¯§„wZ I ZZ iK‡gi|
¯§„wZ¸‡jv cybiæ‡`ªK -
• Pv¶zl ¯§„wZ ev `k©bMZ ¯§„wZ (Visual Memory)
• KªywZR ev kªeYMZ ¯§„wZ (Auditory Memory)
• ¯úk©R ev ¯úk©MZ ¯§„wZ (Tactual Memory)
• Nªv‡YR ev NªvYRvZ ¯§„wZ (Olfactory Memory)
• ¯^v`R ev ¯^v`g~jK ¯§„wZ (Gustatory Memory)

†Kvb GKwU myi ev kã, †Kvb we‡kl ¯úk©, †Kvb we‡kl MÜ, †Kvb we‡kl Av¯^v` Avgiv Lye fvj K‡iB g‡b ivL‡Z
cvwi| Z‡e GB me ai‡bi Bw›`ªqRvZ ¯§„wZi g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b `k©bMZ I kªeYMZ ¯§„wZi ¸iæZ¡ †ewk| KviY
Ávb-weÁvb, AwfÁZv AR©‡b `k©b-kªeY Bw›`ª‡qi f‚wgKvB cÖavb| A‡b‡Ki `k©bMZ ¯§„wZ †ewk| Avevi A‡b‡Ki
kªebMZ ¯§„wZ †ewk| A_©vr †KD `k©bg jK AwfÁZv `xN©w`b a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i Avevi Ab¨ †KD kªeYg jK
AwfÁZv †ewk w`b g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡i| we`¨vj‡q GB `yB ai‡bi ¯§„wZi KvR †ewk nq| ZvB wk¶v_©x‡`i ¶gZv ey‡S
Zv‡`i †mfv‡e AwfÁZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

Aí¯’vqx ¯§„wZ
GB ¯§„wZ ms‡e`x ¯§„wZ I `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZi ga¨eZ©x Ae¯’v| GUv Avgv‡`i me mg‡qi ¯§„wZ| GB ¯§„wZi ¯’vwqZ¡ Lye
Kg| g‡bv‡hvM w`‡j Gi ¯’vwqZ¡ ev‡o| wKQy¶Y Av‡M Rvbv NUbv ev e¯‘‡K cybiæ‡`ªK Kiv‡K Aí¯’vqx ¯§„wZ e‡j|
A‡b‡K GUv‡K Zvr¶wYK ¯§„wZ (Immediate Memory) e‡jb| cix¶vi mgq A‡bK cov‡kvbv Kiv nq|
cov‡kvbvi ciB cÖ‡kœi DËi I wjL‡Z cviv hvq| GBfv‡e wkL‡bi ¯^ímg‡qi g‡a¨ ¯§iY Ki‡Z cviv n‡”Q
Aí¯’vqx ¯§„wZ|

`xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ
`xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ ej‡Z Avgv‡`i AwfÁZv I Ávb weÁv‡bi fvÛvi‡K eySvq| Avgiv hv wkwL, hZme AwfÁZv AR©b
Kwi − me wKQy wb‡qB GB ¯§„wZ| cÖ‡qvRb gZ GB ¯§„wZ Avgiv cybiæ‡`ªK Ki‡Z cvwi| GB ¯§„wZ‡Z Avgv‡`i mviv
Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv mwÂZ _v‡K| `xN©Kvj c‡i c~‡e© M„nxZ †Kvb wKQy ¯§iY Kiv‡K `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ e‡j| hw`I

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wkL‡bi `xN© mgq c‡i Avgiv A‡bK wKQyB fz‡j hvB, ZeyI A‡bK wKQyB Avgv‡`i ¯§„wZ‡Z †_‡K hvq|
g‡bvweÁvbxiv g‡b K‡ib, mg‡qi e¨eav‡b we‡kl we‡kl e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© aviYv A‡bK †ewk my`„p nq, AwfÁZvi
cybM©Vb nq Ges G¸‡jv cÖ‡qv‡Mi m¤¢vebvI A‡bK †e‡o hvq| GB ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ ˆZwi‡Z ¯‹zj A‡bK mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z
cv‡i| AZxZ AwfÁZvi †cÖw¶‡Z bZzb AwfÁZv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j, wk¶v_©xiv AwfÁZvi cybM©Vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Zv‡Z ¯’vqx ¯§„wZi weKvk nq|

g‡bvwe` evM©mu (Bargson) `yÕiKg ¯§„wZi K_v e‡jb -

• Af¨vmMZ ¯§„wZ (Habit Memory) I
• cÖK…Z ¯§„wZ (True Memory)|

Af¨vmMZ ¯§„wZ
A_© bv ey‡S ev welqe¯‘i wewfbœ As‡ki m¤úK© Dcjwä bv K‡i hLb evi evi cybive„wË K‡i wkLb nq Ges †mB
wk¶Yxq welq hLb cybiæ‡`ªK Kiv nq, Zv‡K ejv nq Af¨vmMZ ¯§„wZ| AwfÁZv ev NUbv‡K Af¨vmekZ ¯§iY Kiv
nq e‡j G‡K hvwš¿K ¯§„wZ (Rote Memory) I ejv nq| evbvb †kLv, bvgZv †kLv BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î hvwš K
¯§„wZi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

cÖK…Z ¯§„wZ
hLb wk¶Yxq welqe¯‘i A_© Dcjwä K‡i gvbwmK K‡íi (Mental Image) mvnv‡h¨ e¯‘‡K ¯§iY Kiv nq, ZLb
Zv‡K cÖK…Z ¯§„wZ e‡j| welqe¯‘ Dcjwä Kivi Rb¨ wePvi I hyw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq e‡j A‡b‡K G‡K
wePvig~jK ¯§„wZ ev ZvwK©K ¯§„wZ ev hyw³ cÖwZwôZ ¯§„wZ (Logical Memory) e‡j _v‡Kb| GKwU KweZv ev
M`¨vsk c‡o Zvi A_© ü`q½g K‡i g‡b ivLv n‡jv GB ai‡bi ¯§„wZ| hvwš K ¯§„wZi †P‡q jwR‡Kj ¯§„wZ A‡bK
†ewk mn‡R Ges `xN©Kv‡ji Rb¨ ¯’vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i|

GQvov, ¯§„wZ‡K AviI A‡b‡K A‡bK fv‡e fvM K‡i‡Qb| K‡qKwU Avgiv GLv‡b D‡jøL KiwQ|

Abyl½g jK ¯§„wZ
hLb Avgiv GKwU e¯‘i m‡½ Ab¨ e¯‘i Ggbfv‡e m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kwi †h GKwUi K_v ev Qwe ev NUbv g‡b Kivi m‡½
AciwU ¯§i‡Y G‡m hvq, ‡mB ¯§„wZ‡K Abyl½g jK ¯§„wZ (Associative Memory) e‡j|

wewQbœ NUbvi ¯§„wZ

A‡bK bvg, ZvwiL, NUbv A‡bK mgq wew”Qbœ fv‡eB ¯§i‡Y _v‡K| G‡K wew”Qbœ NUbvi ¯§„wZ e‡j|

e¨w³MZ ¯§„wZ
‡h me AwfÁZv cÖZ¨¶fv‡e AR©b Kiv nq Ges cieZ©x‡Z ¯§iY Kiv nq †m¸‡jv n‡PQ e¨w³MZ ¯§„wZ
(Personal Memory)| GB ¯§„wZ n‡”Q NUbvwfwËK ¯§„wZ (Episodic Memory)| GLv‡b AwfÁZv †Kvb
we‡kl mgq ev ¯’v‡bi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| we‡kl mg‡q ev ¯’v‡b we‡kl we‡kl †QvU eo NUbv hv Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b N‡U
Ges Avgv‡`i ¯§i‡Y †_‡K hvq ZvB n‡”&Q Episodic ¯§„wZ| "Episodic memories are memories
of episodes, long or short in our own lives ; they are dated and have a
biographical reference." (Morgan King and Robinson) mnR K_vq Rxe‡bi we‡kl we‡kl
NUbvi ¯§„wZB NUbvwfwËK ¯§„wZ ev e¨w³MZ ¯§„wZ|

ˆbe©¨w³K ¯§„wZ
Avgv‡`i †ewki fvM AwfÁZv Av‡m A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K| Ávb-weÁv‡bi eB c‡o| Gme AwfÁZvi ¯§iY‡K ejv nq
ˆbe©¨w³K ¯§„wZ (Inpersonal Memory)| GB ¯§„wZ n‡”Q weg~Z© fvlvwfwËK ¯§„wZ (Semantic Memory)|
weg Z© fvlv ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g GB ¯§„wZ msiw¶Z nq| "Semantic Memory refers to general
knowledge" (Psychology : Roediger, Rushton, Capaldi & Paris) GUv mvaviY Áv‡bi
¯§„wZ‡KB eySvq| wewfbœ kãvejx, Zv‡`i A_©, Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©, Zv‡`i e¨envi ixwZ, wPšÍb I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
†¶‡Î Zv‡`i e¨envi - me wKQyB weg~Z© fvlvi m‡½ RwoZ| mg¯Í Ávb, weÁvb I AwfÁZv AR©b I cybiæ‡`ªK
Avgv‡`i fvlvi e¨env‡ii Rb¨B m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GB ¯§„wZ n‡”Q ˆbe©¨w³K ¯§„wZ ev Semantic Memory | GB
ai‡bi ¯§„wZi we¯§„wZ Kg N‡U|

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¯§„wZ‡K mwµq I wbw®Œq - GB `yB †kªYx‡Z fvM Kivi ixwZ I cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|

mwµq ¯§„wZ (Active Memory)

g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ hLb wb‡Ri gvbwmK B”Qv‡K we‡kl fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq, ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq mwµq ¯§„wZ
(Active Memory)| wk¶‡¶‡Î GB ¯§„wZ LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq| Ávbg jK AwfÁZv mÂq‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©x‡`i
gvbwmK cÖ‡Póvq mwµqZv GKvšÍ fv‡e cÖ‡qvRb|

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wbw®Œq ¯§„wZ
hLb †Kvb †Póv Qvov cye©AwfÁZv †PZb g‡b P‡j Av‡m Zv‡K wbw®Œq ¯§„wZ e‡j (Passive Memory)| GLv‡b
AwfÁZv‡K cybiæ‡`ªK Kivi Rb¨ gvbwmK mwµq cÖ‡Póvi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

wk¶v‡¶‡Î cÖK…Z ¯§„wZ, `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ I mwµq ¯§„wZ wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e Dc‡hvMx| Ávbg jK AwfÁZv
msi¶‡Y wk¶v_©x‡`i mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GBme ¯§„wZi weKv‡k wk¶K, wk¶Yxq welq, wk‡¶vcKiY BZ¨vw` hv‡Z
Dc‡hvMx nq, †mw`‡K we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb|

wewfbœ g‡bvweÁvbx bvbv `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¯§„wZi †kªYxKiY K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡a¨
ms‡e`x, Aí¯’vqx, `xN©¯’vqx, Af¨vmMZ, cÖK…Z, Abyl½g jK, wew”Qbœ, e¨w³MZ,
ˆbe©¨w³K, mwµq I wbw®Œq ¯§„wZ cÖavb|

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cv‡VvËi g j¨vqb - 2


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ
Ki€b)

1. kªywZR ev kªeYMZ ¯§„wZ †Kvb †kªYxfz³?

K. ms‡e`x
L. Af¨vmMZ
M. Wew”Qbœ
N. wbw®Œq
2. evM©mui †kªYxKiY †KvbwU?
K. Af¨vmMZ I cÖK…Z ¯§„wZ
L. cÖK…Z I wbw®Œq ¯§„wZ
M. Gwc‡mvwWK I Af¨vmMZ ¯§„wZ
N. ms‡e`x I `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ
3. GKwU KweZvi gg©v_© hLb Avcbvi ¯§„wZ‡Z _v‡K, †mUv wK ai‡bi ¯§„wZ?
K. cÖK…Z ¯§„wZ
L. hvwš¿K ¯§„wZ
M. e¨w³MZ ¯§„wZ
N. Aí¯’vqx ¯§„wZ

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. ms‡e`x ¯§„wZi eY©bv w`b|
2. evM©mu Gi Abymi‡Y ¯§„wZi †kªYxKiY I e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. e¨w³MZ I ˆbe©¨w³K ¯§„wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¯§„wZi cÖKvi‡f` Kiæb I bvg D‡jøL Kiæb|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| K, 2| L, 3| K

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cvV 3 ¯§„wZ mnvqK Kvh©vejx

[Memory Activities ]

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb 
♦ ¯§„wZ mnvqK K‡qKwU Kvh©vejxi D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ ¯‹z‡j QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i cwiwPwZ w`em‡K wKfv‡e ¯§„wZ mnvqK K‡i †Zvjv hvq Zvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ ïb‡Z ïb‡Z AuvKv ev kã mvRv‡bvi gZ ¯§„wZ mnvqK Kv‡Ri e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb I Abyiƒc
AviI bvbv Kv‡Ri Design Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ wewfbœ wb‡gvwbK e¨envi Ki‡Z I bZzb bZzb ÔwUªKÕ I wb‡gvwbK Avwe®‹v‡ii †Póv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

¯§„wZ mnvqK Kvh©vejx

¯^í‡gqv`x ¯§„wZi msi¶Y ¶gZv LyeB mxwgZ| Z‡e e¨w³ Pvw¼s (Chunking) Ges ms‡KZvq‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GB ¶gZv wKQyUv evwo‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| me ai‡bi wkLb cwiw¯’wZ‡ZB ¯§iYwµqvi GB mxgve×Zv †`Lv
hvq| †mB ¯§iYwµqvwU MwY‡Zi ixwZbxwZ, †Uwbm †Ljvi wbqgKvbyb, gkjvi bvg I e¨envi, A¶‡ii bvg A_ev
dz‡ji bvg - hvB †nvK bv †Kb| wk¶v_©x‡`i weKv‡ki wewfbœ ¯Í‡i Zv‡`i ¯§iYwµqv‡K DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœfv‡e
mvnvh¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wk¶KMY Zv‡`i wbR wbR †¶‡Î wk¶v`v‡bi mgq wk¶v_©x‡`i ¯§iYmnvqK †KŠkj AvqZ¡
Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Kvh©vejxi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z cv‡ib|

cÖvPxb hy‡Mi †h †Kvb †`‡ki wk¶ve¨e¯’vi gZ Av‡gwiKvb wk¶ve¨e¯’vq cÖ_gw`‡K gyL¯’ Kivi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv
n‡Zv| wek¦vm Kiv nZ GB ai‡bi wkLb Kvh©vejx ¯§„wZi DbœwZ‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ eZ©gvbKv‡j A‡b‡Ki
g‡a¨ Gi wei€‡× mgv‡jvPbvg jK cÖwZwµqv †`Lv hvq| A_©nxb welqe¯‘ gyL¯’ Kiv Am¤¢e bv n‡jI LyeB KóKi
e¨vcvi| Giƒc †¶‡Î gyL¯’ Kivi cÖwµqv cwiZ¨vM Ki‡jB G mgm¨vi mgvavb cvIqv hv‡e bv| mgvavb n‡”Q,
A_©nxb fv‡e bq, ei welqe¯‘ ey‡S A_©c Y©fv‡e gyL¯’ Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|

Gme †¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q wk¶v_©x‡`i welqe¯‘ gyL¯’ Kivi Av‡M Zv‡`i welqe¯‘ I Z_¨vw` m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi
aviYv †`Iqv| GQvov, wk¶v_©x‡`i AvMÖn I kL (Hobby) Gi m‡½ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡b ivLvi e¨vcv‡i
Drmvn I mnvqZv w`‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ wk¶K wewfbœ wk¶v_©x‡`i kL I AvMÖ‡ni K_vevZ©v g‡bv‡hvM I ˆa‡h©¨i m‡½
ïb‡eb|

M.M. Clifford Zvi Practicing Educational Psychology eB G KZK¸‡jv ¯§„wZ mnvqK

Kvh©vejx (Memory Activities) wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv ms‡KZ MÖnY (Coding) I cybive„wËi
(Rehearsal) Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g ¯§„wZ‡K kw³kvjx K‡i| Avgiv GLv‡b GB ¯§„wZ mnvqK Kvh©vejx D‡jøL
KiwQ|

1. cwiwPwZ w`em (Get Acquinted Day)

wk¶v_©x‡`i cwiwPwZi Rb¨ Zv‡`i bvg †jLv U¨vMwU eo †`‡L w`b| †mLv‡b Zviv †hb Zv‡`i Qwe I wb‡R‡`i
cwiwPwZg jK wKQy K_v wjL‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡`i cQ‡›`i †Ljv, †Kvb RvqMvi bvg, WvK bvg, we‡kl ¸Y ev nwe Gi
K_v †jLv n‡Z cv‡i| wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖ_g w`‡b A_ev cÖ_g K¬v‡m H U¨vM aviY K‡i Zv‡`i Aev‡a mevi mv‡_ wgk‡Z
w`b hv‡Z Zviv mncvVx‡`i A‡bK‡K wPb‡Z cv‡i, A‡b‡Ki bvg I Ab¨vb¨ cwiPq Rvb‡Z cv‡i| wcwiq‡Wi †k‡l
hZ¸‡jv g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i ZZ¸‡jv bvg Zv‡`i wjL‡Z w`b| Zv‡`i wR‡Ám Kiæb wKfv‡e Zviv bvg¸‡jv wkL‡jv,
†Kvb ai‡bi Abyl½ Zviv ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jv Avi wK AmyweavqB ev Zv‡`i co‡Z n‡q‡Q| wk¶K I Ab¨vb¨ ÷vd‡`i
wk¶v_©x hv‡Z wPb‡Z cv‡i †m Rb¨I GKB fv‡e e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶ve‡l©i ïiæ‡Z wk¶K‡`i d‡Uv Ges
Zv‡`i wk¶v`vb †¶‡Îi mvs‡KwZK wPý ev Qwe e¨envi Kiv hvq| †h †Kvb eq‡mi ev `‡ji Rb¨ wKQy wKQy cwieZ©b
K‡i GB Kv‡Ri e¨e¯’v Kiv hvq|

2. ïb‡Z ïb‡Z AuvKv (Doodle Listening)

Mí, e³…Zv A_ev †Uc ïb‡Z ïb‡Z Zv‡`i AuvK‡Z ejyb| wb‡R‡`i B”Qv I cQ›`gZ wWRvB‡b, bgybvq, ms‡K‡Z
Zviv AuvK‡e| †bvU hv †bIqvi Zv K_vq bv wj‡L AuvwK SuywK Ki‡e| †mB cvV A_ev †mB Mí cybe©vi ejvi Rb¨ hv

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hv AuvKv `iKvi ZZUzKzB AuvK‡e A_©vr H AuvKv †`‡L †hb MíwU ejv hvq| welqe¯‘i m‡½ gvbvbmB WyWzj †kªYxi
†bvU †jLvi Kv‡R ev mvivsk ˆZwii Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK `jxq Av‡jvPbvi wfwË wnmv‡e I WzWzj
e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e ¯‹z‡ji DuPz †kªYxi Qv·`i Rb¨ GwU GKwU Kvh©Kix †KŠkj wKš‘ †QvU‡`i
Rb¨ AmyweavRbK| A‡bK mgq †QvUiv GKwU Qwe AuvK‡Z wM‡q nqZ welqe¯‘i A‡bKLvwb ïb‡Z cvi‡e bv| Gme
†¶‡Î wk¶K †QvU wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖ_‡g ïb‡Z Ges c‡i †kvbv welqe¯‘i Qwe AuvK‡Z wb‡`©kbv †`‡eb|

3. †Luv‡c †Luv‡c kã mvRv‡bv (Quilting Patterns)

GKwU bZzb kã ev fve ev aviYv †`Iqvi m‡½ m‡½ wk¶v_©x hv‡Z †mUv g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges Kvh©Kixfv‡e bZzb
Z_¨‡K †kªYxe× Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ Zv‡K cÖvmw½K kã ev cÖZx‡Ki ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡Z †`Iqv hvq| bZzb k‡ãi
m‡½ m¤úwK©Z kã ev aviYv †m wPšÍv K‡i †ei Ki‡e| hZ †ewk kã ev aviYv MVb Kiv m¤¢e ZZ fv‡jv| GKwU
KvMR wb‡q Zvi †K›`ª¯’‡j g~j kãwU wjL‡e Ges Kuv_v bgybvi gZ Pvicv‡k A‡bK¸‡jv †¯‹vqvi AuvK‡e|

g jk
ã

wPÎ 5-3.1 †Luv‡c †Luv‡c kã mvRv‡bv

cÖwZwU †¯‹vqv‡i GKwU kã A_ev cÖZxK †`‡e| GB †KŠkj wk¶v_©x‡K bZzb kãwUi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Ab¨vb¨ kã I
cÖZxK¸‡jv msMV‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| hZ¸‡jv kã ev cÖZxK †m e¨envi K‡i‡Q, †m¸‡jvi A_©, kã I cÖZxK¸‡jv
e¨envi Kivi KviY I g~j k‡ãi m‡½ Zv‡`i m¤úK© BZ¨vw` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb| GKUv D`vniY ‡`Iqv hvK| g~j
kãwU hw` Ôevsjv‡`kÕ nq, Zvn‡j wk¶v_©xiv Zvi Pvicv‡ki †¯‹vqv‡i wjL‡e – cvwK¯Ívb, fvlv Av‡›`vjb, gyw³hy×,
A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨, ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe, Qq`dv `vwe BZ¨vw`| †h wk¶v_©x evsjv‡`‡ki wVKcv‡k wbKUZg ¯’v‡b
gyw³hy× wj‡L‡Q Zvi e¨vL¨v n‡e - gyw³hy‡×i d‡jB evsjv‡`‡ki m„wó ZvB Avwg evsjv‡`‡ki cv‡k gyw³hy× wj‡LwQ|

4. Qov I MvbevRbv (Rhyme and Music)

A‡bK mgqB Qv·`i Rb¨ wewfbœ mb, ZvwiL Ges MwYZ ev weÁv‡bi dg© jv gyL¯’ Kiv `yiæn n‡q c‡o| cÖwZ
BDwb‡Ui †k‡l wk¶v_©xiv K_v, Qov I Mv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Dc‡hvMx Ôwb‡gvwbKÕ (Mnemonic) ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i|
†hme wb‡gvwbK wKQy †kLvi e¨vcv‡i †ewk Kvh©Kix †h¸‡jv Ab¨ivI wkL‡e I e¨envi Ki‡e| †kªYx‡Z †hme
wb‡gvwbK †ewk Kvh©Kix e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jvi Rb¨ cyi®‹vi ev Uªwd †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v Kiv hvq| wbqgbxwZ,
Qov, bvbv cÖKvi ÔwUªKÕ - Gme wewfbœ ai‡bi wb‡gvwbK ¯§„wZ‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| †hgb- cÖ_‡g hLb wk¶v_©x
Arithmetic evbvb wkL‡Q, wb‡gvwbK †KvW - "A rat in the house might eat the ice cream"
e¨envi K‡i evbvbwU mn‡R g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b cÖwZwU k‡ãi cÖ_g A¶i wb‡q evbvbwU n‡q‡Q|

¯§„wZi `¶Zvi weKv‡ki Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Kvh©vejxi Av‡qvRb GKwU †kªYxi Rb¨ †hgb Avb‡›`i †Zgwb
mydj`vqK| ¯§„wZmnvqK †KŠkj AvqË Kiv wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡Q Dc‡fvM¨ Kivi Rb¨ wk¶K memgq m‡Pó _vK‡eb|
wkLb I ¯§iY‡K Dc‡fvM¨ Kivi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb †KŠkj I KvR †f‡e †ei Ki€b|

5. e¨w³wfwËK kU©n¨vÛ (Personalized Shorthand)

wKÛviMv‡U©‡bi gZ cÖv_wgK ch©vq †_‡K kã A_ev †Kvb evMavivi ¯’‡j cÖZxK e¨envi Ki‡Z †kLv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i Qwei gZ g Z© cÖZxK e¨envi Kiv A‡bK Dc‡hvMx| AviI eo nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡`i weg~Z©
cÖZxK I Abbreviations e¨envi Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv hvq| A‡bK cvV¨welq Av‡Q †hLv‡b we‡kl wKQy kã
evi evi e¨eüZ nq| G¸‡jvi kU©n¨vÛ cÖZxK Lye Kvh©Kix mvs‡KwZK †KŠkj wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| Gi d‡j
nvB ¯‹zj I K‡j‡R wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ †bvU MÖnY Kivi e¨vcv‡i †h fq, nZvkv, AvksKv I D‡ØM KvR K‡i Zv A‡bK
K‡g hvq|
M.M. Cliford D‡jøL K‡ib †h GB mg¯Í Kvh©vejx cÖvq mKj ¯‹zjMvgx eq‡mi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Rb¨ wKQy
cwieZ©b mv‡c‡¶ e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv e¨ZxZ wk¶K Zv‡`i QvÎQvÎx‡`i ¯§„wZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Ggb
ai‡bi AviI A‡bK A‡bK Kv‡Ri cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

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wk¶Kiv we`¨vjq cwi‡e‡k wewfbœ eq‡mi wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ bvbv ai‡bi Kvh©vejxi e¨e¯’v Ki‡j wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡`i
m„Rb¶gZv, Kíbv kw³, wPbAvZv kw³ BZ¨vw`i weKv‡ki †fZi w`‡q I Avb‡›`i g‡a¨ Gme Kv‡R Ask wb‡q
wewfbœ welqe¯‘ Zv‡`i ¯§„wZi fvÛv‡i msi¶‡Y DcK…Z n‡e|

wk¶v_©x‡`i weKv‡ki wewfbœ ¯ ‡i Zv‡`i ¯§iYwµqv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ wk¶K

wewfbœ ai‡bi ¯§„wZmnvqK Kvh©vejxi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cwiwPwZ w`e‡mi we‡kl
e¨envi, ïb‡Z ïb‡Z AuvKv, †Luv‡c †Luv‡c kã mvRv‡bv, Qov I wb‡gvwbK Ges
cÖZx‡Ki e¨envi BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri K_v g‡bvweÁvbx wK¬‡dvW© D‡jøL K‡ib| Gme
Kv‡Ri †fZi w`‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i AwfÁZv AwaKZi Kvh©Kix fv‡e msiw¶Z nq|

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 3


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ
Kiæb)

1. ÔcwiwPwZ w`emÕ †K ¯§„wZmnvqK Kv‡R e¨envi Kivi K_v †K e‡j‡Qb?

K. DWIqv_©
L. gvb
M. wK¬‡dvW©
N. Gwesnm

2. Doodle Listening Kv‡`i Rb¨ †ewk Kvh©Kix?

K. DuPz †kªYxi Qv·`i Rb¨
L. cÖwZeÜx Qv·`i Rb¨
M. Lye †QvU wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨
N. ewai wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨
3. ‡KvbwU ¯§„wZmnvqK KvR bq?
K. ïb‡Z ïb‡Z AuvKv
L. cÖK…wZi Qwe AuvKv
M. †Luv‡c †Luv‡c kã mvRv‡bv
N. e¨w³wfwËK kU©n¨vÛ

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. wk¶v_©x‡`i ¯§„wZ msi¶‡Y mvnvh¨ Ki‡e Ggb K‡qKwU Kv‡Ri D‡jøL Kiæb|
2. †h †Kvb `yÕwU ¯§„wZmnvqK Kv‡Ri eY©bv w`b|
3. wk¶v_©x‡`i wk¶vi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?
4. bZzb wk¶ve‡l© wk¶v_©xiv hv‡Z ci¯úi‡K ZvovZvwo wP‡b wb‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ wK Ki‡Z cv‡ib?
5. Quilting Pattern ev †Luv‡c †Luv‡c kã mvRv‡bv - e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
6. Avcwb GKwU ¯§„wZmnvqK Kv‡Ri cwiKíbv Kiæb|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| M, 2| K, 3| L

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cvV 4 ¯§„wZ DbœZ Kivi †KŠkj

[Techniques to Promote Retention ]

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb 
♦ ¯§„wZi Dbœqb m¤¢e wK bv G m¯ú‡K© wewfbœ g‡bvwe‡`i gZvgZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ wkLb I msi¶Y Dc‡hvMx wKQy †KŠk‡ji D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ wb‡gvwb‡Ki DcKvwiZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ wewfbœ cÖKvi wb‡gvwb‡Ki eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ ¯§„wZi Dci Qwe I g~Z©-ev¯Íe k‡ãi cÖfve m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ wb`ªv, `„pmsKí I wewfbœ wkLb c×wZ‡K †KŠkj wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i wKfv‡e †kLv I msi¶‡Yi
DbœwZ Kiv hvq Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

¯§„wZ DbœZ Kivi †KŠkj

¯§„wZi Dbœqb Av‡`Š m¤¢e wK bv G wel‡q g‡bvweÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` Av‡Q| g‡bvwe` †Rgm Gi g‡Z AwfÁZv‡K
msi¶Y Kivi ¶gZv gvby‡li Rb¥MZ| G‡K cwiewZ©Z ev cwiewa©Z Kiv hvq bv| Z‡e wk¶v_©xi AvMÖn, AbyivM I
g‡bv‡hvM evwo‡q welqe¯‘ ZvovZvwo AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z Zv‡K mnvqZv `vb Kiv hvq|

Avevi g‡bvwe` ÷vW©‡Ui g‡Z Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g ¯§iY wµqvi DbœwZ mvab mvaviYfv‡e Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI Gi
†Kvb †Kvb w`‡Ki Dbœqb m¤¢e| wkíx Zvi wkíK‡g©, wk¶K Zvi wk¶vK‡g© Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g ¯§iY wµqv‡K `„pZi
K‡i _v‡Kb|

AvaywbKKv‡ji A‡bK g‡bvweÁvbxI ÷vDU Gi gZ wek¦vm K‡ib †h g‡bv‡hvM, AbyivM, AvKl©Y BZ¨vw` K…wÎg
cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i I ¯§„wZ-mnvqK wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i wk¶v_©xi wkLb cÖwµqv I ¯§iY wµqvi Dbœqb m¤¢e|

wewfbœ †KŠkj
gvbe ¯§„wZi Dci cwiPvwjZ M‡elYv I cix¶Y †_‡K †`Lv hvq, wkLb I msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv †KŠk‡ji Dci
wbf©i Kiv hvq| wb‡P wKQy †KŠkj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

wb‡gvwbK (Mnemonic)
cÖvPxb ¯§„wZi MÖxK †`eZv Mnemosyne Gi bvg †_‡K wb‡gvwbK k‡ãi DrcwË| GUv `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z Z_¨vw`
msMV‡bi GKwU †KŠkj|

Kg A_©c Y© wel‡qi Dci A_©c Y© KvVv‡gv ˆZwi Ki‡j †mUv ¯§„wZ‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i − GB aviYvi Dci wfwË
K‡iB AwaKvsk wb‡gvwb‡Ki m„wó| DbœZ ¯§„wZ †Kvb Rv`yi e¨vcvi bq − mwµq, mvejxj, kw³kvjx I m„k„sLj
gvbwmKZvi dmj n‡”Q fvj ¯§„wZ|

wb‡gvwbK †KŠk‡ji mvnv‡h¨ (†mUv wb‡Ri m„wó A_ev A‡b¨i ˆZwiI cÖPwjZ − hvB †nvK bv †Kb) A‡bK †ewk Z_¨
¯§„wZi fvÛv‡i msi¶Y Kiv m¤¢e nq| wk¶v_©xiv eB c‡o, wdj¥ †`‡L, e³…Zv ï‡b msM„nxZ Z_¨ A‡bK †ewk
msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i hw` Zviv Pvw¼s, wb‡gvwbK Ges cÖwZiƒ‡ci mvnv‡h¨ ms‡KZvqb ev iƒcvšÍi (Coding) Kivi
Af¨vm M‡o Zz‡j|

A‡bK mgqB Coding Lye KwVb I RwUj cÖwµqv e‡j g‡b nq| hvi Rb¨ Mfxi g‡bv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq| hviv
wbw®Œqfv‡e ms‡e`x Z_¨ MÖnY K‡i Ges hviv Coding G Lye `ye©j − Zv‡`i ¯§„wZi DbœwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ Coding
G cÖwk¶Y I Abykxjb cÖ‡qvRb| Kvh©Kix Coding †KŠkj AvqË Kivi weKí †bB|

wb‡gvwbK †KŠkj Av‡Q A‡bK iKg − ms‡KZ ev ¯§„wZ mnvqK Qov BZ¨vw`| H¸‡jv Aej¤^b Ki‡j e¯‘ ev NUbv
g‡b ivLv mnR nq| KZK¸‡jv wb‡gvwbK †KŠkj nvRvi eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv| wKš‘ Zv‡`i mvd‡j¨i †cQ‡b †h

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AšÍwb©wnZ bxwZ †m¸‡jv AwZ m¤úªwZ g‡bvweÁvbxiv (Bellezza, 1981) Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| Henry L.
Roediger Zvi eB 'Psychology' †Z D‡jøL K‡ib, mKj wb‡gvwbK †KŠk‡jiB `y‡Uv Dcv`vb _v‡K| cÖ_gZ,
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ PgrKvi ms‡KZvq‡bi e¨e¯’v _v‡K, d‡j ¯§„wZ ¯’vqx nq| wØZxqZ, Zviv mvaviYZ cybiæ‡`ª‡Ki Kvh©Kix
Bw½Z cÖ`vb K‡i|

A‡bK wb‡gvwbK mevi Kv‡Q Lye cwiwPZ †hgb- Thirty days hath September, April, June and
November . . . .| GB ai‡bi Q‡›`ve× wb‡gvwbK ¯§„wZ msi¶‡Yi mnvqK| evbvb †kLvi Rb¨ wewfbœ wb‡gvwbK
e¨envi Kiv hvq| †hgb- ÔÔwcwm P‡jv hvBÕÕ Gi mvnv‡h¨ mn‡R †kLv Psychology evbvb Avcbvi `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ
n‡q _vK‡e|

mijZg wb‡gvwbK n‡”Q Link Method| aiæb, Avcbv‡K GKwU evRv‡ii d`© g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e| Avcwb cÖwZwU
wRwbm‡K gvbwmK cÖwZiƒ‡c iƒcvšÍi K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K †Kvb fv‡e Ab¨‡`i m‡½ hy³ Kivi †Póv Ki‡eb| GUvB Link
c×wZ| GB c×wZ Avcbv‡K cybiæ‡`ª‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| ¯§„wZi Dci GB c×wZi cÖfve wb‡q cÖwm× cix¶Y K‡ib
Bower & Clark 1969 wLªóv‡ã|

Loci c×wZ t GB †KŠk‡j e¨w³ wewfbœ wel‡qi gvbwmK Qwe ˆZwi K‡i †m¸‡jv cwiwPZ ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb K‡i|
¯’vb¸‡jv Lye cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡e| ¯’v‡bi m‡½ m‡½ H ¯’v‡b ¯’vwcZ welqe¯‘ ¯§i‡Y msiw¶Z n‡q hvq| ¯’vb¸‡jv
†h‡nZz LyeB cwiwPZ, ZvB G¸‡jv cybiæ‡`ª‡Ki Lye PgrKvi Kvh©Kix Bw½Z wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| cÖvPxb †ivgvb
wk¶Kiv `xN© e³…Zv †`Iqvi Kv‡R Qv·`i GB †KŠkj e¨envi Ki‡Z civgk© w`‡Zb| ch©vbyµwgKfv‡e A‡bK
c‡q›U g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ GB †KŠkj LyeB Kvh©Kix|

cwiwPZ N‡ii wb‡gvwbK Bw½Z (The Mnemonic Cues of Familiar Rooms)

wkL‡bi cwi‡ek AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j †hUv ¯§i‡Yi mnvqK nq| G cÖm‡½ Avgiv w÷‡fb w¯§‡_i GKwU cix¶Y
†`L‡Z cvwi| w¯§_ cuvPwU `j‡K (cÖwZ `j 10 Rb QvÎ) GKwU wbPZjvi N‡i wb‡q wZb wgwbU cici 90wU kã †Uc
†iKW©vi evwR‡q †kvbvb| Zv‡`i hZ¸‡jv m¤¢e kã g‡b ivL‡Z ejv nj| c‡ii w`b Zv‡`i GKwU Recall
Test G WvKv nj| GKwU `j‡K c e©eZ©x N‡i wb‡q hvIqv nj| Ab¨ PviwU `j‡K cuvPZjvi Ab¨vb¨ N‡i †bIqv
nq| A‡Pbv cwi‡e‡k wØZxq `j‡K †Kvb we‡kl wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv nj bv| Z…Zxq `j‡K cix¶v Avi‡¤¢i c~‡e© wZb
wgwbU Zv‡`i evwoi GKwU Ni m¤ú‡K© fve‡Z ejv nj| PZz_© `j‡K c~e©eZ©x wb‡Pi NiwU m¤ú‡K© wZb wgwbU fve‡Z
Ges H N‡ii `„k¨, kã I M‡Üi GKwU ZvwjKv wjL‡Z ejv nj| cÂg `jwU PZz_© `‡ji gZ wb‡`©kbv †c‡jv|
AwaKš‘ Zv‡`i H N‡ii wKQy slide †`Lv‡bv nj| djvd‡j †`Lv †Mj 90 wU k‡ãi g‡a¨ 1g `j − 18wU, 2q `j
− 12wU, 3q `j − 9.6wU, 4_© `j − 17.2wU Ges 5g `j − 18.8 kã ï× I mwVKfv‡e Recall Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Q| (Psychology-To-Day, Oct. 1980)

¯§„wZi Dci cwiwPZ cwi‡e‡ki GB cÖfve Recall Gi †¶‡ÎB †ewk †`Lv hvq| eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ ev mZ¨wg_¨v
†U‡÷ Gi cÖfve we‡kl †bB|

AwaKvsk wb‡gvwbK‡KB KZ¸‡jv ¯Í‡i fvM Kiv hvq| ¯Íi¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc t

• cwiwPZ Bw½‡Zi ZvwjKv (List of Cues) A_ev hyw³m¤§Z KvVv‡gv (Logical Frame Work)
_v‡K − †hLvb ‡_‡K KvR Avi¤¢ Kiv hvq|
• Gme cwiwPZ Bw½Z ev ms‡K‡Zi m‡½ bZzb wel‡qi †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq|
• gvbwmK cÖwZiƒ‡ci mvnv‡h¨ GB †hvMv‡hvM n‡q _v‡K|
• cwiwPZ Bw½Z¸‡jv bZzb Z_¨ cybiæ‡`ªK Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

Qwei mvnv‡h¨ ¯§„wZi Dbœqb

GKwU cix¶‡Y cÖ_g †kªYx, PZz_© †kªYx I cÖvß eq¯‹‡`i †Uc †_‡K eviwU evK¨ wkL‡Z †`Iqv nq| cÖwZwU ev‡K¨ `ywU
Noun I Qwe AuvKvi gZ Ae¯’v wQj| †hgb- ÔcvwLwU Kgjv †L‡qwQjÕ| Ôwmwoi wb‡P †KvK wQj|Õ †KD †KD ïay
evK¨¸‡jv ïb‡jv, KvD‡K KvD‡K evK¨¸‡jv ï‡b g‡b g‡b Qwe AuvK‡Z ejv nj| Avevi KvD‡K evK¨ ejvi mv‡_
mv‡_ Qwe †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| c‡i M‡elK GKwU Noun e‡j Zv‡`i evK¨wU †kl Ki‡Z ej‡jb| †`Lv †Mj cÖ_g I PZz_©
Dfq †kªYxi wk¶v_©xiv hv‡`i Qwe AuvK‡Z (gvbwmK) ejv n‡qwQj Ges hv‡`i Qwe †`Lv‡bv n‡qwQj Zviv hviv ïay
evK¨ ï‡bwQj Zv‡`i †P‡q wظ‡Yi †P‡qI fvj g‡b ivL‡Z †c‡i‡Q| GB wZb cwiw¯’wZ‡ZB cÖvß eq¯‹Kiv †gvUvgywU

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fv‡e eviwU ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ AvUwU ¯§iY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| GB ai‡bi Av‡iv cix¶Y †_‡K †`Lv hvq wk¶v_©xi wkLb I
msi¶‡Yi Dci Qwei h‡_ó cÖfve c‡o wKš‘ eq¯‹‡`i Dci Gi D‡j-L‡hvM¨ †Kvb cÖfve †bB|

¯§„wZi Dci g~Z©-ev¯Íe (Concrete) I my¯úó (Vivid) k‡ãi cÖfve

¯§„wZi Dci GKwU cix¶‡Y K‡jR Qv·`i †lvjwU mij eY©bvg~jK evK¨ co‡Z †`Iqv nq| A‡a©K Qv·K g~Z©
my¤úó cÖKvkmn evK¨ †`Iqv nq| †hgb- bxj UjU‡j cvwbi `xwN‡Z kvcjv dz‡U‡Q| Ab¨‡`i †mvRvmywR evK¨
†`Iqv nq| †hgb- `xwN‡Z kvcjv dz‡U‡Q| QvÎiv hviv my¤úó ev¯Íe cÖKvkmn evK¨ c‡o Zviv welqwUi cwi®‹vi
cÖwZiƒc cvq| d‡j †`Lv hvq 16wU ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ Zviv 60% kã ¯§iY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Aciw`‡K Ab¨Mªyc gvÎ
46% kã g‡b ivL‡Z †c‡i‡Q| (Anderson, R.C. Concretization & Sentence learning :
Journal of Educational Psychology, 1974) cieZ©x d‡jvAvc ÷vwW‡ZI GB ai‡bi djvdj cvIqv
hvq|

cÖwZiƒ‡ci mvnv‡h¨
cÖwZiƒ‡ci mvnv‡h¨ †kLvi †Póv Ki‡j g‡b ivLvi KvR myôz I mnRmva¨ n‡q D‡V| hLb hv g‡b ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb
ZLb Zvi cÖwZiƒc g‡bi g‡a¨ `„pe× Ki‡Z cvi‡j welqwUi msi¶Y mnR I ¯’vqx nq|

†kªYx MVb c×wZ

wk¶Yxq welqe¯‘i †kªYx web¨vm K‡i †bIqv hvq| †kªYxe× K‡i AvqË Kivi cš’v‡K †kªYx MVb Kiv ejv nq|
†kªYxe× K‡i wk¶v Ki‡j mn‡R †kLv nq Ges ¯§iY `xN©Kvj ¯’vqx nq| †hgb- 65, 75, 85 msL¨v‡K mn‡R g‡b
ivLv hvq wKš‘ 41, 35, 87 GB ai‡bi msL¨v g‡b ivLv KwVb|

wb`ªv
Ny‡gi m‡½ msi¶‡Yi GKwU m¤úK© Av‡Q| †Kvb welq †kLvi ci wKQy¶Y Nygv‡j, †R‡M _vKvi †P‡q A‡c¶vK…Z
fvj msi¶Y nq| Nygv‡j cðvrgyLx cÖwZ‡iva NUvi m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K e‡j msi¶Y webv evavq N‡U I we¯§„wZi nvi
K‡g hvq| †R‡M _vK‡j †Kvb wKQy bv Ki‡jI wPšÍv G‡m msi¶Y Kv‡R evav NUvq| ZvB Ny‡gi Av‡M †kLv e¯‘
fvjfv‡e I `xN©Kvj g‡b _v‡K|

`„p msKí
g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ g‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ cÖ‡qvRb| AvMÖn _vKv PvB| †kLvi Rb¨ `„p msKí _vK‡j †m welq mn‡R Avq‡Ë
Av‡m Ges A‡bKw`b msiw¶Z _v‡K| msKí bv _vK‡j Avi B”Qvi weiæ‡× wKQy wkL‡Z †M‡j wkLb Kómva¨ n‡q
`uvovq| msi¶YI wVKgZ nq bv|

Aweivg wkLb c×wZ I mwµq wkLb c×wZ

GB¸‡jvI ¯§„wZi DbœwZi †KŠkj wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| Gme c×wZ wb‡q Avgiv c~e©eZ©x cv‡V Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|

¯§„wZi Dbœqb m¤¢e wK bv G e¨vcv‡i gZ‡f` _vK‡jI AvaywbKKv‡ji A‡bK

g‡bvweÁvbx wek¦vm K‡ib †h g‡bv‡hvM, AbyivM, AvKl©Y BZ¨vw` K…wÎg cwi‡ek m„wó
K‡i I ¯§„wZ-mnvqK wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i wk¶v_©xi wkLb cÖwµqv I ¯§iY-

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wµqvi Dbœqb m¤¢e| wewfbœ wb‡gvwb‡Ki e¨envi − wb‡gvwbK Qov, evbvb, Link
c×wZ, Loci c×wZ, cwiwPZ N‡ii wb‡gvwbK Bw½Z BZ¨vw` − ¯§„wZi DbœwZ Kivi
wewfbœ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †KŠkj| GQvov Qwe, gyZ©-ev¯Íe I my¤úó k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM, cÖwZiƒc,
wb`ªv, `„p msKí, wewfbœ wkLb c×wZ BZ¨vw` †KŠkj wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i †kLv I
msi¶‡Y h‡_ó DbœwZ mvab Kiv hvq|

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 4

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ
Ki€b)
1. AwfÁZv‡K msi¶Y Kivi Rb¥MZ ¶gZv cwiewZ©Z ev cwiewa©Z Kiv hvq bv| †K e‡j‡Qb?
K. ‡Rgm
L. ÷vDU
M. AvÛviDW
N. g¨vKMK
2. ‡KvbwU wb‡gvwbK c×wZ?
K. mweivg c×wZ
L. Loci c×wZ
M. mwµq c×wZ
N. Aweivg c×wZ
3. eû wbe©vPbx Test Gi Dci cwiwPZ cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve -
K. Lye †ewk
L. †ewk
M. †gvUvgywU
N. we‡kl †bB
4. wb`ªvi c~‡e© †kLv welqe¯‘ †ewk g‡b _v‡K, KviY -
K. msi¶Y evavcÖvß nq
L. msi¶Y webv evavq N‡U
M. Nygv‡j cðvrgyLx cÖwZ‡iva KvR K‡i
N. Ny‡gi m‡½ msi¶‡Yi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB
Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. wewfbœ g‡bvwe‡`i gZvgZ D‡jL K‡i ¯§„wZi Dbœqb m¤¢e wK bv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. wkLb I msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU †KŠk‡ji D‡jøL Kiæb|
3. wb‡gvwbK wK? wb‡gvwb‡Ki DcKvwiZv wK?
4. cÖPwjZ wewfbœ wb‡gvwbK c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5. 3wU †Uwj‡dvb b¤^i g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ wb‡gvwbK MVb Kiæb|
6. cwiwPZ cwi‡ek ¯§i‡Yi mnvqK − G cÖm‡½ w÷‡fb w¯§‡_i cix¶‡Yi eY©bv w`b|
7. wb‡gvwb‡Ki mvaviY ¯Íi¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
8. D`vniYmn ¯§„wZi Dci Qwe I g~Z©-ev¯Íe k‡ãi cÖfve eY©bv Kiæb|
9. ¯§„wZi DbœwZ‡Z wb`ªv I `„p msK‡íi f‚wgKv eY©bv Kiæb|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| K, 2| L, 3| N, 4| L

BDwbU 5 152
 Bangladesh Open University

cvV 5 we¯§„wZ
[Forgetting ]

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb 
♦ we¯§„wZ wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ gvby‡li Rb¨ †h we¯§„wZI cÖ‡qvRbxq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ Gwesn‡mi Ôwe¯§i‡Yi nviÕ m¤úwK©Z cix¶YwU eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ Gwesn‡mi Ôwe¯§„wZi †jLwPÎ (Forgetting Curve) e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

we¯§„wZ wK?
cÖwZw`‡bi Rxe‡b Avgiv A‡bK wKQy wkwL, A‡bK AwfÁZv AR©b Kwi| wKš‘ mviv Rxeb a‡i hv wKQy wkwL Zvi
mewKQy Avgv‡`i g‡b _v‡K bv| AwR©Z AwfÁZv‡K hLb Avgiv g‡b msi¶Y Ki‡Z cvwi ZLb Zvi bvg ¯§„wZ Avi
GB msi¶‡Yi Afve nj we¯§„wZ ev we¯§iY| Avgv‡`i AwR©Z AwfÁZvi AwZ ¶z`ª AskB Avgiv a‡i ivL‡Z cvwi|
†Kvb AwfÁZv ev wk¶Yxq welq cybiæ‡`ªK Ki‡Z bv cvivi bvgB we¯§„wZ| wkLb − ¯§„wZ = we¯§„wZ| A_©vr we¯§„wZi
A_© n‡”Q †h we¯§„Z welqwUi cÖwZiƒc gw¯Í‡®‹ msiw¶Z nqwb A_ev n‡jI Zvi cybiærcv`‡b †Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e
AšÍivq N‡U‡Q| wKQy †kLvi ci hZ mgq †h‡Z _v‡K ev Avgiv hZ bZzb welq wkL‡Z _vwK, ZZB c ‡e©i †kLv
me wKQy g‡b _v‡K bv| c~‡e© †kLv n‡q‡Q Ggb †Kvb welq ¯§iY Kivi ¯’vqx ev mvgwqK Afve‡K we¯§„wZ e‡j|

we¯§„wZi DcKvwiZv
g‡bvweÁvbx wie‡U©i (Ribbort) g‡Z ¯§„wZi Rb¨ we¯§„wZi cÖ‡qvRb| gvbwmK kw³i mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ ARmª
welqe¯‘ g‡b ivLv m¤¢e bq| GKwU e¯‘ ev Z_¨ wkL‡Z wM‡q †h fzj¸‡jv wk¶v_©x AmZK©ZvekZ wk‡L †d‡j,
†h¸‡jv fz‡j bv †M‡j ï×wU †m wkL‡Z cvi‡e bv| wbfz©j‡K g‡b ivL‡Z n‡j fzj‡K fzj‡Z n‡e, cÖ‡qvRbxq e¯‘ g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡j AcÖ‡qvRbxq‡K fzj‡Z n‡e|

GQvov, Rxe‡b A‡bK AZ…wßKi I †e`bv`vqK AwfÁZv †hgb- wcÖqR‡bi g„Zz¨, K‡g© e¨_©Zv, j¾v-Acgv‡bi NUbv,
eÜzi m‡½ g‡bvgvwjb¨ BZ¨vw` Av‡Q| GB ai‡bi AwfÁZv we¯§„Z bv n‡j Rxe‡bi hvZbv †e‡o hvq| we¯§„wZ
Rxeb‡K my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK ivL‡Z we‡klfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i| fz‡j hvIqv g‡b ivLvi gZB gw¯Í‡®‹i ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqv|

we¯§„wZi cix¶Y t Gwesnm

¯§„wZ I we¯§„wZ wb‡q †h g‡bvweÁvbx cÖ_g ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv K‡ib Zvi bvg nvigvb Gwesnm| Bwb cÖ_g ¯§„wZ‡K
g‡bvweÁv‡bi M‡elYvMvi wb‡q G‡m fz‡j hvIqvi cwigvY wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| Zvi
cix¶Y¸‡jv †_‡K g‡b ivLv I fz‡j hvIqv m¤^‡Ü A‡bK g~j¨evb Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|

we¯§i‡Yi nvi
mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ Avgiv KZUv fz‡j hvB Avi KZUvB ev g‡b _v‡K, Zv wb‡q Gwes‡mi cix¶Y (1885) LyeB
cÖwm×| m¤ž Y© weÁvbm¤§Z GB cix¶Y c×wZi Rb¨ wZwb m¤ú~Y© A_©nxb evK¨ mgwó (Nonsense
Syllables) e¨env‡ii e¨e¯’v K‡ib Ges mg¯Í cix¶vB wb‡Ri Dci cwiPvjbv K‡ib| A_©‡eva Øviv ¯§„wZ
we¯§„wZ cÖfvweZ nq e‡j wZwb A_©nxb kã mgwó e¨envi K‡ib| `ywU e¨vÄb e‡Y©i g‡a¨ GKwU ¯^ieY© ewm‡q
A‡bK¸‡jv A_©nxb kã ˆZwi K‡ib| k㸇jv †h‡nZz A_©nxb, ZvB G¸‡jv ¯§iY ivLv mK‡ji c‡¶ mgvbfv‡e
mnR ev KwVb| G iKg A_©nxb k‡ãi D`vniY †`Iqv hvq, †hgb- REC, LUT, FOM, POK, NOL,
TUL BZ¨vw`| Gwesnm GB ai‡bi 13wU K‡i kã wb‡q GK GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡ib| GB ai‡bi 8wU ZvwjKv
wb‡q Zvi cix¶Y KvR Pvjvb| kã ZvwjKv gyL¯’ Kivi ci wKQy mg‡qi e¨eav‡b Avgiv †mUv g‡b Kivi †Póv Ki‡j
†`Lv hvq Avgiv m¤ú~Y© ZvwjKvwU gyL¯’ Ki‡Z cviwQbv, wKQyUv fz‡j †MwQ| Gwesnm Avgiv KZUv fzwj, wK cwigv‡Y
fzwj, KZUv Avgv‡`i g‡b _v‡K - Gme Avwe®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ GB cix¶Y Pvwj‡q gvby‡li we¯§„wZi nvi m¤ú‡K© GKwU
ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡ib| ZvwjKvwU wb¤œiƒc t

†Uwej 5-5.1

BDwbU 5 153
Bangladesh Open University

†kLv I g‡b Kivi g‡a¨ kZKiv KZUv g‡b _v‡K kZKiv KZUv fz‡j hvB
mg‡qi e¨eavb
20 wgwbU 58 42
1 N›Uv 44 56
9 N›Uv 36 64
24 N›Uv 34 66
2 w`b 28 72
6 w`b 25 75
31 w`b 21 79

Gwesn‡mi GB cix¶Y †_‡K †`Lv hvq †Kvb wKQy †kLvi ci cÖ_‡gB we¯§„wZi nvi Lye `ªyZ nq| GUv‡K e‡j
cÖv_wgK we¯§iY| GB cix¶‡Y welqwU †kLvi 20 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ 42% we¯§iY N‡U‡Q| Zvici 20 wgwbU †_‡K 2
w`‡bi g‡a¨ we¯§iY †ek `ªyZ N‡U| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ AviI 30% we¯§„wZ N‡U| Zvici we¯§i‡Yi MwZ µgk
axigš’i n‡Z _v‡K| mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ ¯§„wZi cwigvY n«vm cvq Avi we¯§„wZi cwigvY e„w× cvq|

Gwesnm †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Zvi cix¶vi djvdj †`Lvb| X-A‡¶ mg‡qi cv_©K¨, Y-A‡¶ kZKiv KZ fvM g‡b
wQj I KZ fvM we¯§„Z n‡qwQj, Zv a‡i wZwb †jLwPÎ Auv‡Kb| GB †jLwPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h cÖ_‡g A_©vr
wkL‡bi m‡½ m‡½ GB †iLv `ªyZ wb¤œMvgx nq| c‡i mg‡qi cv_©‡K¨i m‡½ m‡½ GB euvK Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges cÖvq X-
A‡¶i mgvš ivj n‡q hvq| GUv †_‡K my¯úófv‡e eySv hvq †h Avgv‡`i †h we¯§iY N‡U Zvi †ewki fvMB N‡U
wkL‡bi c‡i c‡i| Zvici we¯§i‡Yi nvi Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Kg‡Z _v‡K| Gwesn‡mi ci 1913 wLª÷v‡ã ÷ªs
(Strong), 1930 wL÷v‡ã †evivm (Boras) cÖf…wZ g‡bvwe` GB fz‡ji nv‡ii Dci cix¶v K‡i †gvUvgywU GKB
iKg dj cvb| Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †jLB cÖvq GKB iƒc nq| G‡K ejv nq we¯§„wZi †jL (Curve of
Forgetting)|

1 00 0
75
we ¯ §„wZ i c wi gvY 25
2 0 wgwbU
50 • 1 N›Uv
• 50
• 8 .8 N›Uv
25 •
msi ¶ ‡Yi c wi gY 75

0 1 00
1 2 3 4 5 6 30 31
wkL‡bi ci AwZevwnZ mgq (w`‡b)

†jL wPÎ 5-5.1 Gwesn‡mi we¯§„wZi †jL

cÖwZw`‡bi Rxe‡bi me AwfÁZv Avgv‡`i ¯§„wZ‡Z _v‡K bv| A‡bK wKQy we¯§„Z n‡q
hvq| c~e© AwfÁZv‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b cybiærcv`b Ki‡Z bv cvivi bvg we¯§„wZ| ¯§„wZi
gZB we¯§„wZ gw¯Í‡®‹i GKwU ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqv| we¯§„wZ A‡bK mgq Rxeb‡K my¯’ I
¯^vfvweK ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ¯§„wZ-we¯§„wZ wb‡q cÖ_g ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv K‡ib
g‡bvweÁvbx Gwesnm| we¯§i‡Yi nvi wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ A_©nxb kã mgwó wb‡q
cvwiPvwjZ Gwesn‡mi cix¶Y LyeB cÖwm×| GB cix¶Y †_‡K we¯§„wZi nvi m¤ú‡K©
GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ djvdjwU †`Lvb| G‡Z †`Lv hvq
†kLvi ci ci we¯§„wZi nvi Lye `ªyZ nq Ges cieZ©x‡Z µgk MwZgš’i nq|
Gwesn‡mi we¯§„wZi †jL (Curve of Forgetting) G wel‡q GKwU Av`k© †jL|

BDwbU 5 154
Bangladesh Open University

BDwbU 5 155
 Bangladesh Open University

cv‡VvËi g j¨vqb - 5


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiyb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ
Kiæb)

1. AwR©Z AwfÁZv cybiæ‡`ªK Ki‡Z bv cvivi bvg -

K. ¯§„wZ
L. we¯§„wZ
M. msi¶Y
N. wkLb
2. ¯§„wZ-we¯§„wZ wb‡q cÖ_g ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv †K K‡ib?
K. DWIqv_©
L. ֻs
M. Gwesnm
N. †evivm
3. Gwesn‡mi we¯§i‡Yi †jL Abyhvqx 2 w`‡bi g‡a¨ †kLv wel‡qi kZKiv KZ fv‡Mi we¯§„wZ N‡U?
K. 64%
L. 72%
M. 56%
N. 66%

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. we¯§„wZ ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
2. †Kvb †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z we¯§„wZi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv hvq?
3. Gwesn‡mi A_©nxb evK¨ mgwó ej‡Z wK eySvq?
4. Gwesn‡mi fz‡j hvIqvi nvi msµvšÍ cix¶‡Yi djvdj eY©bv Kiæb|
5. Gwesn‡mi ÔÔwe¯§„wZi †jLÕÕ A¼b Kiæb|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| L, 2| M, 3| L

BDwbU 5 156
 Bangladesh Open University

cvV 6 we¯§„wZi KviY

[Causes of Forgetting ]

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb 
♦ we¯§„wZ †Kb N‡U G msµvšÍ K‡qKwU ZË¡ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ cÖwZeÜKZv ZË¡ e¨vL¨v K‡i †i‡Uªv I †cÖv-G¨vKwUf cÖwZeÜKZvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ we¯§„wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a Ny‡gi f‚wgKv cix¶Ymn eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ cybi€rcv`‡b e¨_©Zv, D‡Ïk¨g jK we¯§„wZ, ¸YMZ cwieZ©bZË¡ wKfv‡e we¯§i‡Yi †cQ‡b KvR
Ki‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ we¯§„wZi Ab¨vb¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

we¯§„wZi KviY
hw`I fz‡j hvIqvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b ZeyI fz‡j hvIqv GK mgm¨v| Avgiv †Kb fzwj? fz‡j hvIqv
wb‡q A‡bK gZev` w`‡q‡Qb g‡bvweÁvbxiv| fz‡j hvIqv wb‡q A‡bK M‡elYv n‡q‡Q| A‡bK Kvi‡Yi K_v ejv
n‡q‡Q| wb‡P Avgiv we¯§i‡Yi cÖavb K‡qKwU KviY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

we¯§„wZ †Kb N‡U - G m¯ú‡K© GKwU ZË¡ n‡”Q −

¶qZË¡ (Decay Theory)

¶qZË¡ Abyhvqx ¯§„wZi mwÂZ Qvc¸‡jv mg‡qi AwZµvwšÍi mv‡_ ¯^vfvweK fv‡e nvjKv n‡q hvq, KL‡bv ¶‡q hvq|
MÖxK `vk©wbK †c-‡Uv GB ¶qZ‡Ë¡i GKRb Avw` cÖe³v| †c-‡Uv ¯§„wZi MVb‡K ‡gv‡gi Dci emv‡bv GKUv bZzb
Qv‡ci m‡½ Zzjbv K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb mg‡qi e¨eav‡b †gv‡gi Qvc †hgb- Zvi AvK…wZ nvivq, †Zgwb ¯§„wZi QvcI
bó n‡h hvq| ¯§„wZi msi¶Y ¯Í‡i †Kvb ivmvqwbK wecv‡K A_ev ˆRweK cÖwµqvi d‡j GUv n‡Z cv‡i|

fz‡j hvIqvi me‡P‡q cÖwZwôZ gZev`wU n‡”Q −

cÖwZeÜKZv ZË¡ (Interference Theory)

GB ZË¡ g~jZ cybiærcv`‡bi m‡½ RwoZ| wkLb I cybiærcv`b GB Df‡qi AšÍeZ©x wµqv ev wkLb ¯§„wZ‡K euvav
†`q| we‡kl †Kvb ¯§„wZi cybiærcv`‡b Ab¨vb¨ ¯§„wZ G‡m euvavi m„wó K‡i| GB ZË¡ Abyhvqx Ab¨ †kLv wRwbm,
we‡kl K‡i GKB ai‡bi †kLv welq cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i e‡j we¯§„wZ N‡U| †Kvb GKwU welq †kLvi ci, Ab¨
bZzb welq wkL‡j †`Lv hvq †kl †kLvi welqwU ev bZzb welqwU c ‡e©i †kLvi welq‡K fzwj‡q †`q| GKwU KweZv
gyL¯’ Kivi ci Av‡iKwU KweZv gyL¯’ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cÖ_gwU Ave„wË Kivi mgq wØZxqwUi K_vevZ©v wKQy P‡j
Avm‡Q| G‡K ejv nq AbywkLb cÖwZeÜKZv (Retro-active Inhibition ev Retro-active
Interference) Gi d‡j cÖ_g KweZvwU †ewk fz‡j †h‡Z nq|

wØZxq ai‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv‡K ejv nq c~e©-wkLb cÖwZeÜKZv (Pro-active Interference ev Pro-active

Inhibition)| GB †¶‡Î bZzb Z_¨wU cybiæ‡`ª‡K cy‡iv‡bv Z_¨ G‡m euvav m„wó K‡i| A_©vr AZxZ AwfÁZv
eZ©gvb AwfÁZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| g‡b K‡ib, Avcbvi cy‡iv‡bv GjvKv †Q‡o Avcwb bZzb GjvKvq evm Ki‡Z
G‡m‡Qb| GLv‡b G‡m Avcbvi bZzb †Uwj‡dvb b¤^iwU g‡b ivLv Avcbvi GKwU cÖavb KvR| wKš‘ bZzb b¤^iwU g‡b
Ki‡Z wM‡q †`L‡eb Avcbvi cy‡iv‡bv b¤^iwU g‡b Avm‡Q| GLv‡b bZzb b¤^‡ii cybiæ‡`ª‡K cy‡iv‡bv b¤^i euvavi m„wó
Ki‡Q|

BDwbU 5 157
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AbywkLb c Ö
wZeÜKZv c e©
wkLb c Ö
wZeÜKZv
c iy vZb wel q Øvi v
c iy vZb wel q
c iy vZb wel q c by i €‡` ªK evavc Ö
vß

c iy vZb wel q c by i €‡` ªK

Ki vi c Ö
‡Póv bZzb wel q c by i €‡` ªK
Ki vi c Ö
‡Póv

bZzb wel q
bZzb wel q Øvi v bZzb wel q
c by i €‡` ªK evavc Ö
vß

Drm t Psychology, Pg. 244

wPÎ 5-6.1 AbywkLb I c e©wkLb cÖwZeÜKZv

AbywkLb I c e©-wkLb cÖwZeÜKZv wb‡q M‡elYvMv‡i A‡bK cix¶Y KvR cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| 10wU A_©nxb kã
mgwói ZvwjKv ÔKÕ I ÔLÕ ˆZwi Kiv nq|

Retro-active cÖwZeÜKZv cwigvc −

`j wkLb wkLb cybiæ‡`ªK
cix¶Y `j ZvwjKv ÔKÕ ZvwjKv ÔLÕ ZvwjKv ÔKÕ
wbqš Y `j ZvwjKv ÔKÕ Mvb †kvbv ZvwjKv ÔKÕ

Dfq `jB ÔKÕ ZvwjKv wkLj| cix¶Y `‡ji ÔLÕ ZvwjKv †kLvi mg‡q wbqš¿Y `j Mvb ïb‡jv| Dfq `j‡K ÔKÕ
ZvwjKv cybiæ‡`ªK Ki‡Z †`Iqv n‡jv| cÖwZeÜKZv ZË¡ Abyhvqx ÔLÕ ZvwjKvi wkLb ÔKÕ ZvwjKvi cybiæ‡`ª‡K
cÖZ¨vwkZfv‡eB evavi m„wó K‡i Ges wbqš¿Y `j cybiæ‡`ªK Kv‡R A‡bK fv‡jv K‡i (Briggs, 1957, Ceraso,
1967)| ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB AbywkLb cÖwZeÜKZv bv nIqv‡Z wbqš¿Y `j fvj K‡i‡Q|

Pro-active cÖwZeÜKZv cwigvc −

`j wkLb wkLb cybi€‡`ªK
cix¶Y `j ZvwjKv ÔKÕ ZvwjKv ÔLÕ ZvwjKv ÔLÕ
wbqš Y `j − (Mvb †kvbv) ZvwjKv ÔLÕ ZvwjKv ÔLÕ

cix¶Y `j hLb ÔKÕ ZvwjKv gyL¯’ K‡i ZLb wbqš¿Y `j Mvb ïbwQj Ges AbywkLb cÖwZeÜKZvi gZ †`Lv hvq
GLv‡bI wbqš¿Y `j A‡bK fvj cybiæ‡`ªK Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| (Underwood, 1967)|

cÖwZeÜKZv ZË¡ Abyhvqx cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó bv n‡j we¯§„wZi cwigvY Kg n‡e| †RbwKbm Ges W¨v‡jbeP (1924)
GB Z‡_¨i Dci M‡elYv K‡ib| Zviv `yRb e¨w³‡K A_©nxb eY© mgwói ZvwjKv gyL¯’ Kwi‡q Zv‡`i Nygv‡Z †`b|
Ny‡gi ci Zv‡`i KZUv g‡b Av‡Q †`‡Lb| Avevi K‡qKevi Zv‡`i ZvwjKv gyL¯’ nIqvi ci mvaviY fv‡e Ab¨
KvR Ki‡Z †`b| Zvici Zv‡`i KZUv g‡b Av‡Q †`‡Lb| G‡Z †`Lv hvq GKB mg‡qi e¨eav‡b Ny‡gi c‡i Zv‡`i
†ewk g‡b _v‡K| wb‡P GB cix¶vi djvdj †`Iqv nj −

†Uwej 5-6.1
1 N›Uv ci 2 N›Uv ci 4 N›Uv ci 8 N›Uv ci
Ab¨ KvR Kivi ci g‡b wQj 46% 31% 22% 9%

BDwbU 5 158
Bangladesh Open University

Nygv‡bvi ci g‡b wQj 70% 51% 55% 56%

GB cix¶Y cÖwZeÜKZvi ¸iæZ¡ cÖgvY K‡i| ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡Z¨K KvR Ab¨ KvR g‡b ivL‡Z e¨vNvZ NUvq|

10
9
8
7 •
6 ay‡gi c i c by i €‡` ªK
•
5 •
• 5 5 ,2 5 5 ,4
4 R vMÖZ Ae ¯ v’ q
3 • c by i €‡` ªK
•
2 2 .2 2 ,4
1 •
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
msi ¶ Y (N›Uvq)

†jLwPÎ 5-6.1 RvMÖZ I NygšÍ Ae¯’vq we¯§„wZi wP·iLv

cybi€rcv`‡b e¨_©Zv (Theory of Retrieval Failure)

G gZev` Abyhvqx A‡bK mgq GB e¨_©Zv we¯§„wZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| ¯§„wZ †hb GK weivU jvB‡eªix| †h eBwU
Avcwb LuyR‡Qb, †mwU Av‡Q wKš‘ Avcwb cv‡”Qb bv| Dchy³ ms‡K‡Zi Afv‡e GUv nq| Tulving I
Pearlstone (1966) Gi M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q wKQyUv ms‡KZ awi‡q w`‡j GB Ae¯’vq A‡bK mgq g‡b Kiv m¤¢e
nq|

D‡Ïk¨g~jK we¯§„wZ (Motivated Forgetting)

GwU n‡”Q fz‡j hvIqvi Av‡iKwU gZev`| d«‡qW I Zvi gZev‡` wek¦vmx g‡bvwe`iv g‡b K‡ib Avgiv &B‡”Q K‡i
fz‡j hvB| GB gZ Abymv‡i Avgiv Rxe‡bi AwcÖq AwfÁZv fz‡j †h‡Z PvB| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z †e`bv`vqK I AwcÖq
AwfÁZv fzj‡Z PvB e‡j G¸‡jv Ae‡PZb g‡b Ae`wgZ _v‡K| `uvZ †djvi Rb¨ †Ww›U÷ Gi m‡½ †`Lv Kivi
mgq fz‡j hvIqv Motivated Forgetting Gi GKwU †QvU `„óvšÍ |

¸YMZ cwieZ©b ZË¡ (Qualitative Change Theory)

GwUi Abymv‡i ¯§„wZi ïay wejywß N‡U bv, weK…wZI N‡U| GB weK…wZ hw` Lye †ewk nq Zvn‡j g~j wkLb I Zvi
¯§„wZi g‡a¨ †Kvb wgj _v‡K bv Ges wkLbwU nvwi‡q hvq|

we¯§„wZi Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KviY nj −

Av‡eMRwbZ cÖwZ‡iva (Emotional Blocking)

A‡bK mgq wewfbœ Av‡eM, †hgb- ivM, fq, N„Yv, j¾v cÖf…wZ Zxeª fv‡e †R‡M I‡V A¯^vfvweK D‡ËRbvi m„wó
K‡i| GB Ae¯’vq Lye fvj fv‡e AvqË Kiv welqI ¯§iY Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|

wkL‡bi gvÎv (Degree of Learning)

‡Kvb welq hw` wVKgZ †kLv bv nq Zvn‡j Zv †ewk w`b g‡b _v‡K bv| AwZ †kLv e¯‘ †hgb ¯§„wZ‡Z †ewk w`b
_v‡K, †Zgwb Aí †kLv e¯‘i msi¶Y Kg nq| b~¨bwkLb fz‡j hvIqvi GKwU KviY|

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cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki cwieZ©b (Change of Environment)

hLb †Kvb we‡kl cwi‡e‡k Avgiv wKQy wkwL, ZLb Avgv‡`i †kLv I g‡b Kivi m‡½ H cwi‡e‡ki A‡bK ˆewkó¨
wbweofv‡e Rwo‡q c‡o| H welqwU g‡b Kivi mgq cwi‡e‡ki AšÍM©Z H ˆewk󨸇jvi Dcw¯’wZ ¯§„wZ-mnvqK nq|
†Kvb Kvi‡Y H ˆewk󨸇jv Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j H welq g‡b Kiv KóKi n‡q D‡V| A‡bK mgq g‡b Kiv hvq bv|
cwiwPZ cwi‡ek wd‡i †c‡j Avevi †mUv g‡b Kiv hvq| GRb¨B A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq wb‡Ri N‡i e‡m fvj K‡i
ˆZwi Kiv covI A‡bK mgq cix¶v_©xiv cix¶vi n‡j wM‡q fz‡j hvq|

AvNvZ RwbZ we¯§iY (Shock Amnesia)

¯§iYwµqv gw¯Í‡®‹i GKwU cÖwµqv| gw¯Í‡®‹ †Kvbiƒc AvNvZ jvM‡j we¯§iY NU‡Z cv‡i| †Ljvayjvi mgq, hy×,
`yN©Ubv cÖf…wZi d‡j A‡bK mgq gv_vq AvNvZ jvM‡Z cv‡i| GB AvNvZ †_‡K AvswkK A_ev mvgwqK we¯§„wZ
NU‡Z cv‡i|

GQvov, we¯§„wZi KviY wnmv‡e Avgiv Av‡iv K‡qKwU KviY D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvwi| PP©v ev ch©v‡jvPbvi Afve‡K A‡b‡K
we¯§„wZi KviY g‡b K‡ib| DÏxcK I cÖwZwµqvi ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ eje„w× (Reinforcement) cÖ‡qvRb| Gi
Abycw¯’wZ‡Z wkL‡bi wejywß ev we¯§„wZ N‡U| Ily‡ai cÖfv‡eI A‡bK mgq we¯§„wZ N‡U| Lye †ewk D‡ËRK Ilya,
g`, Avwdg BZ¨vw`i e¨envi we‡kl K‡i †hme Ilya gw¯Í‡®‹i øvqy‡Kvl¸‡jv `ye©j K‡i †`q †m¸‡jv Avgv‡`i we¯§„wZi
KviY n‡q `uvovq| Amy¯’Zv, K¬vwšÍ , Aemv` wb‡q hv wkwL Zv ZvovZvwo fz‡j hvB| †h wel‡q AbyivM †bB|, hv
g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q wkwL bv Zv mn‡R fz‡j hvB| Bourne (Psychology : Its Principles and
Meanings) e‡jb, "One reason for poor recall is poor effort." | hLb †KD g‡b K‡i †h †m
g‡b ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges cybiæ‡`ª‡Ki Rb¨ †Kvb iKg mwµq cÖ‡Póv K‡i bv − GB `ye©j gvbwmKZKv, GB
D`¨gnxbZv we¯§„wZi GKwU cÖavb KviY|

we¯§„wZi wewfbœ ZË¡ Ges ZË¡RvZ KviY I Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Yi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †Kvb GKK Kvi‡Yi Rb¨
Avgv‡`i we¯§„wZ N‡Ubv| e¨w³, welq, c×wZ I cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœZvi Kvi‡Y fz‡j hvIqvi †cQ‡bI wewfbœ KviY
wbwnZ _v‡K|

fz‡j hvIqvi KviY wK G wb‡q g‡bvweÁvbxiv A‡bK gZev` cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Qb| A‡bK
M‡elYv K‡i A‡bK KviY Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| ¶qZË¡ e‡j mg‡qi mv‡_ ¯§„wZ èvb
n‡q hvq| cÖwZeÜKZv ZË¡ e‡j cyi‡bv (†cÖv-G¨vKwUf cÖwZeÜKZv) A_ev bZzb
(†i‡Uªv-G¨vKwUf cÖwZeÜKZv) Z_¨ cybiæ‡`ª‡Ki Kv‡R cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i|
cybiærcv`‡bi e¨_©Zv e‡j Z_¨ cybiæ‡`ª‡Ki A¶gZvi Rb¨B we¯§„wZ N‡U| AwcÖq
¯§„wZ fz‡j hvIqvi K_v e‡j Motivated Forgetting| hw`I ¶q, cÖwZeÜKZv,
cybiærcv`‡bi e¨_©Zv I D‡Ïk¨g jK we¯§„wZ‡K fz‡j hvIqvi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv nq,
Zey wewfbœ M‡elYv cÖwZeÜKZv‡KB fz‡j hvIqvi g j KviY e‡j wPwýZ K‡i|
GQvov ¸YMZ cwieZ©b, Av‡eMRwbZ cÖwZ‡iva, wkL‡bi gvÎv, cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki
cwieZ©b, AvNvZ, PP©v I eje„w×i Afve, Ily‡ai cÖfve, Amy¯’Zv, Aemv`,
g‡bve‡ji Afve BZ¨vw`I we¯§„wZi KviY n‡q `uvovq|

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 6


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ
Ki€b)

1. `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv we¯§„wZi †Kvb ZË¡ m¯ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb?

K. cÖwZeÜKZv
L. ¶q
M. cybiærcv`‡b e¨_©Zv
N. D‡Ïk¨g jK we¯§„wZ

2. ‡i‡Uªv-G¨vKwUf cÖwZeÜKZv wb‡q cix¶v K‡i‡Qb −

K. weªMm
L. AvÛviDW
M. W¨v‡jbeP
N. DWIqv_©
3. ‡KvbwU we¯§„wZi KviY?
K. Awa-wkLb
L. Av‡ewMK fvimvg¨
M. g‡bv‡hvM
N. cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki cwieZ©b

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. we¯§„wZi KviY msµvšÍ K‡qKwU Z‡Ë¡i bv‡gv‡j-L Kiæb|
2. we¯§„wZi ¶qZË¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb
3. cix¶Ymn †i‡Uªv-G¨vKwUf cÖwZeÜKZv eY©bv Kiæb|
4. cix¶Ymn ‡cÖv-G¨vKwUf cÖwZeÜKZv eY©bv Kiæb|
5. we¯§„wZi cÖwZeÜKZv ZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
6. †RbwKbm I W¨v‡jbe‡Pi M‡elYv we¯§„wZi †Kvb ZË¡‡K mycÖwZwôZ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
7. cybiærcv`‡b e¨_©Zv wK?
8. d«‡qW fz‡j hvIqvi KviY m¯ú‡K© wK e¨vL¨v †`b?
9. fz‡j hvIqvi †h †Kvb PviwU KviY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| L, 2| K, 3| N

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cvV 7 we¯§„wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv

[Role of Teacher in Preventing Forgetting ]

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb 
♦ wk¶v_©x‡`i we¯§„wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a wK wK Dcvq MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
♦ welqe¯‘ A_©c Y© I †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ wK wK †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv hvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

we¯§„wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv

wk¶v_©xiv hv‡Z †kLv welqe¯‘ fz‡j bv hvq, hv‡Z fvj fv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ †kªYx wk¶K Zv‡`i wb‡æv³
wewfbœ Dcv‡q mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib −
1 welqe¯‘‡K avivevwnK ch©vbyµwgK fv‡e mvwR‡q wk¶v_©x‡K AvqË Ki‡Z w`b| mnR mij aviYv †_‡K Avi¤¢
Kiæb| mvaviYZ †gŠwjK I cÖv_wgK welqe¯‘ A‡bK †ewk Abykxjb Kiv nq| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q †mRb¨ Awa-
wkLb n‡q _v‡K| cieZ©x D”P ch©vqmg~‡n Avevi wkL‡bi d‡j eje„w× N‡U| GB AwZ wkLb I eje„w×
wk¶v_©x‡`i Z_¨vw` msi¶‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|
• †h welqe¯‘ GK‡Î Ges GKwU wbw`©ó µ‡g ¯§iY Ki‡Z n‡e, †m¸‡jv‡K GKB m‡½ Ges GKB µ‡g Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Avgv‡`i MZvbyMwZK wk¶ve¨e¯’vq fvlvg~jK wkL‡bi DciB AZ¨waK ¸iZ¡ †`Iqv nq| GB e¨e¯’vi m‡½
cix¶v e¨e¯’vq I cybive„wËg~jK wkL‡bi g~j¨vqb n‡q _v‡K| †mRb¨ we`¨vj‡q †kLv welqe¯‘‡K cix¶vi Rb¨
†hgb- mÂq Ki‡Z nq, †Zgwb fwel¨r Rxe‡bi Rb¨I mÂq Ki‡Z nq| ZvB †h †Kvb welqe¯‘ wkL‡bi mgq
wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡`i A‡bK †ewk cybive„wË Ki‡Z †`‡eb| AwZ wkLb avi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|

2 wk¶v_©x‡`i cybiæ‡`ª‡Ki myweavi Rb¨ welqe¯‘‡K mnRZi Kivi †Póv Kiæb| welqe¯‘‡K GRb¨ mKj mgq
A_©c Y© K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| welqe¯‘‡K mnR, A_©c~Y© I †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ PviwU †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kivi K_v
ejv nq|
K) wewfbœ aviYv‡K msMwVZ K‡i Zv‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i †`Lvb| hLb welqe¯‘i ev Z_¨wUi MVb
KvVv‡gv, aiY, Zvrch© BZ¨vw` c~e©v‡ý wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡Q e¨vL¨v Kiv nq ZLb mvaviYZ Zviv A‡bK
mn‡R aviYv AvqË¡ Ki‡Z I `ªyZ ¯§iY Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvV`vb welqK msw¶ß n¨vÛ-AvDU (Lecture
Out line) c~‡e© wk¶v_©x‡`i w`‡j †mUv AwMÖg gvbwmK msMVK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| cvV m¤ž‡K© we¯Í…Z
Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© Zvi m¤ú‡K© GKwU mvgwMÖK aviYv †`Iqv fvj| ZvQvov AZxZ AwfÁZv ev aviYvi m‡½
m¤úK©hy³ K‡i welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j ev cÖwZw`‡bi AwfÁZvi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ K‡i welqe¯‘
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j aviYv I wkLb †ewk cwigv‡Y n‡e|
L) cy‡iv‡bv Z‡_¨i m‡½ bZzb Z‡_¨i ˆemv`„k¨ ¯úó K‡i †`Lvb| ˆemv`„‡k¨i Dci ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK mgq
welqe¯‘i AšÍwb©wnZ DÏxcK ms‡KZ, m¤úK© I cÖwZwµqv mz¤úó K‡i †Zv‡j|
M) mwµq I weeiYg~jK evK¨ e¨envi Kiæb| RR© wgjvi (1962) Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †h †jv‡K mvaviYZ
RwUj evK¨vejx e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvq bv| mij, †mvRvmywR, mwµq I eY©bvg jK ev‡K¨ RwUj cÖKvk‡K
cybt cÖKvk Kivi cÖeYZv AwaKvs‡ki g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq|
(N) wk¶v_©xi ms‡eva‡bi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM w`b| A‡bK mgq hLb Avgiv g‡b Kwi wk¶v_©xiv Avgv‡`i PgrKvi
Dc¯’vcbv fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z cvi‡Q, ZLb Kvh©Z †`Lv hvq Zviv Avm‡j Ny‡g Xzjy Xzjy Ki‡Q| wKQyB nqZ
ey‡S bvB| G Ae¯’vq Zv‡`i ms‡evab evov‡bvi GKwU Dcvq n‡”Q welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i cÖkœ Kiv|
†kªYxK‡¶ QvÎ wk¶‡Ki cvi¯úwiK wµqv cÖwZwµqv Ges wk¶Yxq welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ cÖ‡kœvËi mxwgZ
_vK‡Z cv‡i| e¯‘Z wk¶v_©xi †KŠZznj evov‡bvi Rb¨, g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©‡Yi Rb¨ Ges KZUzKz eyS‡Z I
g‡b ivL‡Z cvvi‡Q Zv hvPvB Gi Rb¨ cÖkœ Kiv AZxe cÖ‡qvRb|
†kªYx wk¶K wnmv‡e Gme †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i wk¶vi welqe¯‘ wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q A_©c~Y© K‡i †Zvjv hvq|

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wPÎ 5-7.1 QvÎiv eyS‡Z cvi‡Q wK bv Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wkw¶Kv cov‡bvi duv‡K cÖkœ wRÁvmv
Ki‡eb

3 welqe¯‘‡K cwiwPZ k‡ã, cwiwPZ ev‡K¨ cwiwPZ ai‡Y Dc¯’vcb Kiæb | Avcbvi Qv·`i c~e©Ávb wK, wK
Zv‡`i cQ›`, wK Zviv Ki‡Z Pvq †m me Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e| GB cwiP‡qi †fZi w`‡q GwM‡q hvb
ARvbv, A‡Pbv bZzb me wel‡q| cvV¨ welqe¯‘‡K wk¶v_©xi wbKUZg Pvwn`vi m‡½ hy³ Kiæb, Z‡eB Zviv
¯^vfvweKfv‡e welqe¯‘i wkLb I avi‡Y AvMÖnvwš^Z n‡e| AvMÖn m„wó I †cÖlYv ˆZwii Rb¨ wk¶K‡K †KŠkjx
n‡Z n‡e|

4 wew¶ß I mweivg Abykxj‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiæb| `xN©w`b a‡i weiwZ w`‡q Aí Aí Abykxjb K‡i wkL‡j †mUv `xN©
¯’vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z _v‡K| weiwZmn ¯^í mg‡q Abykxjb K‡i wkL‡j AšÍeZ©x mg‡q Z_¨ A_ev `¶Zvi mÂqb nq|
Aweivg gyL¯’ Kivi cÖ‡Póv ¯§„wZ mnvqK bq| mvgwMÖK I AvswkK c×wZ e¨env‡ii wb‡`©kbv w`b| msw¶ß I
mnR wel‡qi Rb¨ mvgwMÖK c×wZ myweavRbK| wKš‘ `xN© I KwVb wel‡q AvswkK I mvgwMÖK c×wZi wgkª
e¨envi mydj`vqK|

5 h_v‡hvM¨ gvbwmK Ae¯’vi m„wó Kiæb| cwieZ©bkxj wkLb c×wZ I wkLb mnvqK wewfbœ DcKiY e¨envi K‡i
wk¶v_©x‡`i h_v‡hvM¨ gvbwmK Ae¯’vi m„wó Kiæb I Zv‡`i g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i Zzjyb| wkLb cwi‡ek‡K Dchy³
fv‡e msMVb K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq wkLb cÖwµqv Kvh©Kix n‡e bv Ges we¯§„wZi nvi I A‡bK †ewk n‡e|

6 wk¶v_©xi cÖK…wZ I welqe¯‘i cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L wk¶vi KvR cwiPvjbv Ki€b| mvgÄm¨c~Y© bv n‡j
wk¶v_©xi c‡¶ †mUv MÖnY Kiv I aviY Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv| †mRb¨ cvV¨e¯‘ wbe©vP‡b I Dc¯’vc‡b wk¶K‡K
Zvi wk¶v_©xi eqm, eyw×, AZxZ AwfÁZv BZ¨vw` we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|

7 wkLb mg‡qi ˆ`N©¨ wVKgZ wbe©vPb Kiæb| wk¶v_©xi gvbwmK ¶gZv I welqe¯‘i cÖK…wZ we‡ePbv K‡i
cvV`v‡bi mgq wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| cvV`vb mgq `xN© n‡j wk¶v_©xi g‡a¨ Aemv` G‡m hv‡e| Aemv`MÖ¯’
wk¶v_©xi c‡¶ cvV MÖnY I msi¶Y m¤¢e bq| Av‡jvPbv wk¶v_©xi Aemv` Avmvi Av‡MB †kl Ki‡Z n‡e|

8 cvV †k‡l mvgwMÖK Ask cybt cybt ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb| mvivsk Av`vq ev mvgwMÖK ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘i
AwZ wkLb n‡e| GB AwZ wkLb `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZi AwZ mnvqK|

9 wk¶v_©x‡K wkLb cwiw¯’wZi ch©v‡jvPbvg~jK cwiKíbv (Plan the Review) Ki‡Z w`b| wk¶v_©xiv †hb
wkL‡bi Kv‡R wb‡R‡K RwoZ K‡i †bq| †h wk¶v_©x wk¶v cÖwµqvq wb‡R‡K wVKgZ Rwo‡q †b‡e †h Zvi
wk¶v AwfÁZv myôz cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g msMwVZ K‡i wb‡Z I g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

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10 GKB RvZxq welqe¯‘ cici wkL‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i AbyrmvwnZ Kiæb| cÖwZeÜKZvZË¡ Abyhvqx Bbwnwekb
(Inhibition or Interference) hv‡Z bv nq †mw`‡K bRi ivL‡Z n‡e| †kªYxi mgq ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kivi
mgq wk¶K‡K G wel‡q m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e|

11 welqe¯‘ †kLvi ci ciB g~j¨vqb Kiæb| wk¶v_©xi cÖ_g AwfÁZvi g‡a¨ †hb fzj bv _v‡K, †m e¨vcv‡i
hZœkxj n‡Z n‡e| cv‡V AMÖMwZi mgq fzj Ki‡j m‡½ m‡½ ms‡kvab K‡i †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb| cvV †k‡l
g~j¨vqb fvj dj cvIqvi GKwU mnR c×wZ| cÖwZwU cvV †k‡l wk¶v_©xi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv KzBR ˆZwi Kiæb|
Zvr¶wYK g~j¨vqb Ki‡j Zv‡`i djvd‡ji Dbœq‡b ZLbB Avcwb mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

12 g~j wkLb cwiw¯’wZ I cybiæ‡`ªK cwiw¯’wZ h_vm¤¢e GKB iKg ivLyb| †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v_©xiv hw` Mvb ï‡b ï‡b
A¼ Kivi Af¨vm K‡i, Zvn‡j Zv‡`i A¼ cix¶vi mgq I H cwi‡ek eRvq ivLyb| Mv‡bi kã cix¶vi N‡i
Avm‡Z w`b| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq wPšÍvnxb wk¶KKiv D‡ëvwU K‡i e‡mb| †Kvb welqe¯‘ nqZ `jxq
AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj, wKš‘ Zv‡`i cix¶v †bIqvi mgq GKwU iPbv wjL‡Z †`Iqv nj|
A_ev em‡š i dzidz‡i nvIqvq GKUv eo Mv‡Qi Qvqvq e‡m †h welq wk‡LwQj, MÖx‡¯§i `vi€b Mi‡g eÜN‡i
Zvi cix¶v w`‡Z wk¶v_©xi welqe¯‘ ¯§ib Ki‡Z LyeB Amyweav nq| cwiewZ©Z cwi‡ek ¯§„wZ wewNœZ K‡i| Lye
wfbœ iKg cwi‡e‡k GKB iKg e¨envi Kiv cÖvqB KwVb n‡q `uvovq|

G mg¯Í cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i wk¶K, wk¶v_©x‡`i †kLv I g‡b ivLv − GB ¯§iY cÖwµqvq mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
we¯§„wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvnvh¨ K‡i AwR©Z AwfÁZv cix¶vi Rb¨ I Rxe‡bi Rb¨ mÂq‡b g j¨evb Ae`vb †i‡L
wk¶v_©xi Rxe‡bi mvd‡j¨ h_vh_ f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡eb|

welqe¯‘ avivevwnKfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g I wbw`©ó µ‡g Dc¯’vcb, wk¶v_©xi AwZwkLb I

eje„w×i e¨e¯’v, welqe¯‘‡K A_©c~Y© Kivi Rb¨ aviYv‡K msMwVZ Kiv, wewfbœ Z‡_¨i
ˆemv`„k¨ ¯úó Kiv, mwµq I eY©bvg~jK evK¨ e¨envi, mweivg Abykxj‡bi e¨e¯’v
mvgwMÖK I AvswkK c×wZi wgkª e¨envi, wk¶v_©xi gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ m„wó, wk¶v_©xi
cÖK…wZ I welqe¯‘i cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ ¯’vcb, cwiwPZ †_‡K AcwiP‡qi w`‡K
GwM‡q hvIqv, cv‡Vi cybt cybt ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨vw` c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i wk¶K
wk¶v_©xiv hv‡Z mn‡R cwVZ welqe¯‘ I AwR©Z Ávb we¯§„wZ bv nq, †h e¨vcv‡i
Zv‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AcwiewZ©Z cwi‡ek I g~j¨vqb we¯§„wZ †iva K‡i
msi¶‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|

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cv‡VvËi g j¨vqb - 7

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ
Kiæb)
1. mweivg Abykxjb wK‡mi mnvqK?
K. we¯§„wZ
L. `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ
M. ¯^í¯’vqx ¯§„wZ
N. AvswkK we¯§„wZ
2. ‡KvbwU welqe¯‘ A_©c~Y© K‡i †Zvjvi Dcvq bq?
K. aviYv‡K msMwVZ Kiv
L. Zvr¶wYK g j¨vqb Kiv
M. ˆemv`„k¨ ¯úó Kiv
N. weeiYg jK evK¨ e¨envi
3. `xN© mgq cvV`vb Kiv n‡j wk¶v_©xi wK n‡Z cv‡i?
K. Aemv`
L. eje„w×
M. AwZwkLb
N. g‡bv‡hvM
4. cybiæ‡`ª‡K mnvqK †Kvb cwi‡ek?
K. cwiewZ©Z
L. AvswkK cwiewZ©Z
M. bZzb
N. AcwiewZ©Z
Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. welqe¯‘‡K A_©c~Y© I †evaMg¨ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ wK wK †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv hvq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. mweivg Abykxj‡bi DcKvwiZv wK?
3. wk¶v_©xiv Aemv`MÖ¯’ bv nIqvi Rb¨ wK Ki‡Z n‡e?
4. wkL‡b cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó bv nIqvi Rb¨ wK Ki‡Z n‡e?
5. wkLb I cybiæ‡`ªK cwiw¯’wZ wfbœ nIqvi cÖwZwµqv wK?
6. we¯§„wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a KZK¸‡jv c`‡¶c D‡jøL Kiæb|
7. we¯§„wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a wk¶‡Ki KiYxq cuvPwU Dcvq Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| L, 2| L, 3| K, 4| N

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY t Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ
Kiæb)

1. ¯§„wZ cÖwµqvi wØZxq ¯Íi †KvbwU?

K. wkLb
L. cybiæ‡`ªK
M. msi¶Y

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N. cÖZ¨wfÁv

2. †mbmwi †iwR÷v‡i Z_¨ a‡i ivLvi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj −

K. 0 - 1 †m‡KÛ
L. 1 - 2 †m‡KÛ
M. 2 - 3 †m‡KÛ
N. 3 - 4 †m‡KÛ
3. †KvbwU we¯§„wZi KviY bq?
K. eje„w×
L. AvNvZ
M. b~¨bwkLb
N. cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki cwieZ©b

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. ‡mbmwi †iwR÷vi I Aí¯’vqx ¯§„wZi ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
2. Avcbvi †kªYxK‡¶ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx `ywU ¯§„wZmnvqK Kv‡Ri eY©bv w`b|
3. ¯§„wZi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi msw¶ß weeiY w`b|
4. we¯§„wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a Avcwb wK wK cš’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zvi eY©bv w`b|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| M, 2| L, 3| K

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