Lect 3

1.5.1 Linear Dependence:

The set of vectors {v1 ,v 2 ,.....v n } are said to be linearly dependent if there exist
scalars a1 ,a 2 ,.....a n not all zero such that a1v1 +a 2 v 2 +.....+a n v n  0 then the vectors are
called L.D. vectors.
1.5.2 Linear Independence:
The set of vectors {v1 ,v 2 ,.....v n } are said to be linearly independent if there exist
scalars a1 ,a 2 ,.....a n such that a1v1 +a 2 v 2 +.....+a n v n  0 gives a1 =a 2 =.....=a n  0 .
Example : Show that the vectors u=(1,3,2), v=(1,-7,-8) and w=(2,1,-1) are
linearly independent.
Proof: The vectors are said to be linearly dependent if
au+ bv +cw=0 where a, b, c are not all zero.
means a(1,3,2)+b(1,-7,-8)+c(2,1,-1)=(0,0,0) (1)
(a+b+2c, 3a-7b+c, 2a-8b-c)= (0, 0, 0)
which gives a+b+2c=0 (2)
3a-7b+c=0 (3)
2a-8b-c=0 (4)

Adding (3) and (4), we have

5a-15b=0  a=3b
 From (3) 3(3b)-7b+c=0  9b-7b+c  c=-2b
Putting a=3b and c=-2b in (2), we get
3b+b-4b=0, which is true. Giving different real value to b we get infinite non
zero real values of a and c. So a, b, c are not all zero.
Hence given vectors u, v and w are linearly independent

LECT4
 1.6 CHARACTERISTICS MATRIX
If A be a square matrix of order n, then we can form the matrix [A  I], where I
is the unit matrix of order n and  is scalar. The determinant corresponding to
this matrix equated to zero is called the characteristic equation i.e. if A  I be
the matrix then
a11   a12 a13 ... a1n
a 21 a 22   a 23 ... a2n
a 31 a 32 a 33   ... a 3n
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
a n1 an2 a n3 ... a nn  
|A  I| = =0 …(1)
is the characteristic equation of A.
On expanding the determinant (1), the characteristic equation may be
written as
(1)n n + a1 n1 + a2 n2 + … + an1  + an = 0
which is nth degree equation in .
The roots of (1) are called Eigen values or characteristic roots or latent
roots of the matrix A.
Eigen Vectors
 a 11 a 12 a 13 ... a 1n 
a ... a 2 n 
 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33 ... a 3n 
 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
 
a n1 a n 2 a n3 ... a nn 
We take the matrix A =
x 1 
x 
 2
x 3 
 
... 
x 
and if X =  n
. If X be a vector such that X = AX  AX  X = 0
i.e. [A  I]X = 0 where all elements of X can not be zero.(at least
one of them is non zero.) .Then the vector X is said to be Eigen vector
corresponds to Eigen value .

Example 1. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrices A=
1 2
2 4 
 .
Sol. The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A  I| = 0
 1  2
2 4
 =0
i.e. (1  ) (4  )  4 = 0  2  5 = 0  (  5) = 0
i.e.  = 0, 5
 Eigen values of A are 0 and 5.
1 0 2 x 1 
2 4  0  x 2 
So, corresponding to  = 0 Eigen vectors are given by =0
i.e. x1 + 2x2 = 0 and 2x1 + 4x2 = 0
x1 x 2

i.e. single equation x1 + 2x2 = 0  2 1 so for  = 0 Eigen vectors are
1 5 2 x 1 
 
(2, 1) and for  = 5, we have 2 4  5 x 2 
=0
 4x1 + 2x2 = 0 and 2x1  x2 = 0

x1 x 2

. i.e. Eigen vectors are 1 2 i.e. (1, 2) are Eigen vectors corresponding to
=5.
Example 2. Find the characteristic roots and characteristic vectors of the matrix
 8 6 2 
 6 7  4 
 
 2  4 3 
A= .
Sol. The characteristic equation of matrix A is | A  I | = 0 i.e.
8 6 2
6 7 4
2 4 3
=0
i.e. (8  ) [(7  ) (3  )  16] + 6[(6) (3  ) + 8] + 2[24  2(7  )] = 0
i.e. (8  ) [21 + 2  10  16] + 6[10 + 6] + 2[24  14 + 2] = 0
i.e. 3 + 182  85 + 40  60 + 36 + 20 + 4 = 0
i.e. 3  182 + 45 = 0 i.e.  = 0, 3, 15.
 Corresponding to  = 0, Eigen vectors are given by
 8  6 2  x 1 
  6 7  4  x 
   2
 2  4 3   x 3 
=0
i.e. equations are
8x1  6x2 + 2x3 = 0 …(1)
6x1 + 7x2  4x3 = 0 …(2)
2x1  4x2 + 3x3 = 0 …(3)
From (2) and (3) we get
x1 x2 x3 x1 x 2 x 3
   
21  16  8  18 24  14 i.e. 1 2 2
i.e. Eigen vector are (1, 2, 2)
Similarly from (1) and (2) we get the same vectors
 8  3  6 2  x 1 
 6 73 4  x 
   2
 2  4 3  3  x 3 
Now for  = 3, Eigen vectors are obtained from =0
 5  6 2  x 1 
  6 4  4  x 
   2
 2  4 0   x 3 
i.e. =0
i.e. equations are
5x1  6x2 + 2x3 = 0 …(4)
6x1 + 4x2  4x3 = 0 …(5)
and 2x1  4x2 = 0 …(6)
From (4) and (5), we get
x1 x2 x3
 
24  8  12  20 20  36
x1 x 2 x x1 x 2 x 3
  3  
i.e. 16 8  16  2 1 2
i.e. Eigen vectors are (2, 1, 2) and for  = 15, Eigen vectors are given by
8  15  6 2  x1   7  6 2  x 1 
  6 7  15  4   x   6  8  4  x 
   2    2
 2  4 3  15  x 3   2  4  12  x 3 
=0  =0

i.e. equation are 7x1  6x2 + 2x3 = 0

…(7)
6x1 + 8x2 + 4x3 = 0 …(8)
and 2x1  4x2 + 2x3 = 0 …(9)
From (7) and (8), we get
x1 x2 x3 x1 x x
   2  3
12  8  6  14 28  18 i.e. 20  20 10
i.e. Eigen vectors are (2, 2, 1) corresponding to  = 15.
Example 3. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix
 6 2 2 
 2 3  1
 
 2  1 3  .
 6 2 2 
 2 3  1
 
 2  1 3 
Sol. Let the given matrix be A = .
So, the characteristic equation of A is |A  I| = 0
6    2 2 
  2 3   1 
 
 2  1 3   
i.e. =0 …(1)
 (6  ) [(3  )  1] + 2[2(3  ) + 2] + 2[2  2(3  )] = 0
2

 (6  ) [9  6 + 2  1] + 2[2  4] + 2[2  4] = 0
 3 + 2[6 + 6]  [36  8 + 8] + [48 8  8] = 0
 3  122 + 36   32 = 0
 3  22  102 + 20 + 16   32 =0
 (  2) (  8) = 0i.e.  = 2, 2 and 8.
2

which are the characteristic roots of (1).

Now corresponding to the Eigen values  = 2, 2, 8 the given Eigen
vectors are obtained from [A  I]X = 0.
6    2 2   x 1  0 
  2 3   1     
   x 2   0 
 2  1 3     x 3  0
i.e. …(2)
(2) may be written as
(6  )x1  2x2 + 2x3 = 0, …(A)
2 x1 + (3  )x2  x3 = 0, …(B)
and 2x1  x2 + (3  )x3 …(C)
we now, consider different cases.
Case I. When  = 2, then (A), (B) and (C) may be written as
4x1  2x2 + 2x3 = 0 …(A1)
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 …(B1)
2x1  x2 + x3 = 0
…(C1)
If x3 = 0, then from (A1) and (B1), we get
x1 x 2

2x1 + x2 = 0 i.e. 1 2
1 
 2
 
0 
and so Eigen vector for  = 2, for x3 = 0 is X1 =

and when x2 = 0, then from (A1) and (B1) for  = 2,

x1 x 3

2x1 + x3 = 0  1 2
1 
0 
 
 2
 another Eigen vector for  = 2 is X2 =
Case II. When  = 8, equations (A), (B) and (C) become
2x1  2x2 + 2x3 = 0 …(A11)
2x1  5x2  x3 = 0 …(B11)
2x1  x2  5x3 = 0 …(C11)
eliminating x3 from (A11) and (B11), we get
x1 x 2

x1 + 2x2 = 0 i.e. 2 1 …(M)
and by eliminating x1 from (A11) and (B11), we get
 x2 x3

x2 + x3 = 0 i.e. 1 1 …(N)
x1 x 2 x 3
 
Using (M) and (N), we get 2  1 1
2 
 1
 
1 
i.e. corresponding to  = 8, Eigen vector is X3 =

Exersice.
1 Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix
  2 2  3
 2 1  6

  1  2 0 
A=
2.Find the characteristics root and the corresponding characteristics vectors for the matrix

A=

3.Find the Eigen value and Eigen vector of the matrix A

A=

4.Show that the vector are L.I

A= , B= , C=

5.Show that the following vectors are linearly dependent

X=(1,3,2) , Y=(1,-7,-8 ) , Z=(2,1,-1)

6.Show that the column vectors of the matrix, A= are L.D.?

7.Find the Eigen value and Eigen vector of the matrix A

A=
References 1. Higher Engineering Mathematics,N.P.Bali

2.Advanced Engineering Mathematics,H.K.Dass

3. www.mdurohtak.ac.in, Dr. Sanjay Kumar Kaushik.