Fluid Dynamics - 1

Fluid Mechanics 6
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Fluid Dynamics - 1
Fluid Mechanics 6
Fluid Dynamics
Pressure Velocity Trade off
Pressure Velocity Trade off :
For a fluid flowing at a horizontal level according to (Bernoulli's Theorem) we use.

P + ½ ρ v2 = constant [No difference in potential energies on same

horizontal level].

If velocity Pressure

If velocity Pressure

VA < V B

PA > PB

This pressure difference causes

the aeroplane to fly providing the lifting force
Pressure Velocity Trade off :
For a fluid flowing at a horizontal level according to (Bernoulli's Theorem) we use.

P + ½ ρ v2 = constant [No difference in potential energies on same

horizontal level].

If velocity Pressure

If velocity Pressure

VA < V B

PA > PB

This pressure difference causes

the aeroplane to fly providing the lifting force
Lift of Aeroplane
Lift of Aeroplane
Example 1. Lift of Aeroplane

A
Example 1. Lift of Aeroplane

VA > V B
A
PA < PB

This pressure difference causes

the aeroplane to fly providing the
lifting force.
Example 2. Atomizer Spray

Liquid Sprays application

Example 2. Atomizer Spray

Px < Py
Liquid sprays application
Vx > Vy
Example 3.
The ball keeps floating as moves left & right in stable equilibrium.

Air blow

Air blow Air blow

Example 3. The ball keeps floating as moves left & right in stable equilibrium.

Air blow

High velocity Low velocity Low velocity High velocity

Low Pressure High Pressure High Pressure Low Pressure

Air blow Air blow

In a horizontal pipe line, the following oil pressure falls by 8 N/m2 between 2 points
separated by 1 km. Find the change in kinetic energy per kg of oil at these points.
Take density of oil 800 kg/m3

A. 0.01 J/kg
1000 m
B. 0.02 J/kg
C. 0.03 J/kg P2 = (P1-8)
P1
D. 0.04 J/kg ρ = 800 kg/m3
 Solution: 1000 m

P1 P2 = (P1-8)
ρ = 800 kg/m3

BERNOULLI'S Theorem :

P1 + ½ ρv12 = P2 +½ ρv22

½ ρ(v22 - v12 ) = P1 - P2 = 8 N/m2

Change in KE/kg = ½(v22 - v12 )

= P1 - P2 / ρ
= 8 / 800
= 0.01 J/kg
Calculate the gross lift force on an airplane wing of length 10 m and width 2 m. The
air speed above the wing is 120 m/s and below the wing is
90 m/s. Take air density 1.3 kg/m3.
A. 6.2 x 104 N
B. 8.2 x 104 N
C. 10.2 x 104 N
D. 12.2 x 104 N
Solution:
Water flows through a tube which has one end A with cross-sectional area 1 cm2 and other
end B with cross-sectional area 0.5 cm2. The speed of water at A is 10 cm/s find the speed
at B & pressure difference at A & B.
1 cm2
A. 20 cm/s, 225 N/m2
B. 20 cm/s, 485 N/m2 A
C. 15 cm/s, 635 N/m2
D. 15 cm/s, 875 N/m2
10 cm/s
0.5 cm2

B
20 cm

15 cm
Solution:
Freely Falling Fluid
In a bucket shown in figure a liquid of density 103 kg/m3 is kept. Find speed at
which liquid will be coming out if the bottom surface is removed and its top level is
maintained by pouring the liquid through the tap.
A. 4 m/s
B. 3 m/s
C. 2 m/s
D. 1 m/s A
10 cm

vA

0.75m

B 5 cm
vB
Solution:
Pitot Tube
Working & Application of a ‘PITOT TUBE’
A device used to measure flow velocity of a fluid

vg
ρg

A B
h

ρ
Pitot Tube

Can be used to calculate the velocity of aeroplanes

First calculate the velocity of air relative to the plane indirectly that would be the speed in opposite
direction
Working & Application of a ‘PITOT TUBE’

A device used to measure flow velocity of a fluid

Gaseous medium flowing If flowing fluid is a liquid

vg PA - PB = hρg PA - PB = h ( ρ - ρL ) g

A B
h
Bernoulli’s Theorem (A) - (B) for flowing fluid.

PA + 0 = PB + ½ ρg vg2
ρ
Pitot Tube
v=
√ 2(PA - PB)
ρg

Can be used to calculate the velocity of aeroplanes

First calculate the velocity of air relative to the plane indirectly that would be the speed in opposite direction
 VENTURIMETER

A device used to measure flow velocity of liquid in pipelines

Working & Application of ‘VENTURIMETER’
A device used to measure flow velocity of liquid in pipelines
Patm
v1 = ?
Pressure
h Tubes
Patm

area = A
area = A
area =a
pipe ρ
2 1
v1 v2 v1
Working and Application of ‘VENTURIMETER’
A device used to measure flow velocity of liquid in pipelines
v1 = ?
Pressure
h Tubes
Patm
Patm+ hρg PA = Patm + xρg
PB = Patm + hρg+xρg

pipe PB - PA = hρg

A1 A2 A B A1
v1 v2 v1

Continuity Equation : Using Bernoulli’s Theorem (A) - (B)

A1v1 = A2v2 v2 = [A1/A2]v1 ½ ρv22 + PA = ½ ρ v12 + PB

½ ρ (v22 - v12 ) = PB - PA
½ ρ (v22 - v12 ) = hρg
v1 = √ [A
1
2
2gh
/ A22 - 1]

½ v12 [A12 / A22 -1 ] = hg

In a venturimeter diameter of the pipe is 4 cm and that of constriction is
3 cm. When flows the heights of water level in pressure tubes are 15 cm and
20 cm. Find the discharge rate of pipe. (Take g = 10 m2)

5 cm

v
ρ
v2
1
d=3 cm
D=4 cm
Solution:
Water flows through the tube shown in figure. The areas of cross-section of wide
and narrow sections are 5 cm2 and 2 cm2 respectively. Rate of water flow in tube is
500 cm3/sec. Find the difference in mercury levels in the U-tube.
A. 1.98 cm
B. 2.08 cm 5 cm2
C. 2.69 cm
D. 3.02 cm 2 cm2 ρ

A B

13.6 ρ
5 cm2
2 cm2 ρ
A B

13.6 ρ
Solution:
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NAMOLIVE
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