PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT

PHOTO ELECTRIC
MODERN EFFECT
PHYSICS

1. Photo electric effect

2. Matter waves
3. Radioactivity
4. Nuclear physics
5. X – Rays
6. Atoms
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Electron emission
Free electron inside the metal which
are still bounded with the crystal cant
escape from the surface because
surface aquires positive charge
e- Work function ∅0
+ + Minimum energy given to an electron
so that it escapes from the surface of
e- e- e- metal . It depends on the nature of
metal and nature of the surface .
+ e- + e-
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Methods of electron emission

1. Thermionic emission By heat energy

2. Field emission By strong electric field

3. Secondary emission By projection of high energetic electrons

4. Photo electric emission By light radiation of suitable frequency

Alkali metals Li, Na , K , Cs are sensitive with visible light while other metals like Zn, Cd , Mg
are sensitive with U.V. radiation
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Quantum nature of light – The PHOTON

When light interacts with matter it provides its

energy to matter in discrete values or packets.
These are quanta of energy and one quantum
is called photon.
ℎ𝜈 ℎ𝜈 ℎ𝜈 ℎ𝜈

1. Photons travels in straight line with speed

+ + + of light . In vacuum c = 3 × 108 m/s

+ + +
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2. Energy of photon

E = hν h = plank’s constant

hc h = 6.6 × 10−34 J-s 1ev = 1.6 × 10−19 J

E=
λ

12400
E= ev − Å
λ

12400
λ= ev − Å
E
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2. Rest mass of photon = 0

m0 = 0

Equivalent mass or effective mass

E = mc2

E hν hc
m= 2= 2= 2
c c λc
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3. Linear momentum (𝑃)

E = Pc

𝐸 ℎ𝜈 ℎ
𝑃= = =
𝑐 𝑐 𝜆

Two photons having same wavelength may or may not have same linear
momentum because their directions may be different and linear momentum is
a vector quantity.
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Q. . For a photon having energy 9 MeV, calculate

(a) Momentum (b) Effective Mass
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Q. For a photon having wavelength 0.2μm, calculate :-
(a) Momentum (b) Frequency (c) Energy
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Radiation force
(a) Normal incidence and (b) Normal incidence and perfect reflection
perfect absorption

𝑛ℎ
𝑃𝑖 =
𝜆
𝑛ℎ
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑛ℎ
𝜆 𝑃𝑓 = −
𝜆
𝑃𝑓 = 0
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Q. A light of wavelength 400nm incident normally on a perfectly reflective surface
. If force experienced by the surface is 0.4 𝜇𝑁. Find the number of quanta
incident per second on the surface is :
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EMW spectrum

0.01 Å 100 Å 4000 Å 7000 Å

𝛾 − 𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑋 − 𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠 UV−𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠 visible Infrared Micro Radio

waves waves
Color of photon depends on frequency
With change in medium frequency remains unchanged
Light of single color is called monochromatic

Photons of all frequencies travels with same speed in vacuum

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Intensity or energy flux

E power I = constant
I= =
At A 1
n∝
𝜈
nhν nhc n∝λ
I= =
A λA

𝑛 𝐼𝜆
=
𝐴 ℎ𝑐
𝐼𝜆
𝑛= 𝐴
ℎ𝑐
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Power

nhc
power = nhν = h𝑐 = 2 × 10−25 J-m
λ
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Q. The energy flux of sunlight reaching on the Earth's surface is
1.388 × 103 W/m2 . How many photons (nearly) per square metre are
incident on the Earth per second ? Assume that the photons in the
sunlight have an average length of 550 nm.
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Q. Power of a bulb is 100 watt and its wavelength is 400 nm. Calculate no.
of photons emitted by it in 10 hrs.
(a) Assuming 100% efficiency
(b) Assuming 30% efficiency for converting electric energy into
light energy
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Normal incidence perfect absorption Normal incidence perfect reflection

power 2power
F= F=
c c

Q. Energy flux of 40 × 10−4 Wm-2 incident normally on a perfectly reflective

surface of area 15 cm2 . Find average force on the surface :
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Q. 10 watt power of radiation are normally incident on a plane surface. If
surface can absorb only 20% radiation and remaining are reflected back
calculate force experienced by surface.

2Pref Pabsorb
F= +
c c
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In photon matter collision total linear momentum and total energy remains
conserved while number of photon may not be conserved

Photon have no charge so it does not deflects in electric or magnetic field