MINI PROJECT YEAR - 2021

NON DESTRUCTIVE
TECHNIQUES
S.Y. B.TECH.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 NON DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES

Department of civil Engineering

Project report

Submitted In Partial Fulfilment Of The Requirement

S.Y.B.Tech ( Civil )

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological university Lonere,

Dist, Raigad

The Shirpur Education Society’s

R.C. Patel institute of technology Shirpur, Dist. Dhule

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 NON DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES

Project Report On
NON DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

second year in civil engineering

Submitted by-

49) THORAT MAYURI JITENDRA

50) CHANDEL RUNALI DEEPAKSINGH
51) PATIL SAYALI BHIKA
52) KUYATE BHAGYASHRI PRAVIN
53) KOLI BHARAT NAMDEV
54) WADILE SAKSHI VASANT

Under the guide of

(Prof. L.S. Mahajan)

R. C. Patel Institute of technology, Shirpur

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The Shirpur Education society’

R. C. Patel Institute of technology,

Shirpur, Dist. Dhule
CERTIFICATE

Training Report Having Title NON DESTRUCTIVE

TECHNIQUES in a Individual candidate Under The Guidance Of The
Faculty Guide During Academic Year 2020-2021

As project work carried out by him under my supervision and

Guidance

This Is Certify
49) THORAT MAYURI JITENDRA
50) CHANDEL RUNALI DEEPAKSINGH
51) PATIL SAYALI BHIKA
52) KUYATE BHAGYASHRI PRAVIN
53) KOLI BHARAT NAMDEV
54) WADILE SAKSHI VASANT

Prof. L.S.Mahajan
Project Guide
Prof. G. V. Tapkire Prof. J. B. Patil
Head of Department Principle

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Acknowledgment

While bringing out this project report to its final form, we came across a
number of people whose contributions in various ways helped my field of
study and they deserve special thanks. It is a pleasure to convey our gratitude
to all of them. Firstly we would like to acknowledge and extend our gratitude
to our Guide Prof. L.S. Mahajan , Who supported us with his experience,
encouragement, guidance and valuable suggestions throughout the
completion of this Project Report.
We would like to express our sincere appreciation to our Principal Prof.
J.B.Patil,. Also we are grateful to H.O.D. Prof . G.V. Tapkire, for his valuable
suggestions and encouragements during our project stage.
We like to extend our sincere thanks to all other faculties of the departments
for their valuable support during development of our work. Last but not least
we are thankful to our parents for their support an encouragement during the
tenure of this project.

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INDEX:

SR. TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 7
2 METHODS OF NON- DESTRUCTIVE 11
TECHNIQUES
3 NECCESSITY 23
4 APPLICATIONS , LIMITATIONS AND 26
PURPOSE OF NON- DESTRUCTIVE TEST
5 PROCEDURE 29
6 REQUIRED EQUIPMENTS AND COST 36
7 CONCLUSIONS AND 41
RECCOMENDATIONS

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MINI PROJECT
PROJECT REPORT ON
NON DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES
By:
49) THORAT MAYURI JITENDRA
50) CHANDEL RUNALI DEEPAKSINGH
51) PATIL SAYALI BHIKA
52) KUYATE BHAGYASHRI PRAVIN
53) KOLI BHARAT NAMDEV
54) WADILE SAKSHI VASANT

Guided By :Prof. L S MAHAJAN Sir

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Up to this point we have learnt various testing methods that somehow

destruct the test specimens. These were, tensile testing, hardness testing,
etc. In certain applications, the evaluation of engineering materials or
structures without impairing their properties is very important, such as the
quality control of the products, failure analysis or prevention of the
engineered systems in service. This kind of evaluations can be carried out
with Non destructive test (NDT) methods. It is possible to inspect and/or
measure the materials or structures without destroying their surface texture,
product integrity and future usefulness. The field of NDT is a very broad,
interdisciplinary field that plays a critical role in inspecting that structural
component and systems perform their function in a reliable fashion. Certain
standards has been also implemented to assure the reliability of the NDT
tests and prevent certain errors due to either the fault in the equipment used,
the miss-application of the methods or the skill and the knowledge of the
inspectors. Successful NDT tests allow locating and characterizing material
conditions and flaws that might otherwise cause planes to crash, reactors to
fail, trains to derail, pipelines to burst, and variety of less visible, but equally
troubling events. However, these techniques generally require considerable
operator skill and interpreting test results accurately may be difficult because
the results can be subjective.

These methods can be performed on metals, plastics, ceramics,

composites,cermets, and coatings in order to detect cracks, internal voids,
surface cavities, delamination, incomplete c defective welds and any type of
flaw that could lead to premature failure. Commonly used NDT test methods
can be seen in table 1.1. These are universal NDT methods; however, very
special tests have been developed for specific application

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1.1 Commonly Used NDT Techniques

Technique Capabilities Limitations

Small flaws are difficult to detect,
Visual Macroscopic surface
no subsurface
Inspection flaws
flaws.
Not applicable to larger
Microscopy Small surface flaws structures; no
subsurface flaws.
Smallest defect detectable is 2%
of the
Radiography Subsurface flaws thickness; radiation protection.
No subsurface
flaws not for porous materials
No subsurface flaws not for
Dye penetrate Surface flaws
porous materials
Material must be good conductor
Ultrasonic Subsurface flaws
of sound.
Surface / near Limited subsurface capability,
Magnetic
surface and only for
Particle
layer flaws ferromagnetic materials.
Difficult to interpret in some
Surface and near
Eddy Current applications; only
surface flaws
for metals.
Acoustic Can analyze entire Difficult to interpret, expensive
emission structure equipment’s

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Nondestructive evaluation of existing structures is a vital part and an active area

of research in the civil engineering industry. Whenever modifications in a
structure or its use are proposed the process begins with the evaluation of
existing conditions. Rebound hammer (RH) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)
tests are the two readily available and easy-to-perform methods that are widely
used in the industry. Current research work is focused on the evaluation of an
eight years old, half-built reinforced concrete building. The objective was to
gather information to decide about the future construction and use. The study
concludes that concrete is of reasonable quality and the building is appropriate
for future construction and use. However, one column in the basement has very
poor quality concrete and needs strengthening. The paper also provides a
comparison of existing regression models for the prediction of concrete strength
based on RH and UPV test data.

1.2 Non Destructive Techniques

Non Destructive techniques are the methods predominant these days.
These methods in civil engineering are used to detect defects and
determine the strength of a structure. As the name suggest, in these
techniques strength and discontinuities are determined without causing
any harm to the structure. These techniques have their own advantages
as well as limitations, when compared to conventional strength
estimation and damage detection tests Non destructive techniques are
useful for evaluating the condition of the structure, by performing an
indirect assessment of concrete properties. These techniques have been
improved in the last few years and the best part is that NDT avoids
concrete damage for evaluation. Several researchers perform NDT tests
to evaluate the condition of concrete structures. Methods range from
very simple to technical depending on the purpose. Several mechanical
and physical properties of concrete structures can be used to assess the
condition and capacity of the structures.

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1.3 Necessity of Non Destructive Test:

1) As a quality control and quality assurance management tool, NDT plays

a vital role in industries such as aerospace, pipelines, bridges, refineries
and oil platforms as well as power stations as it can help prevent
failures that could have an adverse impact on safety, reliability, and the
environment.

2) Having non-destructive testing procedures in place throughout a

material or component’s construction process or service life can
safeguard assets

3) It helps many companies to ensure that they are adhering to

regulations and standards.

4) Non-destructive testing is carried out to ascertain that the components

or materials being used are not damaged or faulty and are fit to be
used by personnel. The result of testing can show whether the
components need to be repaired or if they are safe for operation.

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Chapter 2: Methods Of Non- DestructiveTechniques

1) Rebound Hammer Test.

2) Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity Test.
3) Rebar Locator Test
4) Pull out Test Method
5) Chloride Test
6) Sulphate Attack Test

2.1) Rebound Hammer Test (Surface hardness method):

Rebound Hammer test is a Non-destructive testing method of concrete which

provide a convenient and rapid indication of the compressive strength of the
concrete. The rebound hammer is also called as Schmidt hammer that consist
of a spring controlled mass that slides on a plunger within a tubular housing.
A Schmidt hammer, also known as a Swiss hammer or a rebound hammer or
concrete hammer test, is a device to measure the elastic properties or
strength of concrete or rock, mainly surface hardness and penetration
resistance. It was invented by Ernst Schmidt, a Swiss engineer.
Non-destructive surface hardness methods are non invasive procedures that
investigate the strength characteristics of the material. The two categories
that define concrete surface hardness techniques are indentation methods
and rebound methods. These methods attempt to exploit empirical
correlations between strength properties of concrete and surface hardness as
measured by indentation or rebound. Originating in the 1930 (Jones, 1969).
The test was developed in 1948 by Swiss engineer Ernst Schmidt and is
commonly referred to as the Schmidt Rebound Hammer (Kolek, 1969). Upon
impact with the concrete surface, the rebounded hammer records a rebound
number which presents an indication of strength properties by referencing

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established empirical correlations between strength properties of concrete

(compressive and flexural) and the rebound.

Fig.2.1.1) REBOUND HAMMER

The Schmidt Rebound Hammer measures the hardness of material at

the surface by the rebound of hammer mass after an elastic impact
against the surface. The mass is released from a standard pre-
compressed spring thus having a fixed amount of energy. Principle of
this test is that the rebound of the elastic mass depends on the hardness
of the surface upon which it impinges. Energy is lost on impact due to
localized crushing and internal friction within the body of the concrete.
This internal friction is the function of the elastic properties of concrete
constituents. Rebound Number is the distance traveled by the mass
after the elastic impact expressed as a percentage of original distance.
This gives a measure or indication of hardness and an estimate of the
strength of concrete. There are several factors other than concrete
strength that influence rebound hammer test results, including surface
smoothness and finish, moisture content, coarse aggregate type, and
the presence of carbonation.

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2.2) Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test Method:

Ultrasonic pulse velocity method consist of measuring the time travelled by
an ultrasonic pulse passing through concrete which is to be tested. The pulse
generated circuit consist of electronic circuit for generating pulses and a
transducer for transforming these electronic pulses into mechanical energy
corresponding to vibration frequency in the range of 15 to 60 Hz. Relatively
higher velocity is obtained where when the quality of concrete in terms of
density, homogeneity and uniformity is good.
When there is crack, voids or flaw inside the concrete which comes in the
path of pulse transmission then it passes around the discontinuous path
thereby making the path longer and required travelling path becomes more
as a result lower the velocity. It is the simple procedural method of testing
and commonly adopted equipment.

FIG. 2.2.2 ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST

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1) Direct : where Transmitting and Receiving Transducers are on

the parallel surfaces.
TX

RX

FIG 2.2.3Direct Method of testing (USPV)

TX: Transmitting Transducer
RX: Receiving Transducer

2) Indirect: where Transmitting and Receiving Transducer are on the

same surface.
TX
RX

FIG 2.2.4 Indirect Method of testing (USPV)

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(3) Semi Direct: where Transmitting and Receiving

Transducers are on the perpendicular surfaces.
TX

RX

FIG 2.2.5 Semi Direct method of testing (USPV)

Pulses are not transmitted through large air voids in a material

or it takes a longer time to travel through such voids. So it is
possible to detect voids through this test.

2.3) Rebar Locator Test:

The detection of location of reinforcement is required as a pre-process for
core cutting .The rebar locator is the instrument a small versatile instrument
for detecting location, size of reinforcement and concrete cover. This is a
portable and handy instrument which is normally used to locate the
reinforcement on LCD display. This instrument is available with sufficient
memory to store measured data. This instrument is based upon
measurement of an electromagnetic field caused by steel embedded in the
concrete. The reinforcement bar is detected by magnetizing it and including a
circulating body.

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FIG.2.3.1 REBAR LOCATOR TEST

2.4) Pull-out Test Method:

If the concrete posses sufficient resistance against the tensile force, it is the
indication of better strength of reinforced concrete. It is necessary to ensure
better bonding between embedded steel reinforcement and concrete
covered. This practical is able to take the judgement about the bond strength
of RCC in terms of compressive strength. It is essential to know the resistance
of concrete against pull force against grip between pulled concrete mass and
steel inside.

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FIG.2.4.1 PULL OUT TEST

2.5) Chloride Test Method:

The ingress of chloride ions in concrete i.e. chloride attack destroys that
protective oxide layer and corrosion starts . It results in subsequent reduction
of strength, serviceability , and aesthetics of the structure. This practical
enable to determine the chloride content using chemicals. It is essential to
check the same for minimizing the risk of corrosion under the impact of
chlorides in concrete as well as for ensuring the future stability of structure.
This is quick method to estimate of total soluble chloride (fixed as well as free
chloride) contents is essential from corrosion risks point of view. For water
soluble chlorides standard titration is carried out and expressed by weight of
concrete. It is estimated that between 50 to 75 percent.

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Permissible limits of chloride content in concrete:

The maximum permissible chlorides concentration are in the range of 0.05 to
0.1 Percent by weight of concrete , which is about 1.1 to 2.4 kg/m3. The
maximum permissible chloride limits are also expressed on the basis of the
weight of cement , and these are approximately 0.4 to 0.8 percent when the
cement in concrete is about 300kg/m3.

FIG.2.5.1 CHLORIDE TEST METHOD

2.6) Sulphate Attack Test :
Sulphate attack is the most common form of chemical attack in which
reaction between sulphate ions in the pore solution of concrete and
ingredients of concrete , Sulphate attack is a naturally occurring sulphate of
sodium , potassium , calcium , or magnesium which are sometimes found in
soil or dissolved in ground water. This attack will disturb the cement paste ,
cohesion, and strength. The sulphate attack can cause the expansion,
cracking, strength loss, slag cement, silica fume , and metabolic can reduce
the expansion and damages due to sulphate attack.

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FIG.2.6.1 SULPHATE ATTACK TEST

Radioactive Methods of NDT
Radioactive methods of testing concrete can be used to detect the location of
reinforcement, measure density, and perhaps establish whether honeycombing
has occurred in structural concrete units. Gamma radiography is increasingly
accepted in England and Europe. The equipment is quite simple and running costs
are small, although the initial price can be high. Concrete up to 18 in. (45 cm)
thick can be examined without difficulty.

FIG.6.1.2 RADIOACTIVE METHOD

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2.7) Thermal Imaging Technique

Thermal imaging technique is an active method for quantitative

investigations of the near surface region of various structures. It has
recently been applied and optimised to applications in civil engineering.
By using either an internal or external heat source, parts of the structure
under investigation are heated up and the transient heat flux is
observed by recording the temperature change at the surface as a
function of time. This method is very well suited for the detection of
voids in concrete, up to concrete covers of 10 cm as well as for the
location of delamination’s in multi-layered systems (e.g. plaster on
concrete, CFRP-laminates on concrete, asphalt on concrete).
Defects like voids in concrete or masonry or delamination’s at interfaces
of composites, which have different density, heat capacity and/or heat
conductivity in comparison to the bulk material, can be localised and
partly quantified. The analysis of heating-up and cooling-down
processes during and after activation with an internal or external heat
source (i.e. radiator) is a well-established technique for the
characterisation of non-metallic materials. Up to now, there are only a
few examples where active thermography has been applied successfully
in civil engineering. The method is very useful for the determination of
the built-in position of anchoring elements at curtain facades as well.
Further developments and applications in civil engineering are using the
sun as natural heat Also safety relevant defects like voids in tendon
ducts and cracks in concrete could be recognised. (Takahide&Kubo,
2002).

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FIG 2.7.1 Experimental set up showing the position of specimen and heat
sources.

In the experimental procedure used during this project, 1KW

halogen lamps (external heat source) (4 in number) and square pulse
waves were used for heating the specimen. The heating was done for
about 25 to 30min and the Thermal Images were captured at 20 Hz
frequency, 10000 frames and for 500 seconds in the cooling cycle.
For uniform heating of the specimen special care was taken during
its preparation:
• Admixture was added in the concrete to get a smooth surface.
• Vibration (Vibratory Table) was used to avoid any voids or
discontinuity in the specimen.
• Proper oil was applied on the surfaces of mould for
smoothness.

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In addition to these, the specimen surface was blackened with

paint and utmost care was taken to ensure uniform heating of the
surface by placing the heat sources at appropriate angles and distance
from the specimen.
Also the temperature vs numbers of frames, curves were plotted and it
was clearly seen that at the points of defect there was a clear increase
of temperature. As uniform heating of the specimen was ensured this
non uniformity can be explained as that at the point of defects the
thermal waves were reflected back (reflection coefficient~1) and the
effective volume of specimen at that point is less i.e at other points
where there is no defect the thermal waves travels through the sample
and goes out from other surface (effective volume available for
propagation of waves is more) but here it is reflected back by the
discontinuity thus causing more heating at that points.
The main problem faced during this experiment was that the sharp
image of the defects was not obtained, this is due to the limitation that
the available heat source was of less energy (1KW) and a high peak
energy source (4KW) is required to get a sharp image of the defects in
concrete.

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CHAPTER 3 : NECCESSITY

3.1 Why is NDT important?

All equipment, products and materials have a standard design requirement and
projected life. However, sometimes due to the defects which may go undetected
during the production, fabrication or service delivery, they may need to be
replaced or undergo extensive repair, otherwise unsafe conditions or catastrophic
failures might be the consequence of neglecting their unfit conditions for service.
The resulting cost, due to project shut down, can be large in such cases.

Having non-destructive testing procedures in place throughout a material or

component’s construction process or service life can safeguard assets and
personnel, helping companies to ensure that they are adhering to regulations and
standards. From oil rigs and pipelines, to bridges and railway lines, from aircrafts
and trains to high-speed theme park rides, NDT is widely used in everyday things
that need regular inspection and maintenance. Additional to the need for
security, NDT is used to ensure the efficiency and durability of the equipment.
This is known as asset integrity management, which consequently translates to
better output and profitability for companies.

3.1.1 Advantages of NDT

 Safety assurance

Non-destructive testing is carried out to ascertain that the components or

materials being used are not damaged or faulty and are fit to be used by
personnel. The result of testing can show whether the components need to be
repaired or if they are safe for operation. When properly used in industries
involved with volatile high pressure machinery, NDT can not only prevent
catastrophic failures and identify and resolve disastrous problems, it can even
save lives.

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 Failure prevention
If a component fails or breaks down, not only is the business going to
suffer drastically due to the unexpected shutdown but, in the worst
cases, it can end up in irreparable catastrophes which can cause harm
to people and the environment. Proper use of NDT can prevent these
failures by identifying the areas of concern before they become a
problem through failure analysis procedures.

 Quality assurance and asset reliability

Non-destructive testing offers reliable and accurate results which can
provide stability. Since this testing method does not damage the
components, all pieces of equipment and machinery can be tested
which can minimise the inaccuracy of test results and any undermined
irregularities.

 Cost efficiency
Various industries need to comply with different sets of rules and
regulations and meet different types of safety standards. To meet the
industry requirement for safety, machinery need to be regularly tested
and non-destructive testing offers some of the most cost effective
methods of inspection.

 Less Waste
Since substances are not altered by NDT, they can continue to be used.
That means less wasted samples.

 Less Downtime
Using some methods, the materials can be tested even while in use,
which eliminates the need to shut down operations during testing.

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3.1.2 Disadvantages of NDT

 Some of the tests can only be used on materials that are conductive
 To carry out some tests, such as magnetic testing or penetrant testing,
the components need to be cleaned before and after the test
 Electricity supply is required for some tests and this can be a limitation
when operating in remote areas.
 Sometimes the coating of the component orthe finish of the surface area
under inspection can have a negative impact on the accuracy of the test
results

3.1.3 Where to use NDT techniques

Non-Destructive Testing is used every day in industries all around us, ensuring our
safety and security. NDT methods are used:
 In product evaluation
 For troubleshooting
 For identifying areas of wear
 For assuring the safety and reliability of structures and component
 To find flaws or irregularities both on and under the surface of materials
NDT is used in many industries, including:
 Engineering
 Air
 Space
 Rail
 Motor vehicles
 Utilities
 Power and energy companies

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CHAPTER 4: APPLICATION,LIMIATION AND

PURPOSE :-

4.1 Application And Limitations of NDT techniques:-

1. It can be used on both existing structures and those under construction.

2. If large difference in pulse velocity are found within a structure, it means
that defective or deteriorated concrete is present.
3. High pulse velosity reading are generally indicative of good quality
concrete.
4. It can also be used to estimate the rate of hardening and strength
development of concrete in the early stages to determine when to remove
formwork.
5. As concrte ages, the rate of increase of pulse velocity slows down.
6. Accuracy depends on careful calibration and use of the same concrete mix
properties.

4.2 Purposes Of Non–Destructive test:-

1. Estimating the in –situ compressive strength ,uniformity, quality, anf

himogenety.
2. Identifying the area of lower integrity.
3. Detection of presence of imperfection .
4. Monitering changes in the stucture of the concrete.
5. Condition of reinforcement steel with respect to corrosion.
6. Chloride, sulphte , alkali cintents or degree of carbonation
7. Measurement of Elastic Modules
8. Condition of grouting in prestressing cable ducts

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4.2.1 There are five major factors that influence the success of an NDT
survey:

1. Penetration depth into the structure.

2. Lateral and vertical resolution for anticipated target problems.
3. Comparison of target and its surroundings for physical properties of the
structure.
4. Signal to noise ratio of the investigated structure for the physical property’s
measurement
5. Historical information of the structure about the construction methods of
the structure.

 What is NDT and its Benefits

Non-destructive testing is a descriptive term used for the examination of

materials and components in such a way that allows materials to be
examined without changing or destroying their usefulness. NDT or NDE can
be used to find size and locate surface and subsurface flaws and defects.
NDT plays a crucial role in everyday life and is necessary to assure safety and
reliability. Typical examples are found in aircraft, spacecraft (shuttle), motor
vehicles, pipelines, bridges, trains, power stations, refineries; buildings and oil
platforms which are all inspected using NDT.
NDT is a Quality Assurance management tool which can give impressive
results when used correctly. It requires an understanding of the various
methods available, their capabilities and limitations, knowledge of the
relevant standards and specifications for performing the tests.

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Materials, products and equipment which fail to achieve their design

requirements or projected life due to undetected defects may require
expensive repair or early replacement. Such defects may also be the cause of
unsafe conditions or catastrophic failure, as well as loss of revenue due to
unplanned plant shutdown.
Non-destructive testing can be applied to each stage of an item's
construction. The materials and welds can be examined using NDT and either
accepted, rejected or repaired. NDT techniques can then be used to monitor
the integrity of the item or structure throughout it's design life.

 Feasibility of Test
1) A Feasibility analysis estimates and observes an economic opportunity
based on certain theory and estimation that have been put forward in the
process of starting the test.

2) Feasibility analyses aim to decide whether a test opportunity is possible ,

practically and workable.

3) A number of the factors are considered and assessed in a feasibility

analysis to calculate the most effective results.

4) The purpose of determining the feasibility of the test is its Economy (cost
of the operation), Time (minimum labor and test time), Accuracy (more
than 90 percent , if possible)

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Chapter 5: Procedure

5.1) Procedure of Rebound Hammer Test:

• Check the rebound hammer against the testing anvil before
commencement of a test to ensure reliable result
• Identify the building having defects or without defects i.e. damaged or
undamaged structure
• Identify the point of impact at least 20mm away from the edge or sharp
discontinuity and mark with pencil/marker
• Clean the target surface of concrete or masonry work using appropriate
method
• Keep the plunger of rebound hammer touching to the surface in
horizontal, vertical or inclined position as per the suitability of site
condition
• Press the casing of hammer so that impact spring around hammer will
wind up around the plunger
• Release the dashpot button or release pin; so that the hammer mass
attached to guide rod will impact on the target surface
• Based on the resistance offered by surface in terms of hardness, this mass
will rebound back
• Due to backward movement of attached mass , the pointer on graduated
scale will move accordingly
• Measure the reading on the graduated scale by which the mass is rebound
back as Rebound Number or Rebound Index
• Repeat the above step at least five more times on the same point of same
surface with same position to get more accurate observations by taking
average of all observations
• Find out the strength of tested building element using correlation graph
and overall quality of tested concrete

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Quality of Concrete for Different values of Rebound Hammer:

Sr No Average of Rebound Number(RN) Overall Quality of

Concrete
1 RN=0 Declaimed

2 RN<20 Poor

3 RN= 20 to 30 Fair

4 RN= 30 to 40 Good

5 RN greater than 40 Very Good

5.2) Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test:

• Identify the target concrete surface and clean it properly
• Then define two end points of application of ultrasonic pulse
• Apply one of the acoustical coupling materials mentioned above to
both the points of the concrete
• Attached the transmitter and receiver end of transducer to the
identified concrete surface of building component (beam, column, slab
etc) in the one of the form given
• Generate the ultrasonic pulses or waves of 50 to 60kHz using electro-
acoustical or ultrasonic pulse generator , so that it will pass through the
transmitter end attached to concrete and will reach to receiver end
depending upon homogeneity of concrete mass
• Note down the time of travel i.e. transit time (T) of these were
displayed on the display unit of electronic timing device in seconds
• Calculate the ultrasonic pulse velocity (V) of transmitted waves as V=
(L/T) in Km/s
• Repeat all above steps at other locations if defects or damage extent is
more
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• Calculate the average ultrasonic pulse velocity of all such observation

for building component under consideration
• Determine the overall quality of based on calculated ultrasonic pulse
velocity by using table

Quality of Velocity Criterion for Concrete Quality Grading :

Sr Average Approx Overall
No Ultrasonic Pulse Compressive Quality of
Velocity (V) Strength (S) Concrete
1 V≥4.5 Km/s S≥40N/mm2 Excellent
2 V=3.5 to 4.5 Km/s S=25 – 40 N/mm2 Good
3 V= 3-3.5 Km/s S=10-20 N/mm2 Medium
4 V= 2-3 Km/s S= 4- 10 N/mm2 Poor
5 V≤2Km/s S≤4 N/mm2 Very Poor

5.3) Procedure Rebar Locator Test :

• Take the rebar locator test apparatus and calibrate it by using the test
block provided with it
• The depth and size of reinforced bar of test block shown by apparatus
should be same to that of actual one (i.e. measured with scale )
• Identify the test surface of beam/column /slab of the building and mark
the target points in a suitable grid pattern using marking pen or chalk
• Erect the necessary staging , ladder or suspended platform for the
application of rebar locator if required
• Clean the test surface and make it smooth levelled manner by
removing the dust, and other unwanted projections if any
• Take the rebar locator connected with path measuring device and spot
probes and move the same in horizontal and vertical direction
• Mark the location of bar when the position of the bar displayed on the
screen
• Note down the distance of the bar from surface shown for display
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• Now attach diameter probe to the rebar locator after finding out the
position of the bar and keep the probe parallel to located bar
• Observe four readings are displayed on screen and take mean value of
these readings as diameter of bar
• Now attach the depth probe to the rebar locator and keep it exactly
over identified bar location
• Note down the depth of concrete cover after getting an audio signal i.e.
beep sound
• The detected concrete cover is stored in memory

5.4) Procedure Pullout Test Method :

• Identify the portion required for the test
• Check the location of reinforcement using cover meter and finalize the
target test surface 50mm away from reinforcement and 100mm away
from the corners and edges
• Drill the central hole of 18.4mm in diameter up to depth of 65mm on
the test surface using diamond drill machine with application of water
• Insert the diamond recess router in the drilled hole
• Continue the recess routing until the diamond shaft hits the drill hole
circumference and a hole of 25mm diameter and 25mm depth will form
• A split ring is expanded in the recess and pulled out using a pull
machine reacting against a 55mm diameter counter pressure ring
• The expansion unit mounted on the CAPO-test insert is inserted in the
hole and expanded by means of the adjustable wrenches
• The counter pressure is fitted around the expansion unit and the
coupling is threaded 1-2 rotation on the thread of the base pull-bolt
• The pull machines telescope handle is fully extended
• Remaining slack between the concrete surface, the counter pressure
and the instrument is removed by turning the instrument clockwise
• Apply the loading by turning the handle slowly with a speed of one
rotation every 2 seconds
• Hold the piston handle located between the two cylinders with other
hand
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• The pointer of the gauge will start to move upwards

• Keep on loading at the recommended speed and record the peak load
• The pointer will, at the peak load of the load displacement curve , hold
its position for a short moment and then slowly fall back
• Continue loading using as fast a speed of the loading handle as possible
to extract the pull-out cone fully
• Do not twist or pull the instrument to release the cone
• If there is more travel left of the telescope handle anti-clockwise 39
rotations , then turn the equipment clockwise to thread the coupling
further on the base pull bolt and repeat the loading sequence
• Then the cone will be fully dislodged
• Note down the force required to take out the conical cores as pull out
force in KN
• Repeat above steps at two different points or locations and calculate
the strength in Mpa using correlation graph

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5.5 ) Procedure of Chloride Test:

• Take out the powder sample of target concrete surface by drilling it at
5mm depth using suitable drilling equipment.

• Weigh 100 ± 5gm of the pulverized mortar or concrete sample in a 2litre

capacity beaker.

• Add 1000ml of distilled water (chloride free) to the pulverized or

powdered form of concrete.

• Stir the mixture vigorously and warm gently for 15min.

• Allow the mixture to stand in a room temperature for 24 hours for

settling

• Pour this about 200ml of the supernatant solution into a clean dry 250ml
capacity beaker.

• Filter the solution through Whatman filter paper No 1 immediately and

collect the filtrate.

• Pipette 50ml of filtrate in a 250ml capacity conical flask.

• Add 5ml of 6N nitric acid in filtrate.

• Also add a known volume preferably 25ml of 0.2 N sliver nitrate solution
in filtrate.

• Add 1ml ferric alum and 5ml of nitrobenzene.

• Shake vigorously to coagulate the precipitate.

• Titrate excess silver nitrate with 0.2 N ammonium thiocyanate solution

until a permanent faint reddish brown colour appears.

• Note down the volume of ammonium thiocynate used to obtain the

above mentioned colour.

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• Calculate the percentage of chloride by mass mortar or concrete as

Chloride , present =0.00142(X-Y) , where X= volume of silver nitrate
added in ml, Y= volume of 0.02 N ammonium thiocynate consumed in
ml.

5.6) Sulphate Attack Test:

• The sulphate attack of concrete is a complex process which include

the physical salt attack due to salt crystallization and chemical
sulphate attack due to sulphate from soil , ground water, or sea
water that are capable of chemically reacting components of
concrete.
• It combines with C-S-H and begin to destroy the paste which hold
the concrete together.
• Protection against sulphate attack can be achieved by using
concrete with low permeability, cement with low C3A content and
blends of PC with pozzolana so that preventing sulphate from
penetration into concrete.
• Consuming Ca (OH)2 as much as possible in hydrated cement matrix
through the use of pozzolana.
• Using cement with low calcium aluminates.
• For concrete structures which are in contact with sulphate bearing
soils then protective linings or coatings should be applied.

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CHAPTER 6: REQUIRED EQUIPMENTS AND COST

6.1 Rebound hammer test

Equipment’s Specification Cost

Rebound Hammer As per IS: 13311-part-2- 1 lakh
1992

Grinding wheel or rough Sufficient for cleaning 190/-

stone loose material.
Marker - 30/-

6.2 Ultrasonic pulse velocity test

Equipment’s Specification Cost

Electrical pulse generator or Confirming IS:13311- 1.10 Lakh
ultrasonic pulse velocity part-1-1992
meter

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Transducer Piezoelectric and 3500/-

magnetostrictive type:;
frequency large of
50kHz to 60kHz.

Amplifire Conferming IS: 13311- 7500/-

part-1-1992.

Electronic timing device Accuracy of +/-1 percent 300/-

over a range of 20
microsecond to 10
milliseconds.

Acoustical coupling material Petroleum jelly, grease, -

liquid soap and kaolin
glycerol paste

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6.3 Rebar locator test

Equipment’s Specification Cost

Rebar Locator with
accessories like spot
probe, diameter probe,
depth probe

LCD with backlight; depth 45000/-

range 100-185mm

Measuring scale Least count 1mm 50/-

Marking pen - 20/-

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6.4 Pull out test

Equipment’s Specificati Cost

on
CAPOTestApparatusC-101PreparationKit. 1.45
Lakh

Conformin
C-102DSV-Kit. g to ASTM 86000/-
C900 and
EN 12504-
3

C-104pullmachinekitwiththe0to 100 KN digital 56000/-

gauge.

C-102CAPO-TESTDSV-Kit.
C-104CAPOPullMachineKi

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C-
112CAPOexpandableinserts(expandab
le
rings).

C-
111ResizingToolforresizingC112insert2to3time
s.

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CHAPTER 7 : CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS

7.1 Conclusions

We conclude that NDT plays a vital role in ensuring product quality and safe
and reliable operation of operating components. It provides vital inputs to
designers and maintenance personnel by way of detection and qualification
of defects, stresses, and microstructural changes. Also we learn about
different types of Non Destructive Test and we are able to determine the
different types of NDT are used for different types of materials.

We conclude and learn about different types of Non –Destructive test and
suitability for different materials . On the basis of report NDT is a wide group
of analysis techniques used in science and technology industry to evaluate
properties of materials or components without causing damage ,which uses
many non conventional principles to perform its functions ,also some
examples may be use of electromagnetic radiations , sound ,inherent
properties of materials for testing.

Like every other thing in universe ,NDT has advantages and

disadvantages like reliability, accuracy, precision ,fast operations
arealso accompanied by disadvantages like need of training, high
maintenance cost ,and high capital cost . On the whole, we can say that
NDT is revolutionary advancement in field of mechanical testing and on
basis of scope and increasing areas of applications we can say that
many more new advancements in NDT are yet to come.

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7.2 Recommendations

Though both Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity test and Thermal

Imaging Technique give very good results and are of equal
importance in detecting defects in concrete but there is much
difference in their cost inputs. The experimental apparatus
(especially Infrared Camera) used in Thermal Imaging Technique
is very costly. So, as far as we are concerned about the
detection of defect only and not the shape and size of
discontinuity present, I would recommend USPV Test but when
we are concerned about the shape and size of defect than I
would recommend the use of Thermal Imaging Technique.
Also if the depth of defect is more (more than the shortest
dimension of the defect) than I would recommend using USPV
for better results.

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References:

Sinha S.N. (2002), Reinforced Concrete Design, 2nd ed. Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi
IS 456 (2000), Plain and Reinforced Concrete- Code of Practice,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

Ch. Maierhoferet al (2006), “Application of impulse-

thermography for non-destructive assessment of concrete
structures” Cement & Concrete Composites Vol 28 Page 393-
401

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