ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

Semester Terminal Exam Autumn 2020

Level/Program: Post Graduation (Master/Diploma) Maximum Marks 100

Title /Course Guidance and Counseling in Elementary
Pass marks 40
Code School (629)
`

Instructions for Exams:

1. Attempt All Questions.

2. Write answers in your own words and avoid copying from an internet source or any
book.
3. Be precise, avoid unnecessary details, answer to each question must be between 600-800
words.
4. Students are advised to upload their answer sheets/solutions on LMS portal as soon as
they complete their answers and not to wait for 8:30 PM.
5. Submissions after due date & time will not be entertained. Attach undertaking with each
course code which were allowed to attempt in Urdu.
6. If plagiarism found, Student may be declared fail.

Q.
Questions Marks
No.

1 “Guidance is an interrelated activity”. Discuss with suitable examples. 33

Highlight the importance of counseling for elementary school teachers in Pakistan.

2 33
Also explained some situations in school setting where counseling in essential.

Why it is important to address elementary school students’ developmental needs?

3 34
Discuss.
 ANSWER SHEET:

QUESTION: 01

Guidance is an interrelated activity”. Discuss with suitable examples

ANSWER:

Personal Guidance
It refers to that type of guidance where a person or individual overcome their problem on
their own. Also, it is the assistance that is provided to an individual to solve their social,
mental, morals, health, and ethical problems. Besides, it helps in solving those problems,
which we cannot solve with just vocational and educational guidance.

Personal assistance is of two types written and oral. They help to make an adjustment in our
life. Moreover, it is the guidance they let us know what we are now and what we can
become later in life. Besides, it helps children and student to help them and look at them
from the right point of view.

In the case of personal guidance, we observe that it is not an easy task. And the total
development of an individual’s personality depends on the development of personal habits
and attitudes. That’s why most of the individual face this problem in life.

“Guidance is a process of dynamic interpersonal relationships designed to influence the

attitudes and subsequent behaviour of a person.”

Hamrin and Erickson:

“Guidance is that aspect of educational programme which is concerned especially with

helping the pupil to become adjusted to his present situation and to plan his future in turn

with his interests; abilities and social needs.”

Lefever, Turrell and Weitzel:

“Guidance is an educational service designed to help students make more effective use of

the schools training programme.”

1. Steering is schooling itself:
Like training, steerage is a method which is supposed to permit infant or person to
take place innate prospects or noble traits for his expandment touching social
improvement as properly. Education and steering are each take utmost take care of
the improvement of the kid and guy that is the actual goal of lifestyles.

2. Steering is a continuous system:

Human existence is dynamic and world is also receiving changes within the each
level of the age. So extra or much less an individual faces certain troubles of
existence and society and attempts his nice to regulate not for few days or few years
as a substitute for whole lifestyles span.

Due to the fact lifestyles is complete of troubles, anxieties and tensions from the
factor of answer of troubles, selection of selections and taking appropriate
selections. Indeed, steerage isn't always restrained to precise period of human
lifestyles however it is wished for all times to come which proves that steering is a
continuous system.

3. guidance is a bipolar process:

Formerly it is pointed out that steering is a process or service or programme wherein
person or persons from the two aspects take part. In a single hand the child or
character plays his function, who needs steering and then again the manual or
steering worker completes his process offering steerage or advice to the needy
toddler or character.

Of direction, in some situations organization of the people take steerage from

steering employee additionally. In-truth steering is a bipolar manner wherein two
stated sides act nicely.

4. guidance is standard in nature:

Guidance is necessary for each human lifestyles. Due to the fact each human
lifestyles goes through certain problems in its survival. Some need steering to
remedy the issues of life constantly even as others require it every so often within
the lifestyles time. From this factor of view it may be stated that guidance is time-
honored in nature.

5. steerage is a assist at the time of need:

The actual meaning of guidance well-knownshows that steerage is shape of assist,
assistance or recommendation offered by a senior, educated, experienced and
certified man or woman to the needy teen he who lacks understanding of going
through problems or problems of life.

6. guidance is an answer for the issues:

Whilst man or woman or infant feels not able to face the problems of existence, he
starts on going to door of steering worker. Due to the fact steerage worker or expert
 suggests some of the approaches to conquer the issues faced with the aid of the
needy person.

7. steering is each generalized and a specialized services:

Steering is a generalized carrier as it is carried on with the aid of instructors, parents,
and family to help or assist the individual toddler while he turns into not able to
solve the problems of life. Steering is not only a generalized carrier however
additionally it's far a specialized carrier.

Because in some particular state of affairs and context the steering work is
completed by particularly certified and skilled employees together with counsellors,
psychologists, psychiatrists maintaining in view to remedy the problems of the kid.

8. character is the principal point of the steering

Certainly character is the principle attention of steering as it offers with the weak
point, efficiency, desires, motives and hobbies of person together with his care and
caution for the troubles.

9. steerage is systematic and organised

Steering isn't always an incidental and haphazard business up to now its running
procedure is involved. Steering can be greater effective, purposive and goal
accomplishing if it turns into greater systematic, organised and properly executed.

10. guidance is a co-operative method:

Of course steering specifically takes two category of folks which include manual and
individual who seeks steering. To offer guidance to the kid steering employee or the
technical personnel wishes many records’s regarding observational and interactive
behaviour which may be accrued from mother and father, teachers and spouse and
children.

Guidance paintings can't be completed and fruitful one with out receiving the
desired facts’s regarding child from the stated nearest folks. In order that on the time
of guidance the technical employees need to be co-operated through parents,
instructors and relatives. Due to this motive it's far uttered that steerage is a co-
operative procedure.

11. steering is selection making:

The which means and nature of steerage can be incomplete if we say that steering is
related to problem of person and its solution. Instead steerage is supposed to help the
man or woman in solving problems and to take his very own suitable decisions on
the time of need.

12. steerage has extensive applications within the numerous aspects of life:
 Steering does no longer cover only troubles of bearing on few aspects of existence
which include instructional, vocational and private. Rather the know-how of steering
is widely and popularly applied to remedy the troubles regarding fitness, social,
emotional and marital elements of human existence.

13. steerage is invited for man or woman in addition to social development:

The development of the society relies upon upon the interest, adjustment and
achievement of the character as he is the part and parcel of the society. From that
point of view guidance circuitously invitations development of the society because it
hopes, aspires and facilitates quality for the character improvement to the best
quantity so far his educational career, vocational career and many others. Are
involved.

The scope of the guidance extends its long hand in helping needy individual the

following considerations regarding:

1. Selection of suitable courses and subjects,

2. Better choice of preferable vocations/occupations,

3. Preparation for a better job,

4. Proper placement in the world of the works,

5. Been interest for higher education and training,

6. Clear cut knowledge of applying and availing the scholarships;

7. Sure gain of the achievements in favourable field,

8. Improvement of regular study habits,

9. Maintenance of the physical health relating physical exercises, food etc.,

10. Development of the mental health,

11. Solution of the personal adjustment problems,

12. Careful and fruitful suggestions for social adjustment problems,

13. Ways to find out and gain pleasure, peace and satisfaction in both personal and as well

as social life.

QUESTION: 02

Highlight the importance of counseling for elementary school teachers in Pakistan. Also
explained some situations in school setting where counseling in essential

ANSWER:

IMPORTANCE OF COUNSELING FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

To Contribute to the Mutual Adjustment of Students and the School Guidance has a
responsibility for developing and maintaining a cooperative relationship between students and
the school. Teachers and counsellors must be cognizant of students' needs. Students also must
make adjustments to the school. They have a responsibility to contribute something to the
school. A major contribution of students is that of making appropriate use of the school's
resources and working toward accomplishments. Such mutual adjustment of students and school
is facilitated by providing suggestions for program improvements, conducting research for
educational improvements, contributing to students' adjustment through counselling, and
fostering wholesome schoolhome attitudes.

The Transformative Process of Counselling

Counselling is a process. It means that Counselling involves a sequence of identifiable events
spread over a period of time. The time taken, the sequence of events, and dynamics, involved,
the nature and extent of exploration, differ from individual to individual. However there are
certain basic stages, which form the essentials of counselling processes. The process of
counselling comprises of certain concepts, they are as follows: Readiness: The counselee are of
two types i.e. one who seeks assistance voluntarily and the other who are referred. The
counselling presupposes a desire on the part of the counselee that makes him come for the
assistance. This desire is referred to as readiness.

Counter Transference:
This occurs when counsellor project their unresolved conflicts upon the counselee. When
counsellor feels uncomfortable and experience felling of anger, resentment or become
overemotional, it is unhealthy.

Resistance: It refers to counselee's move to oppose the counsellor's to work towards set goals.
This influences the counselling outcome positively. Resistance ranges from open hostility to
passively resistant behaviour like being late for an appointment

Blis basic college steering counseling offerings

In the course of simple college students begin to develop their self-information (self-
attention and self-popularity), emotion identification, academic self-idea and their emotions
of competence and self assurance as newbies. They also build decision making,
communique, friendship constructing and interpersonal competencies, as well as obtaining
attitudes in the direction of school, look at behavior, friends-social groups and family. As
elementary counseling provider, our intention is to foster this increase by using creating and
implementing a comprehensive developmental faculty counseling program which enhances
the knowledge, attitudes and abilities that our college students acquire inside the abilities of
instructional, non-public, social and profession development.

The crucial elements of fundamental counseling carrier may be summarized as follows:

Operating with kids

Assessment of person college students is the most important role of the counselor. Because
of this, the basic counselor observes the students in the college placing, makes person and
organization counseling interventions while wanted, prepares and conducts developmental
and preventive counseling offerings that specialize in personal and highbrow development
of college students (e.G. Peace training, managing bullying, friendship building abilities,
warfare resolution skills, problem solving talents, social competencies counseling
applications). Man or woman, small-institution, personal, and disaster counseling are
available to all college students.

Additionally, the elementary counselor is chargeable for preparing pse classes (non-public
social training) to provide the scholars with expertise of private, social, academic, and
profession improvement. The pse steering curriculum consists of based developmental
stories provided systematically thru organization activities in pre okay through grade four.
Classroom instructors implement these lessons with the cooperation of counselor each
week.

Operating with parents

Consultation with dad and mom is an vital part of our assist technique as we all work
together to create a safe and worrying surroundings for college kids inside and out of the
college.

Academic, social and emotional worries

Circle of relatives transitions consisting of divorce, loss of life or transferring
Inquiring for evaluations. To tell the school of outdoor helps in location for your child
The elementary counselor also informs the dad and mom approximately the improvement of
their youngsters within the faculty, conducts steering sessions for parents to enhance their
parenting talents and beautify their relationships with their kids while needed or requested.

Working with instructors and directors

The fundamental counselor collaborates with instructors and administration to identify
limitations to instructional and private increase and develop interventions to address regions
of need. We attach importance to perceive the skills and uniqueness of each scholar as early
as feasible. Additionally, in-provider trainings are given to the lecturers when wanted.

Moreover, fundamental counselor division paintings collectively with directors and normal
conferences are keep with the principals and vice essential to help with identifying and
resolving scholar problems, desires and issues.

Operating with different experts

If required or requested, the primary counselor refers sources out of doors of faculty to
assist guide our college students. We touch with different specialists such as clinical
psychologists, psychiatrists and unique education specialists whilst youngsters have any
kind of conduct issues or mastering difficulties. Additionally, the counselor might also
convey an expert to the college to give in-carrier training to the college personnel while
needed.

Absolutely a trainer performs a totally critical role inside the physical and intellectual
improvement of a toddler. In the early years of schooling, students absolutely worship their
instructors. They adore their instructors to such an volume that a single phrase of
appreciation from her, manner the arena to them. A little golden famous person, a butterfly
on the face, a finger puppet or a small birthday card is greater fruitful than 10 days of non-
stop learning.

That is the stage at which a instructor via her motivational competencies – if she has them –
can build the whole persona of the developing mind. She knows the energy and weaknesses
of her students. By way of helping the scholars grow their competencies she will be able to
carve out a very unique and resonating persona. This will be completely in contrast to the
average scholar that we are generating after 10 or 12 years of education: aimless,
undisciplined, unwell-mannered, unskilled personnel that adds to the load of this
underdeveloped economic system of pakistan.

As an alternative a instructor need to recognition on refining the ones areas of a toddler

which can deliver success for them. As an example, if a pupil could be very energetic in
play however he takes an excessive amount of time whilst writing, the instructor must use
his hobby in games as a motivational ability to make him learn his instructions properly. I
recognize a trainer who taught her college students counting thoroughly through the
skipping rope!
As a counselor, the instructor makes use of her capability of being compassionate on her
actions to gain the self belief of her students that she is the proper man or woman to
proportion their problems with and is capable of fixing those issues. This expertise and self -
belief brings satisfaction and peace of thoughts for the scholars and leads them to the path of
fulfillment.

A teacher’s achievement in moulding the character of someone lies in her self-awareness

and sympathy for her students. She feels no hesitation in status inside the footwear of her
college students and watching the sector thru their eyes.

It's miles this trainer who can assemble a higher global via constructing a higher persona for
her pupil.

Some More Benefits of a Guidance and Counselling program:

1. Prepares children for career and personal challenger through career and personal
development.
2. It makes them competent for future success.
3. Equipes them with all the latest career trends.
4. Improves personal development.
5. Shapes the child for decision taking and making the process by developing their
interpersonal skills.
6. Induces teamwork and leadership qualities.
7. Educates them about the changing world.
8. Fosters effective learning.
9. Gives them a feeling of being heard.
10. Facilitates with better communication skills and enhances their personalities.

SITUATION IN SCHOOL:

Serious diagnosable intellectual fitness situations affect 21% of u.S. Youngsters between the
a while of 9 and 17, however simplest 20% of these children acquire a analysis and get hold
of remedy in any given year. At the same time as college counselors may also suspect the
presence of mastering problems or different situations consisting of adhd, they're now not
certified to diagnose or prescribe medicine. A few schools do have school psychiatrists,
however, and these professionals are able to prescribe medicinal drug to college students,
although parental permission is normally necessary.
While a college counselor suspects the presence of a gaining knowledge of, behavioral, or
mental fitness situation, they may normally offer a referral to a expert inside the community.
Gaining knowledge of difficulties may be diagnosed by means of college or instructional
psychologists or neuropsychologists, and adhd is commonly diagnosed via psychiatrists,
physicians, or scientific psychologists in private exercise.

School Crise:
Incidents of school crises have been proliferating across society, and school counselors are
key individuals in addressing violence prevention activities and addressing issues
in crisis intervention plans.

Intervention, and Prevention

The professional faculty counselor’s primary role is to facilitate making plans,

Coordinate response to and suggest for the emotional wishes of all folks tormented by the
Crisis/essential incident by offering direct counseling provider all through and after the
Incident” further, school counselors can also need to tackle a management
Function before, at some stage in, and after a disaster. In a recent examine approximately
educators’ perceptions of the.
Position college counselors and faculty psychologists occupy in colleges, 32% of the
academics.

And 30% of the directors believed that the school counselor ought to count on
Management in the event of a college disaster. But, discovered that once a disaster impacted
schools, many college. Counselors assumed administrative roles that resulted in making
numerous choices that. Have been beyond their scope of training and task description.
Following the disaster, a few. Directors perceived the school counselor as “overstepping
their authority” by way of filling.
A function frequently assumed by way of the predominant. As a end result, anxiety and
strained relationships. Befell among those two professionals. Those consequences were
supported with the aid of. Studies conducted by auger et al. (2004) in which college
counselors and other supporting. Experts inside the school putting have been asked to
signify their instruction for dealing.
With traumatic activities. About 36% indicated feeling inadequately prepared for
Disaster intervention and mentioned that their understanding turned into received often thru
Reading expert literature, discussion in a college route.

 providing individual and group counseling

 advocating for student safety by recommending school personnel put consistent
procedures, communication and policies in place
 providing interventions for students at risk of dropping out or harming self or others
 offering peer mediation training, conflict resolution programs and anti-bullying
programs
  supporting student-initiated programs such as Students Against Violence
Everywhere
 providing family, faculty and staff education programs
 facilitating open communication between students and caring adults
 defusing critical incidents and providing related stress debriefing
 participating in district and school response team planning and practices and helping
ensure students and staff are able to process/understand crisis response drills
 promoting trauma-informed practices
 advocating for restorative justice programs
 partnering with community resources

QUESTION: 03

Why it is important to address elementary school students’ developmental needs? Discuss.

ANSWER

Elementary School Students and Their Developmental Needs

Many studies display that tweens emerge as much less engaged in school after coming into
primary school. A few psychologists endorse this happens due to the fact center school
coaching does not in shape properly with tweens' developmental wishes

In line with psychologists, as they enter the middle faculty years, tweens start to have new
desires. One is a need for increased independence. The opposite is an increasing want for
meaningful interactions with adults who are not their mother and father. In other words,

tweens crave freedom but additionally need grownup help.2 sadly, even though, center
colleges had been located to fall brief on each fronts.

Primary school teachers have a tendency to provide much less social guide to students than
do college teachers.

Further, the early middle faculty grades usually offer much less independence to college
students than do the top levels of elementary faculties
Further, the goals of middle faculty lecture rooms have been discovered to be exceptional
than the desires of primary school classrooms. This is unfortunate since the simple college
method tends to foster better gaining knowledge of and more appreciation for getting to
know compared to the middle school technique.
Center faculties were found to emphasize grades and correct solutions while basic schools
region extra emphasis on amusement of learning.

In step with surveys, college students note and reply to the difference in lecture room

goals.Four regrettably, this variation in dreams takes place at precisely the instant while
students are becoming clearly distracted through non-educational subjects, along with pals
and romantic pastimes. In different words, just when college students want classes to be at
their most thrilling and attractive, they may be much less so than ever.

Primary education is the foremost and fundamental proper of each baby. To ensure the
accessibility to all children is not handiest the responsibility of government however also of
parents. The principle goal of the number one education is to convey cognizance the various
youngsters, opens avenues of opportunities along side self-improvement and decreases
inter-generational poverty. It's miles step one inside the making of welfare and society.
Primary schooling is an out-and-out pre-needful for non-stop development.

On the way to compete with the world, youngsters are equipped for the beginning phase of
their lives. From the age of 4 or 5 years, the children grew up in their domestic in which
they find out about circle of relatives lifestyles, how to engage with human beings. The
position of primary education is to make certain the improvement of children. This means
that all children are able to expand their social, cognitive, cultural, emotional and bodily
abilities in keeping with the pleasant in their capabilities. To get a high-quality primary
education, it is very vital to wait an excellent pre-college and number one college which
could make more have an effect on on kids’s instructional progress than their family
background or their gender.

The important function of primary training

Number one schooling is the incubator for the subsequent technology of leaders, thinkers,
and innovators. The task for number one school educators is to prepare younger minds and
the use of that expertise to broaden instructional techniques to preserve college students
concerned in curriculum materials. Number one college educators are responsible to deliver
standardized learning to fulfill mounted standards of schooling. For number one schooling
vendors, it is very easy to look the inexperienced persons as specific individuals. Early
training is the time to find out a worrying and supportive ecosystem that champions
individuality whilst introducing the values of coordination to attain each individual and
institution dreams.

Number one education is measured because the base for the destiny highbrow trends. The
subjects of humanities are added in the program of examine with the intention of make the
kid acquainted with the human world. Moral education is also bringing collectively as an
vital a part of the curriculum with the motive of develops moral sentiment and tremendous
outlook within the early segment of a infant. Getting primary schooling provides a
meticulous improve to a infant
Supports social and emotional development
1. It is very vital for young kids to spend some time with different kids before starting
number one faculty, mainly for folks who are from distinctive cultures and
backgrounds. One can't take too lightly the importance of organization sports. The
institution interplay assist children to develop a feel of appreciate for others,
research the distinction between right and incorrect, a way to play with cooperation,
the importance of sharing, clear up disputes, observe instructions, and voice their
opinions.

2. Teaches independence and self assurance

It is a demonstrated truth that children in their early section of lifestyles who attend a
preschool that gives a advantageous and nurturing environment greater stable than
people who don’t, this additionally improve assured and character young achievers.
Early training gives a safe, glad and wholesome surroundings where youngsters can
acquire a sense of self and discover new things which learns them approximately
themselves.

3. Improves analyzing and communique skills

The verbal exchange and studying competencies of a kid are immediately related to
their primary training. Normally, between the age of 3 and five, a toddler’s
communication capabilities developed, that is why the number one schooling is
crucial to infant’s typical development. Young youngsters who attend preschool have
tons higher reading and verbal exchange skills than folks who don’t.

4. Diverse researchers declare today that getting a very good number one education has
more impact on youngsters’s universal improvement than their circle of relatives
history. Bad number one schooling can cause a baby closer to terrible effects. At the
same time as number one training determines the improvement and increase of
numerous components of a infant in context to the society, alternatively, having a
terrible nice of primary training or absence of it can lead children to illiteracy.
Consequently, number one education is the maximum critical segment of a baby’s
existence. It shapes them right into a better philosopher, learner and person.

5. Primary schooling is very advantageous now not most effective for an individual
however additionally for the country as nicely. It is the inspiration for the in addition
training. It paperwork the lives of children by way of selling their selection making
talent. The youngsters who were given early education end up more efficient and
skilled than individuals who don’t get this fundamental schooling. Furthermore,
when a kingdom is knowledgeable, it does now not go through many losses due to
innovativeness and capabilities of its citizens who're capable of result in the
revolution both at the grass root level and national stage.