Window Full Cal

STRUCTURAL
DESIGN & ANALYSIS
OF
ALUM. WINDOW
FOR
WINDOW RENOVATION WORKS
OF
FLAT 26C
TOWER 2
THE GRAND PANORAMA
AT
NO. 10 ROBINSON ROAD
HONG KONG
Submission Number : AWA_RR_001
1st Submission: 04/2016 (Revision A)
Prepared by: D.L.
Check by : B. H.
Approval by:
TABLE OF CONTENT
Flat 26C, Tower 2
The Grand Panorama Revision: A
Robinson Road ALUM. WINDOW SYSTEM
HONG KONG. Date : 2016/4/26
TABLE OF CONTENT
Section Description
1.0 INTRODUCTION PAGE
1
2.0 CODE OF PRACTICES AND SPECIFICATIONS
2
3.0 DESIGN MATERIAL STRENGTH
4.0 DESIGN LOADS 3~7
5.0 DEFLECTION LIMITED 8~9
6.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CALCULATION OF ALUM. WINDOW SYSTEM 9

Flat 26C, Tower 2
1.0. INTRODUCTION:
The calculation represent structural design of structural elements & fixing details of Alum.
Window and glass door system for Flat 26C, Tower 2 ,The Grand Panorama, Robinson Road
Structural system is adopts a limit state approach to design under wind load, live load and dead
load effect.
- Loading Path of Alum. Window System:
Wind Load -->> Glass Panel -->> Alum. Frame (mullion/transom) -->> GMS Fixing lug -->> Superstructure
Dead Load -->> Glass Panel -->> Alum. Frame(mullion/transom) -->> GMS Fixing lug -->> Superstructure
1
Flat 26C, Tower 2
2.0. STANDARDS, CODE OF PRACTICES AND SPECIFICATIONS USED:

2.1. Code of Practice for dead and imposed loads,2011, Hong Kong;
2.2. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel, 2011, Hong Kong;
2.3. BS8118: Structural Use of Aluminium,1991;
2.4. BS6262: Glazing for buildings
2.5. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Concrete, 2004 Hong Kong;
2.6. Code of Practice On Wind Effects, Hong Kong, 2004;
2.7. The Architect's Specifications.
3.0. DESIGN REFERENCE DATA :

3.1. For the Design of Steel Work:
Partial Load Factor For Wind Load: γWL_st = 1.4

Partial Load Factor For Dead Load: γDL_st = 1.4
Partial Load Factor For Imposed Load: γIL_st = 1.6
Material Factor for Steel Element: γm_st = 1.0
3.1.1. For the Use of Steel: Grade S 275
Design Data of the Steel to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Steel, 2005, Hong Kong
(1) Modulus of Elasticity of Steel: Est = 205000MPa (See Clause 3.1.3)
(2) Guaranteed or Min. Tensile Strength: U 275 = 430MPa

(3) Min. Design Strength of Steel: py_275 = 275MPa (See Table 9)
py_275
(4) Design Strength For Shear: pq_275 = (See Clause 4.2.3)
3
pq_275 = 158.8 ⋅ MPa
(5) Design Bearing Strength of Steel: pb_275 = 460MPa (See Clause 6.3.3.3)
−3 −3
(6) Density of the Steel: γst = 7850kg ⋅ m γst = 76.98 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
3.1.2. For the Use of Welds
1) For the Use of Fillet Weld:

Design Strength for Grade S 275 Steel: pfw_275 = 220MPa
2
Flat 26C, Tower 2
3.2. For the Use of Aluminum (Per BS 8118:1991):

For the Design of Aluminum Work:
Partial Load Factor For Wind Load: γWL_al = 1.2 (Table 3.1, P - 30)
Partial Load Factor For Dead Load: γDL_al = 1.2 (Table 3.1, P - 30)
Partial Load Factor For Imposed Load: γIL_al = 1.33 (Table 3.1, P - 30)
Material Factor for Bolt Joint Construction: γm_al = 1.2 (Table 3.3, P - 31)
3.2.1. H9-TE = 6063-T5 (Per BS EN 755-2). Aluminum Alloy:

Design Data of the Structural Use of Aluminum BS 8118:1991
(1) Limiting Stress for Bending & Overall Yielding: po_T5 = 110MPa (Table 4.1, P - 35)
Design Strength of Alum. Alloy 6063-T5:
−1
py_T5 = po_T5 ⋅ γ m_al py_T5 = 91.67 ⋅ MPa
(2) Limiting Stress for Local Capacity of Section: pa_T5 = 130MPa (Table 4.1, P - 35)
(3) Limiting Stress in Shear of Alum. Alloy 6063-T5: pv_T5 = 65MPa (Table 4.1, P - 35)
Design Strength in Shear of Alum. Alloy 6063-T5:

−1
pq_T5 = pv_T5 ⋅ γ m_al pq_T5 = 54.17 ⋅ MPa
(4) Modulus of Elasticity of Aluminum Extrusion: Eal_ex = 70000MPa (Table 2.5, P - 22)
3.2.3. H9-TF = 6063-T6 (Per BS EN 755-2). Aluminum Alloy:

Design Data of the Structural Use of Aluminum BS 8118:1991
(1) Limiting Stress for Bending & Overall Yielding: po_T6 = 160MPa (Table 4.1, P - 35)

−1
py_T6 = po_T6 ⋅ γ m_al py_T6 = 133.33 ⋅ MPa
(2) Limiting Stress for Local Capacity of Section: pa_T6 = 175MPa (Table 4.1, P - 35)
(3) Limiting Stress in Shear of Alum. Alloy 6063-T6: pv_T6 = 95MPa (Table 4.1, P - 35)

−1
pq_T6 = pv_T6 ⋅ γ m_al pq_T6 = 79.17 ⋅ MPa
3
Flat 26C, Tower 2
3.3. For the Use of Bolts:

3.3.1. Grade 50 Series Stainless Steel Bolts in Clearance Holes:
(1) Data of Bolts & Screws in Steel Work: (Per BS EN ISO 3506-1)
1) Min. Ultimate Tensile Strength Grade 50 Bolt: fu_50 = 500MPa (See Table 4)
2) Guaranteed or Min. 0.2% Proof Stress in Tension: py_50 = 210MPa (See Table 4)
(3) Design Tension Strength of Grade 50 Bolt: pt_50 = 174.3MPa

(4) Design Bending Strength of Grade 50 Bolt Shank: pbc_50 = 210MPa
(5) Design Shear Strength of Grade 50 Bolt: pq_50 = 144.9MPa
(6) Design Bearing Strength of Grade 50 Bolt: pb_50 = 497MPa
3.3.2. Grade 70 Series Stainless Steel Bolts in Clearance Holes:

(1) Data of Bolts & Screws in Steel Work: ( Per BS EN ISO 3506-1 )
(1) Min. Ultimate Tensile Strength Grade 70 Bolt: fu_70 = 700MPa (See Table 4)
(2) Guaranteed or Min. 0.2% Proof Stress in Tension: py_70 = 450MPa (See Table 4)
(3) Design Tension Strength of Grade 70 Bolt: pt_70 = 373.5MPa

(4) Design Bending Strength of Grade 70 Bolt Shank: pbc_70 = 450MPa
(5) Design Shear Strength of Grade 70 Bolt: pq_70 = 310.5MPa
(6) Design Bearing Strength of Grade 70 Bolt: pb_70 = 805MPa
3.3.3. Net Tensile and Shear Area of the Screws & Bolts: (Per BS 4190)
Nominal Size Net Tensile Area Shear Area
of in in
Bolts & Screws mm Sq. mm Sq.
2 2
M5 A 5t = 14.2 ⋅ mm A 5s = 19.64 ⋅ mm
2 2
M6 A 6t = 20.1mm A 6s = 28.27mm
2 2
M8 A 8t = 36.6mm A 8s = 50.27mm
2 2
M10 A 10t = 58.0mm A 10s = 78.54mm
2 2
M12 A 12t = 84.3mm A 12s = 113.1mm
2 2
M16 A 16t = 157.0 ⋅ mm A 16s = 201.1 ⋅ mm
2 2
M20 A 20t = 245.0 ⋅ mm A 20s = 314.2 ⋅ mm
2 2
M24 A 24t = 352.5mm A 24s = 452.4mm
4
Flat 26C, Tower 2
3.3.4. Grade 8.8 Steel Bolts in Clearance Holes:
(1) Data of Bolts & Screws in Steel Work: ( Per BS 4190 )
(1) Min. Ultimate Tensile Strength Grade 8.8 Bolt: fu_8.8 = 800MPa
(2) Guaranteed or Min. 0.2% Proof Stress in Tension: py_8.8 = 640MPa
(3) Design Tension Strength of Grade 8.8 Bolt: pt_8.8 = 450MPa
(4) Design Bending Strength of Grade 8.8 Bolt Shank: pbc_8.8 = 640MPa
(5) Design Shear Strength of Grade 8.8 Bolt: pq_8.8 = 375MPa
(6) Design Bearing Strength of Grade 8.8 Bolt: pb_8.8 = 1000MPa
5
Flat 26C, Tower 2
3.4. For the Use of Concrete:
Design Data of the <<Code of Practice for Structural use of Concrete>>, 2004
For the Design of Concrete Work:
Partial Load Factor For Wind Load: γWL_con = 1.4

Partial Load Factor For Dead Load: γDL_con = 1.4
Partial Load Factor For Imposed Load: γIL_con = 1.6
Material Factor of Concrete in Flexure or Axial Load: γm_con = 1.5
Material Factor of Bond Strength: γm_bond = 1.4
(1) Concrete Strength Grade (Min.): C35
(2) Minimum Character Strength of Concrete: fcu_35 = 35MPa

(3) Design Compressive Strength of Concrete: pcc_35 = 15.6MPa
(4) Bond Coefficient (Plain Bars): β = 0.28
(5) Design Bond Strength of Concrete: fbu_35 = 1.66 ⋅ MPa
4
(6) Short-term Static Modulus of Elasticity: EC35 = 2.37 ⋅ 10 MPa
3.5. For the Use of Glass:
(1) Modules of Elasticity: Egl = 70000MPa

(2) Strength of Glass Panel:
Tempered Glass: pgl_T = 50MPa
Annealed Glass: pgl_A = 20MPa
−3
(3) Density of the Glass Panel: γgl = 24.5kN ⋅ m
(4) Poisson's Ratio: νgl = 0.23
3.6. For the Use of Building Silicone Sealant:
3.6.1. For the Use of Structural Sealant:
Allowable Strength for Wind Load: pwl = 20psi pwl = 138 ⋅ kPa
6
Flat 26C, Tower 2
4.0 DESIGN LOADS:

4.1. Design Wind Load:
With Reference to the Hong Kong Wind Code and Consider the site ( Flat 26C, Tower 2 ,The Grand Panorama,
Robinson Road.) of this project as general terrain to design.
From high zone of the Site Level (+93.65 m)to 26/F (+180 m).
Actual Height of Captioned: H act = 180m − 93.65m
H act = 86.35 m
Max. Height of the Facade System Above Artificial Base Level:
Say Max. Height as H z = 100 (m) (Approximately)
T
 5.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 50.0 75.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250 300 400 500 
W0 =  
 1.82 2.01 2.23 2.37 2.57 2.73 2.86 3.05 3.20 3.31 3.41 3.58 3.72 
(
〈〉 〈〉
W0 = linterp W0 0 , W0 1 , H z ) W0 = if ( W0 > 3.72 , 3.72 , if ( W0 < 1.82 , 1.82 , W0) )
Wp = W0 ⋅ kPa
Design Wind Pressure: Wp = 2.86 ⋅ kPa
Total Pressure Coefficients: Cp (Table E2 of Hong Kong Wind Code)
Cp = 1.0 (Pressure / Suction on Building Non-Edge Zone)
Cs = 1.4 (Suction on the Building Edge Zone)
Design Wind Load for the Captioned:
WLp = Wp ⋅ Cp WLp = 2.86 ⋅ kPa (Pressure / Suction on Building Non-Edge Zone)
WLs = Wp ⋅ Cs WLs = 4 ⋅ kPa (Suction on the Building Edge Zone)
7
Flat 26C, Tower 2
4.2. Design Dead Loads:
Dead Load of the Glass Panels:

−3
Density of Glass: γgl = 25.6kN ⋅ m
Thickness of Glass. Panel: tgl = 8mm + 8mm
The Design Dead Load of Glass. Panel: DLgl = 1.2 ⋅ γ gl ⋅ tgl
DLgl = 0.49 ⋅ kPa

Dead Load of the Alum alloy :
−3
Density of Alum: γal = 27.1kN ⋅ m
Dead Load of the Steel :

−3
Density of Steel: γst = 7850 ⋅ kg ⋅ m
4.2. Design Imposed Load:
Refer to Code of Practice for dead and imposed loads,2011, Hong Kong, the imposed loads on the glass panel
are as follows (Table 3.1.3 --- Areas where crowded load is expected) :
Uniformly Distributed Load Applied on the Infill Between Floor and Top Rail: IL1 = 1.0kPa
−1
Uniformly Distributed Load Applied at a Height of 1.1 m above Floor Level: IL2 = 0.75kN ⋅ m
Concentrated Load Applied on Any Part of Infill Between Floor and Top Rail: IL3 = 0.5kN
5.0. DEFLECTION LIMITES:

Serviceability Deflection Limits on Facade Elements Under Working Loads Shell Not Exceed
as Following:
Structural Steelworks Span / 200 or 20mm
Structural Steelworks (Cantilevered) Span / 180 or 20mm
Aluminum Frameworks Span / 180 or 20mm, Whichever is Less

(Mullions and Transoms)
Alum. Transom under dead load Span / 360 or 3.0mm, Whichever is Less
(Refer to Particular Specification)
Glass Span / 60
8
Flat 26C, Tower 2
6.0. STRUCTURAL DESIGN CALCULATION:
6.1 Strength Analysis of glass panels of Alum. Window System:

6.1.1 Strength Analysis 8mm+Air+8mm thk. IGU glass panels of Alum. Window System. (G2)
- Design assumption:
The critical dimension of 8mm+8mm THK tempered glass panel (1491x1384 mm2 ), is
design as 4 sides simple support by Alum. frame. Say Max. short span is 1384mm to design
and it covered all the case of 8+Air+8 THK IGU tempered glass with short span under 1384mm.
- Design loading :
Design wind load : WLs = 4 ⋅ kPa

−1
The critical lived load : IL2 = 0.75 ⋅ kN ⋅ m or IL3 = 0.5 ⋅ kN
Dead load of glass : DL = 25.6 kN/ m 3 ( Negligible dead load effect )
Thickness of glass: tg1 = 8mm tg2 = 8mm

3
1.25 ⋅ tg1
Share factor of loading: kpanel = kpanel = 0.625
3 3
tg1 + tg2
9
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Check 4 sides simple support glass panel by design load table :
tg = 8mm
a = 1400mm --- Effective width
b = 1500mm --- Effective Height
b
Ra = = 1.07 --- By linear interpolation
a
0.362 − 0.272
β = ⋅ ( Ra − 1) + 0.272
1.2 − 1
β = 0.3
Max. stress of glass panel :
2
kpanel ⋅ WLs ⋅ a
σmax = β ⋅
2
tg
σmax = 23.31 ⋅ MPa < pgl_T = 50 ⋅ MPa O.K.
10
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Check the deflection under wind effect:
(
dmax = t ⋅ exp ro + r1 ⋅ x + r2 ⋅ x
2 )
Where t = 8mm , a = 1400 ⋅ mm and b = 1500 ⋅ mm
2 3
ro = 0.553 − 3.83 ⋅ + 1.11 ⋅   − 0.0969 ⋅  
b b b
a a a
ro = −2.4
2 3
r1 = −2.29 + 5.83 ⋅ − 2.17 ⋅   + 0.2067 ⋅  
b b b
a a a
r1 = 1.72
2 3
r2 = 1.485 − 1.908 ⋅ + 0.815 ⋅   − 0.0822 ⋅  
b b b
a a a
r2 = 0.28
  kpanel ⋅ WLs ⋅ ( a ⋅ b) 2 

x = ln ln
 
  4 
  kPa ⋅ E ⋅ t 
  kpanel ⋅ WLs ⋅ ( a ⋅ b) 
2
x = ln ln 
 
  4 
  Egl ⋅ t 
x = 1.29
(
dmax = t ⋅ exp ro + r1 ⋅ x + r2 ⋅ x )
2
dmax = 10.72 ⋅ mm
a
< = 23.33 ⋅ mm OK
60
11
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Critical Loads in the Glass Panel:

−1
Uniformly Distributed Load Applied at a Height of 1.1 m above Floor Level: IL2 = 0.75 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
Concentrated Load Applied on Any Part of Infill Between Floor and 1.1m Height: IL3 = 0.5 ⋅ kN
CASE I. Glass panel subject to imposed loads (refer to B4 & B5)

(1). Uniformly distributed load to be applied at a height of 1.1m above
floor level: ( CAP.123 Building (Construction) Regulations)
Glass panel is four sides supporting panel.
Linear Loading:
IL2 −2
P = P = 75 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
10mm
Consider the worst case as live load be applied at mid-span
a = 1400 ⋅ mm b = 1500 ⋅ mm
a1 = a b1 = 10mm
缶
b a1 b1
Rg = = 1.07 =1 = 0.01
a a a
12
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Refer to the design load table , Coefficient by linear interpolation:
β = 0.784
α = 0.113
kpanel ⋅ P ⋅ a1 ⋅ b1
δmax = β ⋅
2
tg
δmax = 8.04 ⋅ MPa < 50 MPa O.K.
Max. deflection of glass panel :

2
kpanel ⋅ P ⋅ a1 ⋅ b1 ⋅ a
dg = α ⋅
3
Egl ⋅ tg
a
dg = 4.06 ⋅ mm < = 23.33 ⋅ mm O.K.
60
13
Flat 26C, Tower 2
(2). The concentrated load applied on any part of the infill between floor
and top rail: ( CAP. 123 Building (Construction) Regulations)
Concertrated load: P = IL3

For conservative, assume the concentrated load is distributed on
a small area of 10cmx10cm supportings.
P
P = 0.5 ⋅ kN Pc =
10cm ⋅ 10cm p
Pc = 0.05 ⋅ MPa
The maximum bending stress:
a = 1400 ⋅ mm b = 1500 ⋅ mm
a1 = 100mm b1 = 100mm
a1 b1 b
= 0.071 = 0.071 Rc = = 1.07
a a a
Refer to the design load table , Coefficient:
3.226 − 3.158  b1 
β = ⋅  − 0.4 + 3.158 β = 3.1
0.4 − 0.01 a 
0.188 − 0.176  b1 
α = ⋅  − 0.4 + 0.169 α = 0.159
0.4 − 0.01 a 
kpanel ⋅ Pc ⋅ a1 ⋅ b1
δmax = β ⋅
2
tg
δmax = 15.14 ⋅ MPa < 50 MPa O.K.

2
kpanel ⋅ Pc ⋅ a1 ⋅ b1 ⋅ a
dg = α ⋅
3
Egl ⋅ tg
a
dg = 2.72 ⋅ mm < = 23.33 ⋅ mm O.K.
60
14
Flat 26C, Tower 2
6.1.2 Strength Analysis 6mm+Air+6mm thk. IGU glass panels of Alum. Window System : (G1 & G3)
The critical dimension of 6mm+6mm THK tempered glass panel (1178x498 mm2 ), is
design as 4 sides simple support by Alum. frame. It covered all the case of 6+Air+6 THK IGU
tempered glass with short span under 498mm.
- Design loading :

−1
Thickness of glass: tg1 = 6mm tg2 = 6mm

3
1.25 ⋅ tg1
Share factor of loading: kpanel = kpanel = 0.63
3 3
tg1 + tg2
15
Flat 26C, Tower 2
tg = 6mm
b
Ra = --- By linear interpolation
a
Ra = 2.4
0.711 − 0.603
β = ⋅ ( Ra − 2) + 0.603
3−2
β = 0.65

2
kpanel ⋅ WLs ⋅ a
σmax = β ⋅
2
tg
16
Flat 26C, Tower 2
(
2 )
Where t = 6mm , a = 500 ⋅ mm and b = 1200 ⋅ mm
2 3
+ 1.11 ⋅   − 0.0969 ⋅  
b b b
ro = 0.553 − 3.83 ⋅
a a a
ro = −3.58
2 3
− 2.17 ⋅   + 0.2067 ⋅  
b b b
r1 = −2.29 + 5.83 ⋅
a a a
r1 = 2.06
2 3
r2 = 1.485 − 1.908 ⋅ + 0.815 ⋅   − 0.0822 ⋅  
b b b
a a a
r2 = 0.46
  kpanel ⋅ WLs ⋅ ( a ⋅ b) 2 

x = ln ln
 
  4 
  kPa ⋅ E ⋅ t 
  kpanel ⋅ WLs ⋅ ( a ⋅ b) 
2
x = ln ln  
  4 
  Egl ⋅ t 
x = 0.83
(
dmax = t ⋅ exp ro + r1 ⋅ x + r2 ⋅ x )
2
dmax = 1.27 ⋅ mm
a
< = 8.33 ⋅ mm OK
60
17
Flat 26C, Tower 2

−1

Linear Loading:
IL2 −2
P = P = 75 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
10mm
a = 500 ⋅ mm b = 1200 ⋅ mm
a1 = a b1 = 10mm
缶
b a1 b1
Rg = = 2.4 =1 = 0.02
a a a
18
Flat 26C, Tower 2
0.942 − 0.824
β = ⋅ ( Rg − 1.4) + 0.824 β = 1.02
2 − 1.4
0.133 − 0.107
α = ⋅ ( Rg − 1.4) + 0.107 α = 0.15
2 − 1.4
kpanel ⋅ P ⋅ a1 ⋅ b1
δmax = β ⋅
2
tg
δmax = 6.64 ⋅ MPa < 50 MPa O.K.

2
kpanel ⋅ P ⋅ a1 ⋅ b1 ⋅ a
dg = α ⋅
3
Egl ⋅ tg
a
dg = 0.58 ⋅ mm < = 8.33 ⋅ mm O.K.
60
19
Flat 26C, Tower 2

P
P = 0.5 ⋅ kN Pc =
10cm ⋅ 10cm p
Pc = 0.05 ⋅ MPa
a = 500 ⋅ mm b = 1200 ⋅ mm
a1 = 100mm b1 = 100mm
a1 b1 b
= 0.2 = 0.2 Rc = = 2.4
a a a
3.226 − 3.158  b1 
β = ⋅  − 1.4 + 3.158 β = 3.02
2 − 1.4 a 
0.188 − 0.169  b1 
α = ⋅  − 1.4 + 0.169 α = 0.131
2 − 1.4 a 
kpanel ⋅ Pc ⋅ a1 ⋅ b1
δmax = β ⋅
2
tg
δmax = 26.23 ⋅ MPa < 50 MPa O.K.

2
kpanel ⋅ Pc ⋅ a1 ⋅ b1 ⋅ a
dg = α ⋅
3
Egl ⋅ tg
a
dg = 0.68 ⋅ mm < = 8.33 ⋅ mm O.K.
60
20
Flat 26C, Tower 2
6.1.3 Strength Analysis 10mm thk. glass panels of Alum. Window System (G4 &G5)
The critical dimension of 10mm THK tempered glass panel (600x410 mm2 ), is
design as 4 sides simple support by Alum. frame. It covered all the case of 10mm
tempered glass with short span under 410mm.
- Design loading :

−1
Thickness of glass: tg = 10mm
21
Flat 26C, Tower 2

b
Ra = = 1.46 --- By linear interpolation
a
0.476 − 0.362
β = ⋅ ( Ra − 1.2) + 0.362
1.5 − 1.2
β = 0.46
2
WLs ⋅ a
σmax = β ⋅
2
tg
22
Flat 26C, Tower 2
(
2 )
Where t = 10mm , a = 410mm and b = 600mm
2 3
+ 1.11 ⋅   − 0.0969 ⋅  
b b b
ro = 0.553 − 3.83 ⋅
a a a
ro = −2.98
2 3
− 2.17 ⋅   + 0.2067 ⋅  
b b b
r1 = −2.29 + 5.83 ⋅
a a a
r1 = 2.24
2 3
r2 = 1.485 − 1.908 ⋅ + 0.815 ⋅   − 0.0822 ⋅  
b b b
a a a
r2 = 0.18
  WLs ⋅ ( a ⋅ b) 2 

x = ln ln
 
  kPa ⋅ E ⋅ t4 
  
  WLs ⋅ ( a ⋅ b) 
2
x = ln ln  
  E ⋅ t4 
  gl 
x = 0.06 + 3.14i
(
dmax = t ⋅ exp ro + r1 ⋅ x + r2 ⋅ x )
2
dmax = ( 0.07 + 0.07i) ⋅ mm
a
< = 6.8 ⋅ mm OK
60
23
Flat 26C, Tower 2

−1

Linear Loading:
IL2 −2
P = P = 75 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
10mm
a = 410 ⋅ mm b = 600 ⋅ mm
a1 = a b1 = 10mm
缶
b a1 b1
Rg = = 1.46 =1 = 0.02
a a a
24
Flat 26C, Tower 2
0.942 − 0.824
β = ⋅ ( Rg − 1.4) + 0.824 β = 0.84
2 − 1.4
0.133 − 0.107
α = ⋅ ( Rg − 1.4) + 0.107 α = 0.11
2 − 1.4
P ⋅ a1 ⋅ b 1
δmax = β ⋅
2
tg
δmax = 2.57 ⋅ MPa < 50 MPa O.K.

2
P ⋅ a1 ⋅ b 1 ⋅ a
dg = α ⋅
3
Egl ⋅ tg
a
dg = 0.08 ⋅ mm < = 6.83 ⋅ mm O.K.
60
25
Flat 26C, Tower 2

P
P = 0.5 ⋅ kN Pc =
10cm ⋅ 10cm p
Pc = 0.05 ⋅ MPa
a = 410 ⋅ mm b = 600 ⋅ mm
a1 = 100mm b1 = 100mm
a1 b1 b
= 0.244 = 0.244 Rc = = 1.46
a a a
3.226 − 3.158  b1 
β = ⋅  − 1.4 + 3.158 β = 3.03
2 − 1.4 a 
0.188 − 0.169  b1 
α = ⋅  − 1.4 + 0.169 α = 0.132
2 − 1.4 a 
Pc ⋅ a1 ⋅ b1
δmax = β ⋅
2
tg
δmax = 15.13 ⋅ MPa < 50 MPa O.K.

2
Pc ⋅ a1 ⋅ b1 ⋅ a
dg = α ⋅
3
Egl ⋅ tg
a
dg = 0.16 ⋅ mm < = 6.83 ⋅ mm O.K.
60
26
Flat 26C, Tower 2
6.2 Structural analysis of Alum. transom of Alum. Window System:

6.2.1 Structural analysis of typical Alum. transom of Alum. Window System:
Assumption: The transoms work as simply supported beams. They suffer wind load and dead load.
The wind load on the transoms are treated as triangle load; the dead load of glass panel on
the transoms are treated as point load and the dead load of transom member on itself are
treated as uniform distribution load.
Max. Span of Transom: St = 1280mm − 180mm

Typical Detail Section Of Transom:
Max. Loading Width of the Alum. Transom:

Loading Width:
Effective Span of Alum. Transom: St = 1100 ⋅ mm
Height of the Top Glass Panel: H u = 900mm
Height of the Bottom Glass Panel: H d = 500mm
∆Stop = min ( H u , St) ⋅ 0.5 ∆Stop = 450 ⋅ mm
∆Sbot = min ( H d , St) ⋅ 0.5 ∆Sbot = 250 ⋅ mm

−1
αw = ∆Sbot ⋅ St αw = 0.23
Max. Design Wind Loads: WLs = 4 ⋅ kPa
(1) Wind Load on the Transom About Y-Y:
Max. Linear Load on the Transom:

−1
qtop = WLs ⋅ ∆Stop qtop = 1.8 ⋅ N ⋅ mm
−1
qbot = WLs ⋅ ∆Sbot qbot = 1 ⋅ N ⋅ mm
−1
qt_w = WLs ⋅ ( ∆Stop + ∆Sbot) qt_w = 2.8 ⋅ N ⋅ mm
27
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Max. Reaction Force in the Transom Support Due to Horizontal Load: Calculation Model :
1 qt_w
Rt_w = ⋅ qt_w ⋅ St ⋅ ( 1 − αw)
2
Rt_w = 1.19 ⋅ kN
Max. Bending Moment in the Transom Due to Horizontal Load: Lm
1
Mt_w = γ WL_al ⋅
24
2
(
⋅ qt_w ⋅ St ⋅ 3 − 4αw
2
)
Mt_w = 0.474 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
(2) Dead Load on the Transom About X-X: Calculation Model of the Transom:
qt_d
Max. Span of Typical Transom: St = 1100 ⋅ mm
Glass Dead Load: DLgl = 0.49 ⋅ kPa
Height of the Top Panel: H u = 0.9 m
St
Self-weight on Transom: qt_d = γal ⋅ A t1 ⋅ 1.2
−1
qt_d = 0.02 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
Dead Load on Transom: Pgl = 0.5 ⋅ DLgl ⋅ H u ⋅ St Pgl = 0.24 ⋅ kN
Max. Bending Moment in the Transom Section: Calculation Model of the Transom:
1 2 St 
Mt_d = γ WL_al ⋅  qt_d ⋅ St + Pgl ⋅  Pgl Pgl
8 4
Mt_d = 0.08 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
Max. Reaction Force in the Transom Support Due to DL: St/4 St/2
St/4
1 St
Rt_d = Pgl + ⋅ qt_d ⋅ St Rt_d = 0.25 ⋅ kN
2
Shear load of transom :
2 2
Vs = Rt_d + Rt_w ⋅ γ WL_al V s = 1.46 ⋅ kN
28
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Section Properties of the Alum. Extrusion Section :
Section of the Alum. Extrusion Profile:
Section Properties of About X-X:

2
Section Area: A t1 = 468mm
3
Elastic Modulus: Zx_t1 = 3280 ⋅ mm
4
Moment of Inertia: Ix_t1 = 71175mm
3
Plastic Modulus : Sx_t1 = 3936mm
Section Properties of About Y-Y:

3
Elastic Modulus: Zy_t1 = 7235 ⋅ mm
4
Moment of Inertia: Iy_t1 = 217577mm
Radius of Gyrations: rx_t1 = 20.3mm
3
Plastic Modulus : Sy_t1 = 8682mm
Considering Local Buckling - - Section Classification:
250MPa
The Quantity: po_al = 110MPa ε = ε = 1.51
po_al
BS 8118. 1991 Table 4.3 Limiting Values of β

β0 β1 Where:
Elements 0.5
Unwelded Welded Unwelded Welded ε=(250/po)
p =Limiting Stress(N/mm2)
Outstand Elements 7ε 6ε 6ε 5ε o
Internal Elements 22ε 18ε 18ε 15ε
29
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Element A (about axis x-x):
Weld_Mode = "Unwelded" Element_Mode = "Internal" Stress_Mode = "Fully Compression"
β1 = 18 ⋅ ε β0 = 22 ⋅ ε b
Element
β1 = 27.14 β0 = 33.17
t
where b = 45.1 ⋅ mm t = 2.3 ⋅ mm
b
Slenderness β = β = 19.61 < β0 = 33.17
Parameter t
Section_Classified_By_ ( β , β0 , β1) = "Fully Compact"

Element A (about axis y-y):
Weld_Mode = "Unwelded" Element_Mode = "Internal" Stress_Mode = "Stress Gradient"
β1 = 18 ⋅ ε β0 = 22 ⋅ ε
Element
β1 = 27.14 β0 = 33.17
where d = 45.1 ⋅ mm t = 2.3 ⋅ mm d
y o = 17.6 ⋅ mm y c = −27.5 ⋅ mm t
 yo  yo
g = Get_linterp_Value_  BS8118_Fig_4_2 ,  g = 0.51 where : = −0.64 g = 0.51
 yc  yc
d
Slenderness β = g⋅ β = 9.92 < β1 = 27.14
Parameter t
Element B (About axis x-x):
Weld_Mode = "Unwelded" Element_Mode = "Outstand" Stress_Mode = "Stress Gradient"
β1 = 6 ⋅ ε β0 = 7 ⋅ ε
Element
β1 = 9.05 β0 = 10.55
where d = 22.2 ⋅ mm t = 2.3 ⋅ mm

y o = 14.5 ⋅ mm y c = 36.7 ⋅ mm
 yo  yo
g = Get_linterp_Value_  BS8118_Fig_4_2 ,  g = 0.82 where : = 0.4
 yc  yc
30
Flat 26C, Tower 2
d
Parameter t

Element B (abuot axis y-y):
Weld_Mode = "Unwelded" Element_Mode = "Outstand" Stress_Mode = "Fully Compression"
β1 = 6 ⋅ ε β0 = 7 ⋅ ε b
Element
β1 = 9.05 β0 = 10.55
t
where b = 22.2 ⋅ mm t = 2.3 ⋅ mm
b
Slenderness β = β = 9.65
Parameter t
Section_Classified_By_ ( β , β0 , β1) = "Semi-Compact"

Considering Lateral Torsional Buckling: (Use General Expression)
Advanced Method: (Refer to BS8118, Appendix H.2）
On safe side consider and simplify the problem, we only take the narrow box section as the member section
to check the mullion lateral buckling. And the section is treated as a double symmetrical section.
The Consider Section Torsion Constant:
Section Depth: D m = 50mm Flange Thickness: (Take) tf = 2mm

Section Width: Bm = 28mm Web Thickness: (Take) tw = 2mm
Moment of Inertia:
1 3
B m ⋅ D m − ( Bm − 2 ⋅ tw) ⋅ ( D m − 2 ⋅ tf )
3 4 4
Iy_m =
12  Iy_m = 3.85 × 10 ⋅ mm
Torsion Constant of Section:

2 2
2 ⋅ tf ⋅ tw ⋅ ( D m − tf ) ⋅ ( B m − tw) 4
Jp1 = Jp1 = 84189.41 ⋅ mm
2 2
D m ⋅ tf + B m ⋅ tw − tf − tw
3
Shear Modulus of Aluminium: G al = 26.6 ⋅ 10 MPa
Critical Span of Mullion (Distance between main Supporting): St = 1100 ⋅ mm
Effective Length for Lateral Torsional Buckling: Lt = St Lt = 1100 ⋅ mm
31
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Elastic Critical Uniform Moment:

1
π 2
Mcr = ⋅ ( Eal_ex ⋅ Iy_m ⋅ G al ⋅ Jp1) Mcr = 7.01 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
Lt
Elastic Critical Slenderness Ratio:

1
2
 Eal_ex ⋅ 1.2( Zx_t1)  250MPa
λb = π ⋅   λb = 19.69 < 40 ⋅ = 60.3
 Mcr  po_al
So it is No Need to Check Lateral Buckling:
From Figure 4.9 of BS8118, the Bucking Stress for moment: po_b ( λb ) = 110 ⋅ MPa
Material factor for Alum. γm_al = 1.2
Total buckling stress for bending moment:
pe = po_b ( λb ) pe = 110 ⋅ MPa
Shear capacity :
pv_T5 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ A t1
Pv = Pv = 12.68 ⋅ kN > V s = 1.46 ⋅ kN O.K.
γm_al
Moment capacity under Low shear Load :

po_T5
MR.sx = ⋅ Sx_t1
γ m_al
MR.sx = 0.36 ⋅ kN ⋅ m > Mt_d = 0.08 ⋅ kN ⋅ m O.K.
pe ⋅ Sy_t1
MR.sy =
γm_al
MR.sy = 0.8 ⋅ kN ⋅ m > Mt_w = 0.47 ⋅ kN ⋅ m O.K.
Mt_d Mt_w
+ = 0.83 < 1.0 O.K.
MR.sx MR.sy
32
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Max. Deflection of the Transom Due to Dead Load: Pgl Pgl
St
a =
4
St/4 St/2 St/4
2 4
Pgl ⋅ a ⋅ St  a 
2 5 ⋅ qt_d ⋅ St
dt_d = 
⋅ 3 − 4⋅ + St
24 ⋅ Eal_ex ⋅ Ix_t1  2  384 ⋅ Eal_ex ⋅ Ix_t1
 St 
St
dt_d = 1.93 ⋅ mm < = 3.67 ⋅ mm or 5mm O.K.
300
Max. Deflection Due to Wind Load:
4 4
⋅  − 5αw + 2αw 
qtop ⋅ St qbot ⋅ St 25 2 4
dt_w = +
120 ⋅ ( Eal_ex ⋅ Iy_t1) 240 ⋅ ( Eal_ex ⋅ Iy_t1) 8 
St
dt_w = 2.595 ⋅ mm < = 6.11 ⋅ mm O.K.
180
(3) Wind Load + Dead Load On the Transom Section:
Combined Deflection of the Transom:
2 2 St
dt_w + dt_d = 3.23 ⋅ mm < = 6.11 ⋅ mm O.K.
180
33
Flat 26C, Tower 2
- Check Local bending of Alum. frame (6063-T5):
Basic design data:
tb = 2mm --- The weak section of extrusion
ex = 24mm --- Eccentricity distance of load
D s = 300mm --- 300c/c screw
Max. load due to self-weight of glass:
WLs ⋅ D s ⋅ 1080mm
Pgl = Pgl = 648.65 N
2
Max shear load :
V b = γ WL_al ⋅ Pgl V b = 0.78 ⋅ kN
Max. B M at section A :
Mb = V b ⋅ ex Mb = 18.68 ⋅ N ⋅ m
Section properties of section A :
Le = D s Le = 300 ⋅ mm
2
A b = tb ⋅ Le A b = 600 ⋅ mm
1 2 3
Sb = ⋅ tb ⋅ Le Sb = 300 ⋅ mm
4
Check the shear capacity ( V_RS ) :
pv_T5 = 65 ⋅ MPa
Ab
V RS = pv_T5 ⋅ V RS = 32.5 ⋅ kN
γm_al
V RS
= 16.25 ⋅ kN > V b = 0.78 ⋅ kN O.K.
2
Refer to clause 4.5.4.1 , Moment with low shear load
Moment capacity ( MRS ) :
po_T5 ⋅ Sb
MRS = MRS = 27.5 ⋅ N ⋅ m > Mb = 18.68 ⋅ N ⋅ m O.K.
γm_al
34
Flat 26C, Tower 2
6.3. Structural analysis Alum. mullion of Facade Alum. Window System.
6.3.1 Structural analysis typical Alum. mullion of Alum. Window System.

The member work as simply supported beams. They suffer wind load and dead load. The
Assumption:
wind load & dead load of glass panel on the member are treated as uniform distribution load.
Design Load path :
Wind load -->> Glass Panel -->> Alum. Mullion -->> Anchor Support -->> R.C Structure.
Dead load -->> Glass Panel -->> Alum. Mullion -->> Anchor Support -->> R.C Structure.
35
Flat 26C, Tower 2
- Structural analysis Alum. mullion of Alum. Window System
Assumption: The member work as simply supported beams. They suffer wind load and dead load. The
Typical Detail Section Of Mullion :
Max. Loading Width of the Alum. Section:

Loading Width:
Effective Span of Alum. Section: Lm = 1600mm
Width of the Left Glass Panel: WL = 1500mm
Width of the Right Glass Panel: WR = 1280mm
∆S1 = min ( WL , Lm) ⋅ 0.5 ∆S1 = 750 ⋅ mm
∆S2 = min ( WR , Lm) ⋅ 0.5 ∆S2 = 640 ⋅ mm

−1
αw = ∆S1 ⋅ Lm αw = 0.47
Design Wind Loads: WLs = 4 ⋅ kPa
(1) Wind Load on the Member About X-X:
Max. Linear Load on the member:

−1
qt_w = WLs ⋅ ( ∆S1 + ∆S2) qt_w = 5.57 ⋅ N ⋅ mm
36
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Max. Reaction Force on Support Due to Wind Load: Calculation Model :

1 qt_w
Rm_w = ⋅ qt_w ⋅ Lm Rm_w = 4.45 ⋅ kN
2
Max. Bending Moment on the Member Due to Wind Load:
1
Mt_w = γ WL_al ⋅
24
2
(
⋅ qt_w ⋅ Lm 3 − 4αw
2
) Lm
Mt_w = 1.51 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
Max. Shear Force on the member Due to Wind Load:
1
V s = γWL_al ⋅ ⋅ qt_w ⋅ Lm ⋅ ( 1 − αw) V s = 2.84 ⋅ kN
2
Section properties:

2
Section Area: A m1 = 459mm
3
Elastic Modulus: Zx_m1 = 8435 ⋅ mm
4
Moment of Inertia: Ix_m1 = 322633mm
3
Plastic Modulus : Sx_m1 = 10122mm

3
Elastic Modulus: Zy_m1 = 2893 ⋅ mm
4
Moment of Inertia: Iy_m1 = 52085mm
Radius of Gyrations: ry_m1 = 12.5mm
37
Flat 26C, Tower 2
250MPa
po_al

β0 β1 Where:
Elements 0.5
β1 = 18 ⋅ ε β0 = 22 ⋅ ε
Element
β1 = 27.14 β0 = 33.17
d
where d = 47.6 ⋅ mm t = 3 ⋅ mm
y o = −2.8 ⋅ mm y c = 47.6 ⋅ mm t
 yo  yo
g = Get_linterp_Value_  BS8118_Fig_4_2 ,  g = 0.68 where : = −0.06
 yc  yc
d
Parameter t
Element B (abuot axis x-x):
β1 = 14.92 ⋅ ε β0 = 18.24 ⋅ ε b
Element
β1 = 22.5 β0 = 27.5
t
where b = 33.4 ⋅ mm t = 3 ⋅ mm
b
Slenderness β = β = 11.13 < β0 = 27.5
Parameter t
38
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Element C (About axis x-x):
Weld_Mode = "Unwelded" Element_Mode = "Outstand" Stress_Mode = "Stress Gradient"
β1 = 4.97 ⋅ ε β0 = 5.8 ⋅ ε
Element
β1 = 7.5 β0 = 8.75
where d = 53.9 ⋅ mm t = 5 ⋅ mm
y o = 6.4 ⋅ mm y c = 60.3 ⋅ mm
 yo  yo
g = Get_linterp_Value_  BS8118_Fig_4_2 ,  g = 0.73 where : = 0.11
 yc  yc
d
Parameter t
Section_Classified_By_ ( β , β0 , β1) = "Semi-Compact"


Moment of Inertia:
1 3
B m ⋅ D m − ( Bm − 2 ⋅ tw) ⋅ ( D m − 2 ⋅ tf )
3
Iy_m =
12 
4 4
Iy_m = 4.29 × 10 ⋅ mm

2 2
2 ⋅ tf ⋅ tw ⋅ ( D m − tf ) ⋅ ( B m − tw) 4
Jp1 = Jp1 = 117460.04 ⋅ mm
2 2
3
Critical Span of Mullion (Distance between main Supporting): Lm = 1600 ⋅ mm
Effective Length for Lateral Torsional Buckling: Lt = Lm Lt = 1600 ⋅ mm
39
Flat 26C, Tower 2

1
π 2
Lt

1
2
 Eal_ex ⋅ 1.2( Zx_m1)  250MPa
λb = π ⋅   λb = 34.11 < 40 ⋅ = 60.3
 Mcr  po_al
So it is No Need to Check Lateral Buckling
pe = po_b ( λb ) pe = 110 ⋅ MPa
Shear capacity :
pv_T6 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ A m1
Pv =
γm_al
Pv = 18.17 ⋅ kN > V s = 2.84 ⋅ kN O.K.
Moment capacity under Low shear Load:

4
I1 = 2 ⋅ 150603mm
pe
MR.sx = ⋅ Sx_m1
γ m_al
MR.sx = 0.93 ⋅ kN ⋅ m > Mt_w = 1.51 ⋅ kN ⋅ m O.K.
4
⋅  − 5αw + 2αw 
qt_w ⋅ Lm 25 2 4
dmax =
240 ⋅ Eal_ex ⋅ ( Ix_m1 + I1) 8 
Lm
dmax = 7.39 ⋅ mm < = 8.89 ⋅ mm O.K.
180
40
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Checking M10 Bolt for the end fixing of mullion:

Shear load per bolts directly:
 γWL_st ⋅ Rm_w 
Fsq =  
 2 
Fsq = 3.12 ⋅ kN
Section Properties of screw :
Diameter of screw : dsc = 10mm

2
Net Tensile Area of screw : A 10s = 78.54 ⋅ mm
Shear capacity per screw :
Pq = pq_8.8 ⋅ A 10t
Pq = 21.75 ⋅ kN > Fsq = 3.12 ⋅ kN O.K.
Fsq
= 0.14 < 1.0 O.K.
Pq
Bearign capacity of transom:
Pbs = 3mm ⋅ pa_T5 ⋅ dsc
γ WL_al ⋅ Fsq
Pbs = 3.9 ⋅ kN > = 2.67 ⋅ kN O.K.
γ WL_st
41
Flat 26C, Tower 2
- Structural analysis Alum. mullion at corner of Alum. Window System .

Assumption: The member work as simply supported beams. They suffer wind load and dead load. The
Typical Detail Section Of Mullion :
Loading Define of the Alum. Section: Loading Width:
Effective Span of Alum. Section: Lm = 1600mm

Width of the Left Glass Panel: WL = 1100mm
Width of the Right Glass Panel: WR = 400mm
∆S1 = min ( WL , Lm) ⋅ 0.5 ∆S1 = 550 ⋅ mm
∆S2 = min ( WR , Lm) ⋅ 0.5 ∆S2 = 200 ⋅ mm
Design Wind Loads: WLs = 4 ⋅ kPa
Wind Load on the Member About X-X:
Max. Linear Load on the member:

−1
qw_x = WLs ⋅ ∆S1 qw_x = 2.2 ⋅ N ⋅ mm
−1
qw_y = WLs ⋅ ∆S2 qw_y = 0.8 ⋅ N ⋅ mm
42
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Max. Bending Moment on the Member Due to Live Load: Calculation Model :
1 2
qt_w
Mw_x = ⋅ qw_x ⋅ Lm Mw_x = 704.7 ⋅ N ⋅ m
8
1 2
Mw_y = ⋅ qw_y ⋅ Lm Mw_y = 256.26 ⋅ N ⋅ m
8
Max. Shear Force on the member Due to Live Load: Lm
V sx = 0.5 ⋅ qw_x ⋅ Lm V sx = 1.76 ⋅ kN
V sy = 0.5 ⋅ qw_y ⋅ Lm V sy = 0.64 ⋅ kN

2 2
Vs = V sx + V sy V s = 1.87 ⋅ kN
Section Properties of the Alum. Extrusion Profile:
Section of the Alum. Extrusion Profile:

2
Section Area: A m3 = 876mm
3
Elastic Modulus: Zx_m3 = 20509 ⋅ mm
4
Moment of Inertia: Ix_m3 = 779348mm
3
Plastic Modulus : Sx_m3 = 24610.8mm

3
Elastic Modulus: Zy_m3 = 20509 ⋅ mm
4
Moment of Inertia: Iy_m3 = 779348mm
43
Flat 26C, Tower 2
3
Plastic Modulus : Sy_m3 = 22247.04mm
Radius of Gyrations: ry_m3 = 29.6mm
250MPa
po_al

β0 β1 Where:
Elements 0.5
β1 = 18 ⋅ ε β0 = 22 ⋅ ε b
Element
β1 = 27.14 β0 = 33.17 t
where b = 68.4 ⋅ mm t = 3 ⋅ mm
b
Slenderness β = β = 22.8 < β0 = 33.17
Parameter t
Element B (about axis x-x):
β1 = 18 ⋅ ε β0 = 22 ⋅ ε
Element
β1 = 27.14 β0 = 33.17
d
where d = 68.4 ⋅ mm t = 3 ⋅ mm
y o = 33.1 ⋅ mm y c = −35.3 ⋅ mm t
 yo  yo
g = Get_linterp_Value_  BS8118_Fig_4_2 ,  g = 0.42 where: = −0.94 g = 0.42
 yc  yc
d
Parameter t
44
Flat 26C, Tower 2

Moment of Inertia:
1 3
B m ⋅ D m − ( Bm − 2 ⋅ tw) ⋅ ( D m − 2 ⋅ tf )
3
Iy_m =
12 
5 4
Iy_m = 7.48 × 10 ⋅ mm

2 2
2 ⋅ tf ⋅ tw ⋅ ( D m − tf ) ⋅ ( B m − tw) Jp1 = 117460.04 ⋅ mm
4
Jp1 =
2 2
3
Critical Span of Mullion (Distance between main Supporting): Lm = 1600 ⋅ mm
Effective Length for Lateral Torsional Buckling: Lt = Lm Lt = 1600 ⋅ mm

1
π 2
Lt

1
2
 Eal_ex ⋅ 1.2( Zx_m3)  250MPa
λb = π ⋅   λb = 14.81 < 40 ⋅ = 60.3
 Mcr  po_al
So it is No Need to Check Lateral Buckling
pe = po_b ( λb ) pe = 110 ⋅ MPa
45
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Shear capacity :
pv_T5 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ A m3
Pv = Pv = 23.72 ⋅ kN > V s = 1.87 ⋅ kN O.K.
γm_al
Bending capacity:
pe ⋅ Sx_m3
MR.sx =
γm_al
MR.sx = 2.26 ⋅ kN ⋅ m > Mw_x = 0.7 ⋅ kN ⋅ m O.K.
po_al ⋅ Sy_m3
MR.sy =
γm_al
MR.sy = 2.04 ⋅ kN ⋅ m > Mw_y = 0.26 ⋅ kN ⋅ m O.K.
Mw_x Mw_y
+ = 0.44 < 1.0 O.K.
MR.sx MR.sy

4
5 ⋅ qw_x ⋅ Lm
dx = dx = 3.44 ⋅ mm
384 ⋅ Eal_ex ⋅ Ix_m3
4
5 ⋅ qw_y ⋅ Lm
dy = dy = 1.25 ⋅ mm
384 ⋅ Eal_ex ⋅ Iy_m3
2 2
∆m = dx + dy
Lm
∆m = 3.67 ⋅ mm < = 8.89 ⋅ mm O.K.
180
46
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Check 39x2.0mm THK G.M.S fixing lug ( @300mm C/C ) of window frame:
Design assumption:
The design load is transferred from fixing lug to R.C structure by bond strength
of grouting .The fixing lug is design under the worst cast of shear load effect.
- Basic design data :
tlug = 2.0mm --- Thickness of fixing lug
Bl = 29mm --- Min. width of fixing lug
H w = 1100mm --- Max. height induce by wind effect
Sl = 300mm --- Max. spacing of fixing lug
ez = 47mm ---Level arm
Section properties :
2
A b = B l ⋅ tlug A b = 58 ⋅ mm
1 2 3
Zb = ⋅ tlug ⋅ Bl Zb = 280.33 ⋅ mm
6
Max. load from mullion of window :

Hw
Rsx = WLs ⋅ ⋅ Sl Rsx = 0.66 ⋅ kN
2
Max. Shear load :
V s = Rsx ⋅ γ WL_st V s = 0.92 ⋅ kN
47
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Max. B. M :
Mlg = V s ⋅ ez Mlg = 43.47 ⋅ N ⋅ m
Shear capacity :
py_275
Ps = ⋅ B l ⋅ tlug
3
Ps = 9.21 ⋅ kN > V s = 0.92 ⋅ kN O.K.
Moment capacity :
Mcx = 1.2 ⋅ py_275 ⋅ Zb
Mcx = 92.51 ⋅ N ⋅ m > Mlg = 43.47 ⋅ N ⋅ m O.K.
48
Flat 26C, Tower 2
- Check bond strength of G.M.S fixing lug ( @300mm C/C ) of window frame:
Tensile load induce wind load:
Tp = Rsx ⋅ γ WL_con Tp = 0.92 ⋅ kN
Refer to SUOC 2004 , Table 8.3 , Bond coefficient :
β = 0.28
Bond stress of Gr. 35 grouting :
fbond = β ⋅ 35MPa
fbond = 1.66 ⋅ MPa
Area of fixing lug :
A 1 = 50mm ⋅ 30mm
Capacity of bond strength of R.C :
Pbond = fbond ⋅ A 1
Pbond = 2.48 ⋅ kN > Tp = 0.92 ⋅ kN O.K.
- Check shear stress of Grouting :
Shear load at Grouting and R.C :

Fs = Rsx ⋅ γWL_con Fs = 0.92 ⋅ kN
Max. shear stress :

Fs
fs =
Sl ⋅ 30mm
fs = 0.1 ⋅ MPa < fbond = 1.66 ⋅ MPa O.K.
49
Flat 26C, Tower 2
300c/c Driven pin checking:

Max. Recation force:
Rsx = 0.66 kN
Tensile force:
T = Rsx ⋅ γWL_st
T = 0.92 kN < 1.2 O.K.
50
Flat 26C, Tower 2
Anchor Support checking (RAMSET M10 Z-A4 Anchor ):
Max. shear force at the support: (Refer to mullion)
Rm_w
Rx = (2 nos. of anchor)
2
Rx = 2.23 ⋅ kN
*Under BD Requirement. All of load considered safty factor = 3*
51
Table 1 : Design wind pressure
Height above Design wind pressure qz

site-ground level (kPa)
≤ 5m 1.82
10 m 2.01
20 m 2.23
30 m 2.37
50 m 2.57
75 m 2.73
100 m 2.86
150 m 3.05
200m 3.20
250m 3.31
300m 3.41
400m 3.58
≥ 500 m 3.72
Note : For intermediate values of height, linear interpolation is permitted.
5. FORCES ON BUILDINGS
5.1 The total wind force F on a building shall be taken to be the summation of the
pressures acting on the effective projected areas of the building and shall be
determined by the following equation :
F = Cf ΣqzAz ................................................. (1)
Where Cf is the force coefficient for the building, determined in accordance with
Appendix D;
qz is the design wind pressure at height z, determined in accordance

with section 4; and
Az is the effective projected area of that part of the building

corresponding to qz.
5.2 The effective projected area of an enclosed building shall be the frontal projected
area. The effective projected area of an open framework structure such as sign
frames and lattice towers shall be the aggregate projected area of all members on a
plane normal to the direction of the wind.
52
3.7.3.2 For floors for workshops, factories under Class 5 of Table 3.2 with distributed imposed load
not less than 7.5 kPa on every floor, the total distributed imposed load on every floor carried
by a vertical member may be reduced by the percentage given in Table 3.12, except as
provided in clause 3.7.1.
Table 3.12
Reduction of Total Distributed Imposed Loads on Floors for Workshops, Factories
under Class 5 of Table 3.2 with Distributed Imposed Load of not less than 7.5 kPa
Number of floors (including the roof) with Percentage reduction of total distributed
imposed loads qualifying for reduction imposed load on all floors (including roof)
carried by the member under consideration carried by the member under consideration
1 0
2 10
3 20
Over 3 25 maximum
Note: In no case can the reduced imposed load at each floor be less than 7.5 kPa.
3.8 Horizontal Imposed Loads on Protective Barriers

3.8.1 Horizontal Imposed Loads on Protective Barriers to Restrict or Control Movement of Persons
3.8.1.1 Partition walls, glass walls, curtain walls, lightweight structures and barriers installed to
restrict or control the movement of persons shall be designed to resist the minimum horizontal
imposed loads given in Table 3.13 when separately applied or the wind load (where
applicable), whichever shall produce the most adverse effect.
Table 3.13
Minimum Horizontal Imposed Loads on Protective Barriers
to Restrict or Control Movement of Persons
Line Load to be Uniformly distributed Concentrated load to

applied at a height of load to be applied on be applied on any part
1.1m above the floor the infill between floor of the infill between
Category
level and top rail floor and top rail
(kN/m) (kPa) (kN)

Areas where
congregation of
0.75 1.0 0.5
people is not
expected
Areas where people
may congregate but
1.5 1.5 1.5
overcrowding is not
expected
Areas susceptible to
3.0 1.5 1.5
overcrowding
3.8.1.2 Examples of areas where congregation of people is not expected are domestic uses, offices,
stairs and landings.
3.8.1.3 Examples of areas where people may congregate but overcrowding is not expected are areas
with fixed seating or tables; balconies; utility platforms; edges of roofs; and footbridges or
footpaths not greater than 3 m wide.
14
53
FIX Z Zinc coated steel
7.6 7a
ETA
European Technical Approval

¬ Torque controlled expansion anchor, made of
ETA Option 1 zinc coated steel for use in cracked and non cracked
n° 99/0002
concrete
h0
L
df
d d0
Tinst tfix hef

Technical data
hnom Anchor Depth Max thick Min thick Ø thread Drilling Ø drill Ø clearance Total Max. Code
FIX Z depth before of part to of base depth bit anchor tighten
hmin expans be fixed material lenth torque
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (Nm)
Pre-assembled anchor hef hnom tfix hmin d hO dO df L Tinst
8x70/9 9 70 056330
APPLICATION 8x90/29 46 55 29 100 8 65 8 9 90 20 056340
8x110/49 49 110 056350
¬ Steel and timber framework 10x85/9 9 85 056370
and beams 10x95/20 58 68 20 120 10 80 10 12 96 35 056380
¬ Lift guide rails 10x140/64 64 140 056390
¬ Industrial doors and gates 12x100/8 8 100 055337
12x115/23 23 115 055393
¬ Brickwork support angles
12x140/48 68 80 48 140 12 95 12 14 140 50 056620
¬ Storage systems 12x180/88 88 180 056630
12x220/128 128 220 056640
MATERIAL 16x135/22 22 135 100 056670
¬ Bolt M8-M16: Cold formed 16x170/57 82 97 57 160 16 115 16 18 170 056680
steel, DIN 1654 part 2 or 4 / 16x210/97 97 210 056690
Zinc electroplated Zn5C/Fe
(5 µm), NFA 91102
¬ Sleeve: Cold-rolled stainless Anchor mechanical properties
steel, 1.4404, finish 2B,
EN 10088 M8 M10 M12 M16
¬ Washer: Steel, NFE 25514 Cross-section above cone
¬ Hexagonal nut: Strength fuk (N/mm2) Min. tensile strength 750 650 650 540
grade 8, EN 20898-2 / Zinc fyk(N/mm2) Yield strength 793 640 620 530
electroplated (5 µm), As (mm2) Stressed cross-section 23,8 40,7 56,7 103,9
NFE 25009 Threaded part
fuk (N/mm2) Min. tensile strength 750 650 650 540
INSTALLATION fyk(N/mm2) Yield strength 680 520 520 430
As (mm2) Stressed cross-section 36,6 58 84,3 157
Wel (mm3) Elastic section modulus 31,23 62,3 109,17 277,47
M0Rk,s (Nm) Characteristic bending moment 28 49 85 180
M (Nm) Recommended bending moment 11,4 20,0 34,7 73,5
54
Page 53
7.6 7a
~ Concrete strength ≈฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
Ultimate (NRu,m, VRu,m) / characteristic loads (NRk, VRk) in kN

Mean Ultimate loads are derived from test results in admissible service conditions, and characteristic loads are statistically determined.
TENSILE SHEAR
Anchor size M8 M10 M12 M16 Anchor size M8 M10 M12 M16
Non cracked concrete Non cracked concrete
hef (mm) 46 58 68 82 VRu,m (kN) 17,4 25,7 40,9 58,0
NRu,m (kN) 14,7 21,5 27,0 48,5 VRk (kN) 11,6 19,0 27,0 42,0
NRk (kN) 9,0 16,0 20,0 35,1
Cracked concrete Cracked concrete
hef (mm) 46 58 68 82 VRu,m (kN) 14,6 22,6 37,3 50,2
NRu,m (kN) 12,5 18,4 25,8 36,5 VRk (kN) 9,1 17,0 23,0 35,0
NRk (kN) 5,0 9,0 12,0 20,0
Design Loads (NRd, VRd) for one anchor without edge or spacing influence in kN
TENSILE SHEAR
hef (mm) 46 58 68 82 VRd (kN) 9,3 15,2 21,6 33,6
NRd (kN) 4,3 7,6 9,5 16,7
hef (mm) 46 58 68 82 VRd (kN) 7,3 13,6 18,4 28,0
NRd (kN) 2,4 4,3 5,7 9,5 γMs = 1,25 for M8 to M16
γMc = 2,1
Recommended loads (Nrec, Vrec) for one anchor without edge or spacing influence in kN
TENSILE SHEAR
hef (mm) 46 58 68 82 VRec (kN) 6,6 10,9 15,4 24,0
NRec (kN) 3,1 5,4 6,8 11,9
hef (mm) 46 58 68 82 VRec (kN) 5,2 9,7 13,1 20,0
NRec (kN) 1,7 3,1 4,1 6,8 γF = 1,4 ; γMs = 1,25 for M8 to M16
γF = 1,4 ; γMc = 2,1
NRk V
For working load design per BD requirement, NRec = and VRec = Rk in which 3 is the required overall safety factor of structural fixing by BD.
3 3
55
Page 54
7.6 7a
CC- Method (values issued from ETA)
TENSILE SHEAR
V
N
¬ Concrete edge resistance
¬ Pull-out resistance
V0Rd,c Design concrete edge resistance

at minimum edge distance (Cmin)
Anchor size M8 M10 M12 M16
N0Rd,p Design pull-out resistance
Anchor size M8 M10 M12 M16 Non cracked concrete
Non cracked concrete hef 46 58 68 82
hef 46 58 68 82 Cmin 50 60 75 80
N0Rd,p (C20/25) 4,3 7,6 9,5 16,7 Smin 75 100 170 175
V0Rd,c (C20/25) 3,0 4,4 6,7 8,3
Cracked concrete
hef 46 58 68 82 Cracked concrete
N0Rd,p (C20/25) 2,4 4,3 5,7 9,5 hef 46 58 68 82
γMc = 2,1 Cmin 50 60 75 80
Smin 75 100 170 175
V0Rd,c (C20/25) 2,1 3,1 4,8 6,0
N
¬ Concrete cone resistance γMc = 1,5
V
¬ Pryout failure
N0Rd,c Design cone resistance

Anchor size M8 M10 M12 M16 V0Rd,cp Design pryout resistance
hef 46 58 68 82 hef 46 58 68 82
N0Rd,c (C20/25) 7,5 10,6 13,5 17,8 V0Rd,cp (C20/25) 10,5 14,8 37,7 49,2
hef 46 58 68 82 hef 46 58 68 82
N0Rd,c (C20/25) 5,3 7,6 9,6 12,7 V0Rd,cp (C20/25) 7,5 10,6 26,9 35,6
γMc = 2,1 γMcp = 1,5
V
N
¬ Steel resistance
¬ Steel resistance
VRd,s Steel design shear resistance
NRd,s Steel design tensile resistance Non cracked concrete
Anchor size M8 M10 M12 M16 VRd,s 9,3 15,2 21,6 33,6
NRd,s 12,9 18,6 26,4 40,0 Cracked concrete
γMs = 1,4 VRd,s 7,3 13,6 18,4 28,0
γMs = 1,25
NRd = min(NRd,p ; NRd,c ; NRd,s) VRd = min(VRd,c ; VRd,cp ; VRd,s)

βN = NSd / NRd ≤ 1 βV = VSd / VRd ≤ 1
βN + βV ≤ 1,2
fB INFLUENCE OF CONCRETE fβ,V INFLUENCE OF SHEAR LOADING DIRECTION
Concrete class fB Concrete class fB Angle β [°] fβ,V 90˚
6 °≤
C25/30 1,1 C40/50 1,41 0 to 55 1 80° ≤8 V
≤1 °
β
C30/37 1,22 C45/55 1,48 60 1,1

≤
90°
≤β
C35/45 1,34 C50/60 1,55 70 1,2

≤ 55°
80 1,5 180˚ 0˚
90 to 180 2
56
Page 55
7.6 7a
Ψs INFLUENCE OF SPACING FOR CONCRETE CONE RESISTANCE IN TENSILE LOAD
N
SPACING S Reduction factor Ψs
Cracked and non-cracked concrete
M8 M10 M12 M16
50 0,68
60 0,72 0,67
s 70 0,75 0,70 0,67
80 0,79 0,73 0,70 0,66
110 0,90 0,82 0,77 0,72
140 1,00 0,90 0,84 0,78
Smin < S < Scr,N 175 1,00 0,93 0,86
Scr,N = 3.hef 205 1,00 0,92
ΨS must be used for each spacing 245 1,00
influenced the anchors group.
Ψc,N INFLUENCE OF EDGE FOR CONCRETE CONE RESISTANCE IN TENSILE LOAD
N
EDGE C Reduction factor Ψc,N
M8 M10 M12 M16
50 0,79
60 0,90 0,77
c 70 1,00 0,85
75 0,90 0,80
80 0,94 0,84 0,74
90 1,00 0,91 0,80
Cmin < C < Ccr,N 105 1,00 0,89
Ccr,N = 1,5.hef 125 1,00
Ψc,N must be used for each distance
influenced the anchors group.
Ψs-c,V INFLUENCE OF SPACING AND EDGE DISTANCE FOR CONCRETE EDGE RESISTANCE IN SHEAR LOAD
¬ For single anchor fastening Factor Ψs-c,V

C 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2
Cmin
V Ψs-c,V 1,00 1,31 1,66 2,02 2,41 2,83 3,26 3,72 4,19 4,69 5,20 5,72
h>1,5.c ¬ For 2 anchors fastening Factor Ψs-c,V

C
S Cmin 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2
s Cmin
1,0 0,67 0,84 1,03 1,22 1,43 1,65 1,88 2,12 2,36 2,62 2,89 3,16
1,5 0,75 0,93 1,12 1,33 1,54 1,77 2,00 2,25 2,50 2,76 3,03 3,31
2,0 0,83 1,02 1,22 1,43 1,65 1,89 2,12 2,38 2,63 2,90 3,18 3,46
V 2,5 0,92 1,11 1,32 1,54 1,77 2,00 2,25 2,50 2,77 3,04 3,32 3,61
3,0 1,00 1,20 1,42 1,64 1,88 2,12 2,37 2,63 2,90 3,18 3,46 3,76
h>1,5.
c 3,5 1,30 1,52 1,75 1,99 2,24 2,50 2,76 3,04 3,32 3,61 3,91
4,0 1,62 1,86 2,10 2,36 2,62 2,89 3,17 3,46 3,75 4,05
4,5 1,96 2,21 2,47 2,74 3,02 3,31 3,60 3,90 4,20
5,0 2,33 2,59 2,87 3,15 3,44 3,74 4,04 4,35
s1 5,5 2,71 2,99 3,28 3,71 4,02 4,33 4,65
s2
s3 6,0 2,83 3,11 3,41 3,71 4,02 4,33 4,65
sn-1
¬ For 3 anchors fastening and more
h>1,5.c 57
Page 56
FIX Z - A4 stainless steel
7.7 7a
ETA
European Technical Approval

¬ Torque controlled expansion anchor, made of
ETA Option 1 stainless steel for use in cracked and non cracked
n° 04/0010
concrete
h0
L
df
d d0
Technical data
Tinst tfix hef
hnom FIX Z A4 Minimum anchor depth Maximum anchor depth

Letter marking
Min. Depth Max thick Drilling Min thick Max. Depth Max thick Drilling Min thick Ø Ø drill Ø clear- Total Max. Code
hmin anchor before of part to Depth of base anchor before of part to Depth of base thread bit ance anchor tighten
depth expans be fixed material depth expans be fixed material lenth torque
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (Nm)
Pre-assembled anchor hef,min hnom tfix ho hmin hef,max hnom tfix ho hmin d dO df L Tinst
M8x55/5 - 5 - 55 050441
M8x70/20-7 C 35 42 20 52 100 48 55 7 65 100 8 8 9 70 20 054610
M8x90/40-27 E 40 27 90 055343
APPLICATION
M8x130/80-67 H 80 67 130 050367
¬ Steel and timber framework M10x65/5 - 5 - 65 050466
and beams M10x75/15 C 42 50 15 62 100 58 66 - 78 100 10 10 12 75 35 054630
M10x95/35-20 E 35 20 95 054640
¬ Lift guide rails M10x120/60-45 G 60 45 120 050442
¬ Industrial doors and gates M12x80/5 - 5 - 80 055344
M12x100/25-6 E 50 60 25 75 100 70 80 6 95 140 12 12 14 100 50 055345
¬ Brickwork support angles
M12x115/40-21 G 40 21 115 055394
¬ Storage systems M12x140/65-46 I 65 46 140 054680
M16x125/30-8 G 30 8 125 050443
M16x150/55-33 I 64 70 55 95 128 86 100 33 117 172 16 16 18 150 100 054700
MATERIAL M16x170/75-53 K 75 53 170 050444
¬ Bolt M8-M16:
Steel n°1.4404 (A4), 1.4578,
NF EN 10088.3 Anchor mechanical properties
¬ Sleeve: Steel n°1.4404 cold
laminated, NF EN 10088.3 M8 M10 M12 M16
¬ Washer: Stainless Steel A4, Cross-section above cone
NF EN 20898 fuk (N/mm2) Min. tensile strength 900 900 900 880
fyk(N/mm2) Yield strength 780 780 780 750
¬ Hexagonal nut: Stainless Steel
As (mm2) Stressed cross-section 24,6 41,9 58,1 107,5
A4-80, NF EN 20898-2
Threaded part
fuk (N/mm2) Min. tensile strength 620 620 620 580
INSTALLATION fyk(N/mm2) Yield strength 420 420 420 330
As (mm2) Stressed cross-section 36,6 58 84,3 157
Wel (mm3) Elastic section modulus 31,23 62,3 109,17 277,47
M0Rk,s (Nm) Characteristic bending moment 23 46 81 193
M (Nm) Recommended bending moment 9,4 18,8 33,1 78,8
58
Page 57
7.7 7a
~ Concrete strength ≈฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
Ultimate (NRu,m, VRu,m) / characteristic loads (NRk, VRk) in kN

Mean Ultimate loads are derived from test results in admissible service conditions, and characteristic loads are statistically determined.
TENSILE SHEAR
Non cracked concrete Cracked and non-cracked concrete
hef,min (mm) Min 35 42 50 64 VRu,m (kN) 18,2 29,2 43,2 69,1
NRu,m (kN) Anchorage 12,5 13,3 20,1 33,1 VRk (kN) 11,3 18 26,1 45,5
NRk (kN) Depth 9 9 12 20
hef,max (mm) Max 48 58 70 86
NRu,m (kN) Anchorage 20 23,0 26,3 53,6
NRk (kN) Depth 12 16,1 16,1 30
Cracked concrete
hef,min (mm) Min 35 42 50 64
NRu,m (kN) Anchorage 9 13,1 15,3 24,5
NRk (kN) Depth 3 6 7,5 12
hef,max (mm) Max 48 58 70 86
NRu,m (kN) Anchorage 12,1 18,2 19 35,2
NRk (kN) Depth 4,1 7,5 9 16,1
Design Loads (NRd, VRd) for one anchor without edge or spacing influence in kN
TENSILE SHEAR
hef,min (mm) 35 42 50 64 VRd (kN) 7,5 12 17,4 25,3
NRd (kN) 6 6 8 13,3 γMs = 1,5 for M8 to M12 and γMs = 1,8 for M16
hef,max (mm) 48 58 70 86
NRd (kN) 8 10,7 10,7 20
Cracked concrete
hef,min (mm) 35 42 50 64
NRd (kN) 2 4 5 8
hef,max (mm) 48 58 70 86
NRd (kN) 2,7 5 6 10,7
γMc = 1,5
Recommended loads (Nrec, Vrec) for one anchor without edge or spacing influence in kN
TENSILE SHEAR
hef,min (mm) 35 42 50 64 VRec (kN) 5,4 8,6 12,3 18,1
NRec (kN) 4,3 4,3 5,7 9,5 γMs = 1,5 for M8 to M12 and γMs = 1,8 for M16, γF = 1,4
hef,max (mm) 48 58 70 86
NRec (kN) 5,7 7,6 7,6 14,3
Cracked concrete
hef,min (mm) 35 42 50 64
NRec (kN) 1,4 2,9 3,6 5,7
hef,max (mm) 48 58 70 86
NRec (kN) 1,9 3,6 4,3 7,6
γF = 1,4 ; γMc = 1,5
NRk V
For working load design per BD requirement, NRec = and VRec = Rk in which 3 is the required overall safety factor of structural fixing by BD.
3 3
59
Page 58
7.7 7a
TENSILE in kN SHEAR in kN
V
N ¬ Concrete edge resistance
¬ Pull-out resistance
V0Rd,c Design concrete edge resistance

at minimum edge distance (Cmin)
N0 Rd,p Design pull-out resistance Anchor size M8 M10 M12 M16
Minimum anchorage depth
hef,min 35 42 50 64 hef 35 42 50 64
hef,max 48 58 70 86 Cmin 60 65 100 100
Non cracked concrete (C20/25) Smin 60 75 170 150
N0Rd,p (hef,min) 6,0 6,0 8,0 13,3 V0Rd,c (C20/25) 3,3 4,1 8,7 10,1
N0Rd,p (hef,max) 8,0 10,7 10,7 20,0 Maximum anchorage depth
Cracked concrete (C20/25) hef 48 58 70 86
N0Rd,p (hef,min) 2,0 4,0 5,0 8,0 Cmin 60 65 90 105
N0Rd,p (hef,max) 2,7 5,0 6,0 10,7 Smin 50 55 75 90
γMc = 1,5 V0Rd,c (C20/25) 3,7 4,4 8,2 11,8
γMc = 1,5
N
¬ Concrete cone resistance V
¬ Pryout failure
N0Rd,c Design cone resistance V0Rd,cp Design pryout resistance

hef,min 35 42 50 64 Non cracked concrete
hef,max 48 58 70 86 hef min 35 42 50 64
Non cracked concrete (C20/25) V0Rd,cp (C20/25) 7,0 9,1 11,9 34,4
N0Rd,c (hef,min) 7,0 9,1 11,9 17,2 hef max 48 58 70 86
N0Rd,c (hef,max) 11,2 14,8 19,7 26,8 V0Rd,cp (C20/25) 11,2 14,8 39,4 53,6
Cracked concrete
Cracked concrete (C20/25)
hef min 35 42 50 64
N0Rd,c (hef,min) 5,0 6,5 8,5 12,3
V0Rd,cp (C20/25) 5,0 6,5 8,5 24,6
N0Rd,c (hef,max) 8,0 10,6 14,1 19,1
hef max 48 58 70 86
γMc = 1,5
V0Rd,cp (C20/25) 8,0 10,6 28,1 38,3
N γMcp = 1,5
V
¬ Steel resistance ¬ Steel resistance
VRd,s Steel design shear resistance

NRd,s Steel design tensile resistance Anchor size M8 M10 M12 M16
Anchor size M8 M10 M12 M16 Minimum anchorage depth
NRd,s 8,5 14,4 20,0 29,7 VRd,s 7,5 12,0 17,4 25,3
γMs = 1,8 for M8 to M12 and γMs = 2,1 for M16 γMs = 1,5 for M8 to M12 and γMs = 1,8 for M16
NRd = min(NRd,p ; NRd,c ; NRd,s) VRd = min(VRd,c ; VRd,cp ; VRd,s)

βN = NSd / NRd ≤ 1 βV = VSd / VRd ≤ 1
βN + βV ≤ 1,2
fB INFLUENCE OF CONCRETE fβ,V INFLUENCE OF SHEAR LOADING DIRECTION
Concrete class fB Concrete class fB Angle β [°] fβ,V 90˚
6 °≤
C25/30 1,1 C40/50 1,41 0 to 55 1 80° ≤8 V
≤1 °
β
C30/37 1,22 C45/55 1,48 60 1,1

≤
90°
≤β
C35/45 1,34 C50/60 1,55 70 1,2

≤ 55°
80 1,5 180˚ 0˚
90 to 180 2
60
Page 59
7a
Ψs INFLUENCE OF SPACING FOR CONCRETE CONE RESISTANCE IN TENSILE LOAD
SPACING S Factor Ψs SPACING S Factor Ψs
N
Minimum anchorage depth Maximum anchorage depth
M8 M10 M12 M16 M8 M10 M12 M16
60 0,78 50 0,67
75 0,86 0,80 55 0,69 0,66
100 0,98 0,90 0,83 0,76 75 0,76 0,72 0,68
s 105 1,00 0,92 0,85 0,77 90 0,81 0,76 0,71 0,67
110 0,94 0,87 0,79 110 0,88 0,82 0,76 0,71
125 1,00 0,92 0,83 130 0,95 0,87 0,81 0,75
150 1,00 0,89 145 1,00 0,92 0,85 0,78
170 0,94 155 0,95 0,87 0,80
192 1,00 175 1,00 0,92 0,84
205 0,99 0,90
210 1,00 0,91
258 1,00
Ψc,N INFLUENCE OF EDGE FOR CONCRETE CONE RESISTANCE IN TENSILE LOAD
N
EDGE C Factor Ψc,N EDGE C Factor Ψc,N
Minimum anchorage depth Maximum anchorage depth
M8 M10 M12 M16 M8 M10 M12 M16
60 1,00 60 0,91
c
65 1,00 65 0,95 0,91
100 1,00 72 1,00 0,96
100 1,00 80 1,00
90 0,94
105 1,00 0,90
130 1,00
Ψs-c,V INFLUENCE OF SPACING AND EDGE DISTANCE FOR CONCRETE EDGE RESISTANCE IN SHEAR LOAD
¬ For single anchor fastening Factor Ψs-c,V

C 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2
Cmin
V
Ψs-c,V 1,00 1,31 1,66 2,02 2,41 2,83 3,26 3,72 4,19 4,69 5,20 5,72
h>1,5.c
¬ For 2 anchors fastening Factor Ψs-c,V
C
S Cmin 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2
s
Cmin
1,0 0,67 0,84 1,03 1,22 1,43 1,65 1,88 2,12 2,36 2,62 2,89 3,16
1,5 0,75 0,93 1,12 1,33 1,54 1,77 2,00 2,25 2,50 2,76 3,03 3,31
2,0 0,83 1,02 1,22 1,43 1,65 1,89 2,12 2,38 2,63 2,90 3,18 3,46
V 2,5 0,92 1,11 1,32 1,54 1,77 2,00 2,25 2,50 2,77 3,04 3,32 3,61
3,0 1,00 1,20 1,42 1,64 1,88 2,12 2,37 2,63 2,90 3,18 3,46 3,76
h>1,5.c
3,5 1,30 1,52 1,75 1,99 2,24 2,50 2,76 3,04 3,32 3,61 3,91
4,0 1,62 1,86 2,10 2,36 2,62 2,89 3,17 3,46 3,75 4,05
4,5 1,96 2,21 2,47 2,74 3,02 3,31 3,60 3,90 4,20
5,0 2,33 2,59 2,87 3,15 3,44 3,74 4,04 4,35
5,5 2,71 2,99 3,28 3,71 4,02 4,33 4,65
6,0 2,83 3,11 3,41 3,71 4,02 4,33 4,65
¬ For 3 anchors fastening and more

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STRUCTURAL

DESIGN & ANALYSIS

Submission Number : AWA_RR_001

1st Submission: 04/2016 (Revision A)

Prepared by: D.L.

1.0 INTRODUCTION PAGE

4.0 DESIGN LOADS 3~7

5.0 DEFLECTION LIMITED 8~9

6.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CALCULATION OF ALUM. WINDOW SYSTEM 9

- Loading Path of Alum. Window System:

2.0. STANDARDS, CODE OF PRACTICES AND SPECIFICATIONS USED:

2.3. BS8118: Structural Use of Aluminium,1991;

2.4. BS6262: Glazing for buildings

2.6. Code of Practice On Wind Effects, Hong Kong, 2004;

2.7. The Architect's Specifications.

3.0. DESIGN REFERENCE DATA :

Partial Load Factor For Wind Load: γWL_st = 1.4

3.1.1. For the Use of Steel: Grade S 275

(1) Modulus of Elasticity of Steel: Est = 205000MPa (See Clause 3.1.3)

(2) Guaranteed or Min. Tensile Strength: U 275 = 430MPa

3.1.2. For the Use of Welds

1) For the Use of Fillet Weld:

3.2. For the Use of Aluminum (Per BS 8118:1991):

3.2.1. H9-TE = 6063-T5 (Per BS EN 755-2). Aluminum Alloy:

Design Strength in Shear of Alum. Alloy 6063-T5:

3.2.3. H9-TF = 6063-T6 (Per BS EN 755-2). Aluminum Alloy:

Design Strength in Shear of Alum. Alloy 6063-T6:

Design Strength in Shear of Alum. Alloy 6063-T6:

3.3. For the Use of Bolts:

(3) Design Tension Strength of Grade 50 Bolt: pt_50 = 174.3MPa

3.3.2. Grade 70 Series Stainless Steel Bolts in Clearance Holes:

(3) Design Tension Strength of Grade 70 Bolt: pt_70 = 373.5MPa

3.3.4. Grade 8.8 Steel Bolts in Clearance Holes:

(1) Data of Bolts & Screws in Steel Work: ( Per BS 4190 )

3.4. For the Use of Concrete:

For the Design of Concrete Work:

Partial Load Factor For Wind Load: γWL_con = 1.4

(1) Concrete Strength Grade (Min.): C35

(2) Minimum Character Strength of Concrete: fcu_35 = 35MPa

3.5. For the Use of Glass:

(1) Modules of Elasticity: Egl = 70000MPa

Tempered Glass: pgl_T = 50MPa

Annealed Glass: pgl_A = 20MPa

(4) Poisson's Ratio: νgl = 0.23

3.6. For the Use of Building Silicone Sealant:

3.6.1. For the Use of Structural Sealant:

4.0 DESIGN LOADS:

Actual Height of Captioned: H act = 180m − 93.65m

Say Max. Height as H z = 100 (m) (Approximately)

Total Pressure Coefficients: Cp (Table E2 of Hong Kong Wind Code)

Cp = 1.0 (Pressure / Suction on Building Non-Edge Zone)

Cs = 1.4 (Suction on the Building Edge Zone)

Design Wind Load for the Captioned:

WLp = Wp ⋅ Cp WLp = 2.86 ⋅ kPa (Pressure / Suction on Building Non-Edge Zone)

WLs = Wp ⋅ Cs WLs = 4 ⋅ kPa (Suction on the Building Edge Zone)

4.2. Design Dead Loads:

Dead Load of the Glass Panels:

DLgl = 0.49 ⋅ kPa

Dead Load of the Steel :

4.2. Design Imposed Load:

5.0. DEFLECTION LIMITES:

Structural Steelworks Span / 200 or 20mm

Structural Steelworks (Cantilevered) Span / 180 or 20mm