What is Pump Priming and Why it is Required?

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whatispiping.com/pump-priming/

Anup Kumar Dey January 14, 2021

Pump Priming is a manual or automatic process by which air present in a pump and its
suction line is removed by filling liquid. In the pump-priming process, the pump is filled
with the liquid to be pumped and that liquid forces to remove the air, gas, or vapor
present. With the exception of a few self-primed pumps, mostly all pumps are primed.
Before starting a pump, Pump Priming is the most important first step and it avoids the
majority of the pump problems.

Majority of the pump problems are started with not priming a pump or not doing it
properly. Problems associated with lack of priming usually cause financial impact due to
pump maintenance and the downtime of piping system due to a malfunctioning pump. So
for proper reliable operation pump must be primed.

Reason for Pump Priming

During starting a pump, if air, gas or vapor exists inside the pump casing, the pump will
not be able to function properly. Pump will be subjected to the risk of damage. The air or
gas present inside the pump will make it gas bound and the pump won’t be pumping the
desired liquid. Pump will get overheated and it will damage pump internals.

To reduce the risk of pump damage and reliable operation, the gas present in the pump
must be removed. So, the pump must be fully primed.

When is Pump Priming Required?

The main objective of priming a pump is to remove the gas present. So, if the air or other
gases present inside the pump casing and suction line, it must be primed before starting.
But if the pump suction line and the casing are already filled with liquid during start-up,
priming is not required. The main reason behind locating most centrifugal pumps below
the liquid source level is that the pump remains primed automatically. Refer to Fig. 1
below that clearly explains the requirement of priming a pump.

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 Fig. 1: Requirement of Pump Priming

In general, Centrifugal Pumps need priming. Submersible Pumps or vertical sump pumps
do not require priming. Positive displacement pumps are considered self-primed pumps.

Pump Priming: Centrifugal vs Positive Displacement Pumps

Normally, Centrifugal pumps need priming and Positive Displacement Pumps (Rotary
Pumps, Reciprocating Pumps) does not require priming. However, for the first time
operation all pumps need priming to avoid overheating and failure by dry running
condition.

In a centrifugal pump, liquid is pushed from suction to discharge. The pump works by the
transfer of rotational energy from the impeller to the liquid. In between the suction and
discharge sides of the pump, there are no seals. For this reason, when the liquid level is
below that of the impeller, centrifugal pumps are ineffective with gases and incapable of
evacuating air from a suction line. So centrifugal pumps must be primed for proper
working.

On the other hand, all positive displacement pumps use close-tolerance parts to prevent
fluid from returning from the discharge to the suction side. Hence, a positive displacement
pump is capable of venting air from its suction line to some extent.

Pump Priming Methods

Pump can be primed by layout considerations or using external arrangements. Few of the
external pump priming methods are:

Natural Priming
Manual Priming
Priming a pump with Vacuum Pump

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 Pump Priming with Jet Pump
Pump Priming using a Separator
Priming a pump by Installing a Foot Valve
Pump Priming with Ejector

Natural Pump Priming:

Natural pump-priming can be achieved by maintaining the impeller eye below the surface
of the water. So, naturally, water will flow into the suction pipe and casing removing all the
air present by gravitational force as shown in Fig. 2

Fig. 2: Natural Pump Priming

Manual Pump Priming Method:

In the manual method (Fig. 3) of pump priming, pumping liquid is filled in the pump
suction by manually pouring liquid directly in suction using a funnel. The pump is
manually primed due to gravity feed and the air present escapes through the air vent
valve.

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 Fig. 3: Manual Pump Priming Method

Priming with a Vacuum Pump:

To prime, the main centrifugal pump, An additional small size vacuum pump or a self-
priming pump, or a positive displacement pump is used. The discharge line of the main
pump is connected to the suction line of the positive displacement priming pump that
evacuates all the air in the primary pump and suction piping.

Fig. 4: Pump-Priming using a Vacuum Pump

Priming with Jet Pump:

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Water available at high head is allowed to flow through a nozzle in this method of pump
priming. The nozzle is designed in such a way that at the jet outside the nozzle the
pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure which causes water to be sucked from the
sump.

Fig. 5: Pump Priming using a Jet Pump

Priming with Separator:

On the discharge side of the pump, an air-water separation chamber or separator is
provided for pump priming with separator. A bent suction pipe portion is provided at the
inlet of the pump that always maintain some liquid in the pump. Through pump discharge
or air vent, Air is separated and expelled and the liquid falls back into separation chamber
due to higher density.

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 Fig. 6: Pump-Priming using Separator

Priming by Installing Foot Valve:

A foot valve that acts like a non-return valve is installed in the suction piping in this pump-
priming method. The foot valve does not allow the liquid to drain from the pump casing
and suction line once the pump operation is stopped. So, while starting the pump for the
next operation, the pump is already primed and can work.

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 Fig. 7: Pump Priming using Ejector and Foot valve

Priming with Ejector:

In this pump-priming method, an ejector (Fig. 7) is provided on the pump suction (or
discharge) side. These Ejectors create a vacuum inside the pump suction line forcing the
liquids to draw from the sump up to the pump elevation. However, Ejectors require energy
input for their work.

Prevention of Pump Operation without Priming

Various methods are used to prevent a pump to operate without being primed. The basic
behind such methods is to trigger some alarm or auto shutdown of pump when the pump
is not liquid filled or primed. One example of such a scenario is provided below.

In some kinds of pumps, a float switch in a chamber connected with the suction line is
usually being used. When the chamber level is above the impeller eye of the pump, the
float switch allows the pump to operate without problem. However, If the liquid falls below
a predetermined safe level, the float switch forces the pump to stop using its control
mechanism. Thus it prevents the pump to start or to sound an alarm, or to light a warning
lamp for necessary action.

What is a Self-Priming Pump?

A self priming pump is a specially designed end suction centrifugal pump with an external
casing that always “floods” the inner pump or volute. Self priming pump has the ability to
evacuate air from the suction side at startup and then it operates similar to a normal
pump. The external casing is filled with liquid and the pump is always ready to start.
When the impeller of a self priming pump rotates inside the casing, a low pressure area

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(below atmospheric pressure) is formed at the eye of the impeller. As a result, the liquid is
pushed up the suction pipe by atmospheric pressure along with the the air present in the
suction pipe.

This air is mixed with the recirculating fluid inside the casing. The air then separates out
from the liquid and is discharged from the casing. Once, all the air from the suction pipe is
removed, the pump operates dynamically like any other centrifugal pump. So, A self-
priming pump can lift fluid from a level below the pump and evacuates the air of the
suction line without using other external auxiliary devices.

There are three types of self priming pumps. they are:

Liquid Primed Self priming Pumps

Compressed Air Primed Self priming Pumps, and
Vacuum Primed Self priming Pumps

Liquid Primed Self Priming Pumps: They have their own in-built “Priming Chamber”
that is filled with liquid in order to “self prime” the pump. This initial liquid charging must
be done for a liquid primed self priming pump to prime and work. External auxiliary
devices are not required for liquid primed self priming pump operation. A Liquid Primed
Self Priming Pump works in two phases of operation; “Priming Mode” and “Pumping
Mode”.

Compressed Air Primed Self Priming Pumps: In Compressed Air Primed Self Priming
Pumps, a jet blows the compressed air into a tapered tube. This creates a vacuum so that
the air from the pump casing and suction line is drawn in with the compressed air and
exhausted to the atmosphere. A check valve seals out the air from the discharge. Water
or other pumping liquid then replaces the air and the pump starts pumping. The potential
build up of solids is also prevented by this type of self priming pumps.

Vacuum Primed Self Priming Pumps: Vacuum Primed Self Priming Pumps consists of
a vacuum pump and positive sealing float box installed at the pump discharge. This
forces to pull a vacuum on the pump until it is full of water.

Self Priming Pump Precautions

Note that, a self priming pump too needs priming for its first operation. A priming
chamber or some portion of the volute must be filled prior to start-up.
The discharge line should not be blocked or pressurized.
The suction line must be air-tight. Otherwise, the pressure will not be reduced and
fluid will not be drawn up the suction line.
To reduce the priming time, the volume of the suction piping shall be minimized.
If the liquid contains any solids, a strainer shall be required to keep solids from
accumulating in the priming chamber and displacing the priming liquid.
The pump suction piping should be designed to avoid high points where air can be
trapped/accumulated, thus prevent priming.

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Advantages of self-priming Centrifugal Pumps
The main advantages that self-priming pumps provide are:

Can handle a variety of liquids

Work well with slurries, corrosive liquids, and suspended solids
Self-priming centrifugal pumps will continue to pump liquids even after the pump is
not submerged in a liquid tank or vessel
As the steps involving pump priming on start-up are eliminated, they are ideal for
frequent and intermittent pumping operations.

Disadvantages of self-priming Centrifugal Pumps

The main disadvantages of self-priming pumps are:
They can’t operate without the presence of the initial priming liquid in the prime chamber.
Due to the presence of a liquid reservoir, this type of centrifugal pump are usually larger
than a standard model, which may cause issues in applications where space is limited.
To avoid depletion of the pump’s liquid reservoir during self-priming operations, They are
required to be as close as possible to production lines.

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