Important Reports and Indices

IMPORTANT INDEX AND REPORTS
DIGITAL PAYMENTS INDEX
• In News: Recently, RBI has released Digital Payment Index which shows that digital
payments in India rose to 304.06 in September 2021 against 217.74 in the year-ago
month.
About the Index:

• The RBI-DPI comprises 5 broad
parameters that enable measurement of
deepening and penetration of digital
payments in the country over different
time periods.
• 5 Parameters:
1. Payment Enablers (weight 25%),
2. Payment Infrastructure – Demand-side
factors (10%),
3. Payment Infrastructure – Supply-side
factors (15%),
4. Payment Performance (45%) and
5. Consumer Centricity (5%).
About the Index:

• Base period of the RBI-DPI has been set as
March 2018, which means DPI score for
March 2018 is set at 100.
• As per RBI, the index will be published on
a semi-annual basis with a lag of four
months.
• Significance: Digital payments in India
have been growing rapidly. The DPI
reflects accurately the penetration and
deepening of various digital payment
modes.
WORLD FOOD PRICE INDEX: FAO
• In News: Recently, The Food and

Agriculture Organization(FAO) has
released the World Food Price Index.
About World Food Price Index:

• The index was introduced in 1996. It was
to help in monitoring the developments in
the global agricultural commodity
markets.
• Purpose: The index is a measure of the
monthly change in international prices of
a basket of food commodities.
About World Food Price Index:

• Commodities: It consists of the average
of five commodity group price indices.
Such as cereal, vegetable, dairy, meat and
sugar. Also, these five indices is given
weightage based on the average export
shares.
• Base Year: The Base Year for the index is
2014-16.
About Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO):
• It is a specialized agency of the United
Nations that leads international efforts to
defeat hunger.
• It was established in 1945. The FAO is
headquartered in Rome, Italy.
• Treaty: FAO is the depository body of the
International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture.
• Initiatives:
o Globally Important Agricultural Heritage
Systems(GIAHS).
o Codex Alimentarius Commission or CAC
o Tree Cities of the World programme
About Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO):
• Flagship Publications:
o The State of World Fisheries and
Aquaculture (SOFIA).
o The State of the World's Forests (SOFO).
o The State of Food Security and Nutrition
in the World (SOFI).
o The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA).
o The State of Agricultural Commodity
Markets (SOCO).
INDIA INNOVATION INDEX
• In News: Recently, the second edition of

the NITI Aayog’s India Innovation Index
has been released.
About the index:

• The index attempts to create an extensive
framework for the continual evaluation of
the innovation environment of states and
union territories in India and intends to
perform the following three functions:
1. Ranking of states and UTs based on their
index scores.
2. Recognizing opportunities and challenges.
3. Assisting in tailoring governmental
policies to foster innovation.
• The Index is calculated as the average of
the scores of its two dimensions –
Enablers and Performance.
About the index:

• The Enablers are the factors that
underpin innovative capacities, grouped
in five pillars:
1. Human Capital,
2. Investment,
3. Knowledge Workers,
4. Business Environment,
5. Safety and Legal Environment.
• The Performance dimension captures
benefits that a nation derives from the
inputs, divided in two pillars:
1. Knowledge Output
2. Knowledge Diffusion.
Performance of various states:

• Karnataka is the most innovative state
for the second year in a row.
• Maharashtra pipped Tamil Nadu to the
second spot.
• Bihar was featured at the bottom of the
list.
INDIA ENERGY OUTLOOK 2021 REPORT
• In News: Recently, International Energy Agency (IEA) has released its India Energy
Outlook 2021 report.
Findings:
• India will make up the biggest share of
energy demand growth at 25% over the
next two decades, as it overtakes the
European Union as the world’s third-
biggest energy consumer by 2030.
• India’s energy consumption is expected to
nearly double as the nation’s gross
domestic product (GDP) expands to an
estimated $8.6 trillion by 2040 under its
current national policy scenario.
Findings:
• India’s growing energy needs will make it
more reliant on fossil fuel imports as its
domestic oil and gas production has been
stagnant for years despite government
policies to promote petroleum
exploration and production and
renewable energy.
• India’s oil demand is expected to rise to
8.7 million barrels per day (bpd) in 2040
from about 5 million bpd in 2019, the IEA
said, while its refining capacity will reach
6.4 million bpd by 2030 and 7.7 million
bpd by 2040, from 5 million bpd.
Findings:
• The world’s second-biggest net oil
importer after China currently imports
about 76% of its crude oil needs. That
reliance on overseas oil is expected to rise
to 90% by 2030 and 92% by 2040.
• Rising oil demand could double India’s oil
import bill to about $181 billion by 2030
and nearly treble it to $255 billion by
2040 compared with 2019.
About IEA:
• Established in 1974 as per framework of
the OECD, IEA is an autonomous
intergovernmental organisation.
• Its mission is guided by four main
areas of focus: energy security, economic
development, environmental awareness
and engagement worldwide.
• Headquarters (Secretariat): Paris,
France.
About IEA:
• Roles and functions:
o Established in the wake of the 1973-
1974 oil crisis, to help its members
respond to major oil supply disruptions, a
role it continues to fulfil today.
o IEA’s mandate has expanded over time to
include tracking and analyzing global key
energy trends, promoting sound energy
policy, and fostering multinational energy
technology cooperation.
About IEA:
• Composition and eligibility:
o It has 30 members at present.
o IEA family also includes eight association
countries.
o A candidate country must be a member
country of the OECD. But all OECD
members are not IEA members.
To become member a candidate country

must demonstrate that it has:
• Crude oil and/or product reserves
equivalent to 90 days of the previous
year’s net imports, to which the
government has immediate access (even
if it does not own them directly) and
could be used to address disruptions to
global oil supply.
• A demand restraint programme to reduce
national oil consumption by up to 10%.
To become member a candidate country

must demonstrate that it has:
• Legislation and organisation to operate
the Co-ordinated Emergency Response
Measures (CERM) on a national basis.
• Legislation and measures to ensure that
all oil companies under its jurisdiction
report information upon request.
• Measures in place to ensure the capability
of contributing its share of an IEA
collective action.
• Global Energy & CO2

Status Report.
• World Energy Outlook.
Reports • World Energy Statistics.
by IEA: • World Energy Balances.
• Energy Technology
Perspectives.
BARE NECESSITIES INDEX
• In News: Economic Survey 2020-21 constructs a Bare Necessities Index (BNI) at the
rural, urban and all India level.
About Bare Necessities Index

• The BNI builds on the idea of Thalinomics
in the Economic Survey for 2019-20,
through which it had sought to examine
the access to food in the country.
• The BNI summarises 26 indicators on five
dimensions:
1. Water,
2. Sanitation,
3. Housing,
4. Micro-environment and
5. Other facilities
About Bare Necessities Index

• Data Collection: The index has been
created for all states based on data
collected by the National Statistical
Office(NSO) in 2012 and 2018.
• Range: The index classifies areas on three
levels of access — high, medium, low —
to bare necessities. The index has a range
of 0 to 1 where 1 represents the best
access to the basic necessities
Performance of States: States such as Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, and

Findings: Gujarat top the index. While eastern Indian States of Odisha, Jharkhand,
West Bengal, and Tripura have occupied the lowest positions.
Inter-State disparity in access to the basic necessities has declined in

2018, when compared to 2012.
Richer vs Poorer States: The Poorer States have reduced the gap with
rich States in providing access to the basics of daily life - housing, water,
power, sanitation, cooking gas.
WORLD HAPPINESS REPORT 2021
• In News: Recently, the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) for the
United Nations released the World Happiness Report 2021, a day before the
International Happiness Day.
About the Report:

• The World Happiness Report ranks 149
countries by how happy their citizens perceive
themselves to be.
• The rankings are based on polling (Gallup
World Poll) which looks at six variables:
1. Gross Domestic Product Per Capita
(Purchasing Power Parity).
2. Social Support.
3. Healthy life expectancy at birth.
4. Freedom to make life choices.
5. Generosity.
6. Perceptions of corruption.
• Respondents rate their own current lives on a
0-10 scale.
Findings Finland has been ranked as the happiest country in

the world for the fourth consecutive year.
of 2021:
Afghanistan (149) is the most unhappy country.
India has been ranked 139, out of 149 countries

evaluated.
International It highlights the importance of happiness in the diurnal lives of

Happiness people.
Day:
This resolution was first initiated by Bhutan which emphasised
on the importance of national happiness over national income.
Theme of 2021: “Happiness For All, Forever”.
OXFAM INEQUALITY INDEX
• In News: Recently, the Minister of Labour and Employment has given a written reply to
a question on India’s performance under Oxfam Inequality Index.
Released by: Oxfam International.

About
Parameters: The index ranks 158
countries. The Index measures the policies
and actions in three areas directly related
to reducing inequality.
The three areas are: 1. Public services(health, education and social protection)
2. Taxation
3. Worker’s rights.
Index's Findings Related to India: India

has been ranked 129 overall in the index
out of 158 countries.
Ranking India has ranked 141 in terms of its public services such as
based on health, education and social protection.
Parameters:
India has ranked 19th in the index, in terms of taxation.
India has fared poorly in protecting labour rights and has

slipped to rank 151.
Other Key Findings: The index has been topped by Norway
followed by Denmark and Germany.
Objections raised by the Indian

Government:
• The rank assigned to India and the
methodology adopted is not clear. The
index does not take into account the
provisions of the four new labour codes
which protects labour rights.
• India is not a signatory to two
International Labour Organisation
conventions. But the principles of the
conventions were available to Indian
workers, the Index does not take account
of this.
1.Freedom of association and protection of

the right to organise convention (C87).
The two 2.The right to organise and collective
conventions: bargaining (C98).
OXFAM REPORT: INEQUALITY KILLS
• In News: Recently, the Oxfam report titled “Inequality Kills’’ was released, the report
pointed out a stark income divide worsened by the Covid pandemic, globally and in
India.
Report Highlights
• Magnitude of Growing Inequities:
Widening economic, gender, and racial
inequalities—as well as the inequality
that exists between countries are tearing
our world apart.
• Economic Violence: A kind of economic
violence is perpetrated when structural
policy choices are made for the richest
and most powerful people. This affects
the poorest people, women and girls, and
racialized groups most.
Report Highlights
• Unequal Access to Healthcare:
Healthcare of good quality is a human
right, but is too often treated as a luxury
for rich people.
• Gender-Based Violence: It is rooted in
patriarchy and sexist economic systems.
For example, sex-selective abortions.
• Poverty-Induced Hunger: Hunger is one
of the ways in which poverty kills, and it
is faced by billions of ordinary people all
over the world each day.
Report Highlights
• Inequality of Climate Change Crisis: The
emissions of the richest people are driving
this Climate Change crisis, with the CO2
emissions of 20 of the richest billionaires
estimated on average to be 8,000 times that
of the billion poorest people.
• Vaccine Apartheid: Rich countries may
back their pharmaceutical monopoly
billionaires and hoard vaccines to protect
their populations, but in so doing they push
their own people toward risk from the
mutations that vaccine apartheid is creating.
Oxfam
• Oxfam is a confederation of 21
independent charitable organizations
focusing on the alleviation of global
poverty
• It was founded in 1942 and led by Oxfam
International.
• It is a major non-profit group with an
extensive collection of operations.
• HQ at Nairobi, Kenya
Oxfam
• Vision: A world where people and the
planet are at the centre of our economy.
Where women and girls live free from
violence and discrimination. Where the
climate crisis is contained. And where
governance systems are inclusive and
allow for those in power to be held to
account.
Oxfam
• Oxfam recognizes the universality and
indivisibility of human rights and has
adopted these overarching aims to
express these rights in practical terms:
1. The right to a sustainable livelihood
2. The right to basic social services
3. The right to life and security
4. The right to be heard
5. The right to an identity
WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
• In News: Recently, the IMF (International Monetary Fund) unveiled its 2nd World
Economic Outlook (WEO) for 2021.
About
• It is a survey by the IMF that is usually
published twice a year in the months of
April and October.
• Objective: It analyzes and predicts global
economic developments during the near
and medium term.
• It also projects developments in the
global financial markets and economic
systems.
About
• Publishing frequency: The IMF comes
out with the WEO report twice every year
- April and October.
• It is based on a wide set of assumptions
about a host of parameters such as the
international price of crude oil and set the
benchmark for all economies to compare
one another with.
Key Points:
• Compared to July forecast, the global
growth projection for 2021 has been
revised down marginally to 5.9 per cent
and is unchanged for 2022 at 4.9 per cent.
• This modest headline revision, however,
masks large downgrades for some
countries.
• The outlook for the low-income
developing country group has darkened
considerably due to worsening pandemic
dynamics.
Key Points:
• But more than just the marginal headline
numbers for global growth, it is
increasing inequality among nations that
the IMF was most concerned about.
• The dangerous divergence in economic
prospects across countries remains a
major concern.
• Aggregate output for the advanced
economy group is expected to regain its
pre-pandemic trend path in 2022 and
exceed it by 0.9 per cent in 2024.
Key Points:
• By contrast, aggregate output for the
emerging market and developing
economy group (excluding China) is
expected to remain 5.5 per cent below the
pre-pandemic forecast in 2024, resulting
in a larger setback to improvements in
their living standards.
• Two key reasons for the economic

divergences:
1. Large disparities in vaccine access and,
2. The difference in policy support (or the
help provided by the respective
governments).
Key Highlights from the January 2021

WEO Report:
• Indian economy is expected to grow by
12.5% in 2021 and 6.9% in 2022.
• In 2020, India’s economy witnessed an
estimated contraction of 8%.
• Growth rate for India in 2021 is stronger
than that of China.
• China was the only major economy to
have a positive growth rate of 2.3% in
2020, and is expected to grow by 8.6% in
2021 and 5.6% in 2022.
International Monetary Fund

• Set up along with the World Bank after
the Second World War to assist in the
reconstruction of war-ravaged countries.
• The two organisations were agreed to be
set up at a conference in Bretton Woods
in the US. Hence, they are known as the
Bretton Woods twins.
• Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by
and accountable to the 189 countries that
make up its near-global membership.
India joined on 27th December, 1945.
International Monetary Fund

• Primary Objective: To ensure the
stability of the international monetary
system the system of exchange rates and
international payments that enables
countries (and their citizens) to transact
with each other.
• The Fund's mandate was updated in 2012
to include all macroeconomic and
financial sector issues that bear on global
stability.
• Reports by IMF:
o Global Financial Stability Report.
o World Economic Outlook.
ENERGY TRANSITION INDEX 2021
• In News: Recently, the World Economic

Forum (WEF) has released the Energy
Transition Index, 2021.
About Energy Transition Index (ETI),

2021:
• Energy Transition Index is an annual
report by the World Economic Forum
(WEF). It prepares the report in
collaboration with Accenture.
• Objective: The ranking aims to enable
policy-makers and businesses to plan for
a successful energy transition.
• ETI checks the readiness of countries for
transition to secure, sustainable,
affordable, and inclusive energy systems.
About Energy Transition Index (ETI),

2021:
• Parameters: The index ranks 115
countries on the basis following three
dimensions:
1. Economic development and growth,
2. Environmental sustainability
3. Energy security and access;
Findings Related to India:

• India ranks at the 87th position among
115 countries in the Energy Transition
Index (ETI).
• India improved in energy transition
through the subsidy reforms and by
increasing energy access with a
regulatory environment and strong
political commitment.
Other Facts:
• Sweden tops the index. It is followed by
Norway and Denmark.
• China has been ranked 67th on the index.
India and China collectively account for a
third of global energy demand.
World Economic Forum (WEF):

• It is a Swiss non-profit foundation
established in 1971, based in Geneva,
Switzerland.
• Recognized by the Swiss authorities as
the international institution for public-
private cooperation.
• Mission: Committed to improving the
state of the world by engaging business,
political, academic, and other leaders of
society to shape global, regional, and
industry agendas.
World Economic Forum (WEF):

• Founder and Executive Chairman:
Klaus Schwab.
• Major reports published:
o Energy Transition Index.
o Global Competitiveness Report.
o Global IT Report (WEF along with
INSEAD, and Cornell University publishes
this report)
o Global Gender Gap Report.
o Global Risk Report.
o Global Travel and Tourism Report
WORLD ENERGY INVESTMENT REPORT
2021
In News: Recently, the International Energy

Agency (IEA) published the World Energy
Investment Report, 2021.
About the World Energy Investment

Report 2021:
• The report presents the latest data and
analysis of how energy investment flows
are recovering from the shock of the
Covid-19 pandemic.
• This includes full-year outlook estimates
for 2021.
2021
Key Findings:
• Global energy investments are set to
recover by nearly 10% in 2021 to $1.9
trillion reversing the decline in 2020.
• Power Sector: Global Power Sector
which saw flat investments in 2020 is set
to receive the highest ever funding i.e. up
by about 5% to more than $820 billion.
Among them, Renewables are forecast to
account for 70% of the total.
2021
Key Findings:
• Fossil Fuels: The technologies like
Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) are yet
to attain commercial success. So, the
investments in oil are expected to grow
by about 10%.
• Coal Sector: The approvals for coal-fired
plants are some 80% below where they
were five years ago. But coal is not out of
the picture as there is a slight increase in
coal-fired plants in 2020 driven by China
and some other Asian economies.
2021
Key Findings:
• The Energy efficiency sector will also see a
substantial rise (10%) in investment. But
the low fossil fuel price may act as a
deterrent.
• Increase in Emissions: The present
scenarios will not deter the increase in
carbon dioxide emission after the
contraction in 2020. The Global emission is
set to grow by 1.5 billion tonnes in 2021.
• Net Zero Plan: The commitments to the Net
Zero plan is gaining momentum, but its
transition to actual action is not visible.
2021
International Energy Agency:

• It is an autonomous Intergovernmental
Organisation established in 1974 in Paris,
France.
• IEA mainly focuses on its energy policies
which include economic development,
energy security and environmental
protection. These policies are also known
as the 3 E’s of IEA.
2021
India and IEA:

• India became an Associate member of
IEA in March 2017 but it was in
engagement with IEA long before its
association with the organization.
• India has inked a Strategic Partnership
Agreement with the IEA to strengthen
cooperation in global energy security,
stability and sustainability.
Reports:
• World Energy Investment Report
• World Energy Outlook Report
• Global Energy Review.
GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX
• In News: Recently, Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) has released the Global Liveability
Index 2021.
About Global Liveability Index:

• The index assesses the locations that
provide the best and the worst living
conditions around the world. It assesses
140 cities around the world.
• Parameters: The index takes into
account more than 30 qualitative and
quantitative factors. These factors are
spanning five broad categories:
1. Stability (25%)
2. Healthcare (20%)
3. Culture and environment (25%)
4. Education (10%)
5. Infrastructure (20%).
About Global Liveability Index:

• Due to the pandemic, the EIU added new
indicators to it. It includes stress on
healthcare resources as well as
restrictions around local sporting events,
theatres, music concerts, restaurants, and
schools.
Scores: Each factor in a city is rated as acceptable, tolerable,

uncomfortable, undesirable, or intolerable.
Factor-wise scores are then compiled and weighted to

provide a score of 1–100 where 1 is considered
intolerable and 100 is considered ideal.
Findings: Top Five Liveable Cities: Auckland (New Zealand), Osaka

(Japan), Adelaide (Australia), Wellington (New Zealand),
and Tokyo (Japan).
Top Five Least Liveable Cities: Damascus (Syria), Lagos

(Nigeria), Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea), Dhaka
(Bangladesh), and Algiers (Algeria).
Other Facts:
• Austria's Vienna, number one in both 2018 and
2019, has completely dropped out of the top 10
after being heavily affected by Covid-19, and
now ranks 12.
• Auckland rose to the top of the ranking owing
to its successful approach in containing the
Covid-19 pandemic.
• Damascus remains the world's least liveable
city, as the effects of the civil war in Syria
continue to take their toll.
• Most of the previous ten least liveable cities
remain in the bottom ten this year, including
Dhaka (Bangladesh) and Karachi (Pakistan) in
the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region.
WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2021
In News: Recently, UN Conference on Trade

and Development (UNCTAD) has released its
World Investment report 2021
About World Investment Report

• The World Investment Report focuses on
trends in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
worldwide, at the regional and country
levels and emerging measures to improve
its contribution to development.
India:
• India is the fifth largest recipient of
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the
world.
• FDI has increased 27% to USD 64 billion
(2020) from USD 51 billion (2019), due to
the acquisitions in the Information and
Communication Technology (ICT)
industry.
India:
• The second wave of the COVID-19 in India
weighs heavily on the country's overall
economic activities but its strong
fundamentals provide optimism for the
medium term.
• The investments from India may stabilise
in 2021, supported by the country's
resumption of free trade agreement (FTA)
talks with the European Union (EU) and
its strong investment in Africa.
The global FDI flows have been severely hit by the pandemic and
Global: they plunged by 35% in 2020 to USD 1 trillion.
COVID-19 led lockdowns around the world slowed down existing

investment projects and prospects of a recession led multinational
enterprises (MNEs) to reassess new projects.
The pandemic boosted demand for digital infrastructure and services

globally, which led to higher values of greenfield FDI project
announcements targeting the ICT industry, rising by more than 22%.
While some large economies in developing Asia like China and India
Asian recorded FDI growth in 2020, the rest recorded a contraction.
region: FDI outflows from South Asia fell 12% to USD 12 billion, driven by a
drop in investment from India.
A wider resurgence of the virus in Asia could significantly lower global
FDI in 2021, given that region's significant contribution to the total.
Signs of trade and industrial production recovering in the second half
of 2020 provide a strong foundation for FDI growth in 2021.
India, China and Hong Kong were among the countries saw a rise in
Other 2020.
Facts: FDI outflows from South Asia fell 12% to USD 12 billion, due to a drop in
investment from India.
India ranked 18 out of the world’s top 20 economies for FDI outflows, with
12 billion dollars of outflows recorded from the country in 2020 as
compared to 13 billion dollars in 2019.
It was established in 1964 to promote development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy.
UNCTAD UNCTAD is a permanent intergovernmental body.
HQ: Geneva in Switzerland.
Major reports published:
Trade and Development Report
World Investment Report
The Least Developed Countries Report
Information and Economy Report
Technology and Innovation Report
Commodities and Development Report

FINANCIAL INCLUSION INDEX
• In News: Recently, the Reserve Bank of

India (RBI) has unveiled the first
composite Financial Inclusion Index (FI-
Index).
About Financial Inclusion Index:

• Annual Financial Inclusion Index (FII) will
measure access and usage of a basket of
formal financial products and services
that includes savings, remittances, credit,
insurance and pension products.
• It would rate states on their performance
on last-mile banking services availability.
• Aim: To capture the extent of financial
inclusion across the country.
• These are also the G20 Financial Inclusion
Indicators.
• It will be published in July every year by
RBI.
• Access to financial
services
• Usage of financial
Parameters: services
• The quality of the
products and the service
delivery.
Importance Provide information on the level of financial inclusion.

of FII:
Measure financial services for use of internal policy making.
It can be used directly as a composite measure in development

indicators.
It enables fulfilment of G20 Financial Inclusion Indicators requirements.
It will also facilitate researchers to study the impact of financial inclusion

and other macro-economic variables.
Related Initiatives:
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana: It
was announced in August 2014, which
proved to be a steady vehicle for financial
inclusion.
• Digital Identity (Aadhaar): It has
catalyzed inclusion and innovation in the
delivery of financial services.
Related Initiatives:
• National Centre for Financial
Education (NCFE): The RBI has released
the (NCFE): 2020-2025 document for
creating a financially aware and
empowered India.
• Centre for Financial Literacy (CFL)
Project: It is an innovative and
participatory approach conceptualised by
the RBI to financial literacy at the Block
level involving select banks and non-
governmental organisations (NGOs).
PERIODIC LABOUR FORCE SURVEY
• In News: Recently, the National Statistical Office (NSO) released the third annual report
on Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), conducted between July 2019 and June 2020.
About Periodic Labour Force Survey

• Considering the importance of the availability
of labor force data at more frequent time
intervals, National Statistical Office (NSO)
launched PLFS in April 2017.
• Objective:
o To estimate the key employment and
unemployment indicators (viz. Worker
Population Ratio, Labour Force Participation
Rate, Unemployment Rate) in the short time
interval of three months for the urban areas
only in the Current Weekly Status (CWS).
o To estimate employment and unemployment
indicators in both ‘Usual Status’ and CWS in
both rural and urban areas annually.
Various Dimensions of the Survey:

• Labour Force Participation Rate
(LFPR): LFPR is defined as the
percentage of persons in the labor force
(i.e. working or seeking or available for
work) in the population.
• Worker Population Ratio (WPR): WPR
is defined as the percentage of employed
persons in the population.
• Unemployment Rate (UR): UR is defined
as the percentage of persons unemployed
among the persons in the labor force.
Various Dimensions of the Survey:

• Activity Status- Usual Status: When the
activity status is determined on the basis
of the reference period of the last 365
days preceding the date of the survey, it is
known as the usual activity status of the
person.
• Activity Status- Current Weekly Status
(CWS): The activity status determined on
the basis of a reference period of the last
7 days preceding the date of the survey is
known as the CWS of the person.
India’s unemployment rate fell between July 2018 and June 2019 to 5.8%
Key from 6.1% during the same period of 2017-18, even as the labour force
findings: participation rate rose to 37.5% from 36.9%.
The worker population ratio also increased, to 35.3% as against 34.7% in the
2017-18.
Urban unemployment rate reduced to 7.7% in 2018-19 from 7.8 % and in rural
India to 5% from 5.3%.
Female participation rate improved in both urban and rural India during the
period under review, going up to 18.6% in 2018-19 from 17.5% the year
before.
NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS 2021
• In News: The 2021 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences has been awarded in one half to
Canadian-born David Card and the other half jointly to Israeli-American Joshua D Angrist
and Dutch-American Guido W Imbens.
David Card:
• Awarded for his empirical contributions
to labour economics.
• He has analysed how minimum wages,
immigration and education impact the
labour market.
• One of the significant findings of this
research was that “increasing the
minimum wage does not necessarily lead
to fewer jobs”.
David Card:
• It also led to the understanding that
“people who were born in a country can
benefit from new immigration, while
people who immigrated at an earlier time
risk being negatively affected”.
• It also illuminated the role of resources
available in school in shaping the future of
students in the labour market.
Joshua Angrist and Guido Imbens:

• Award “for their methodological
contributions to the analysis of causal
relationships.”
• Their work demonstrated “how precise
conclusions about cause and effect can be
drawn from natural experiments”.
Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2020:

• Awarded: Paul R Milgrom and Robert B
Wilson
• Work: “improvements to auction theory
and inventions of new auction formats”
Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences:

• The Nobel peace prize in Economics is officially
titled as “Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic
Sciences” in Memory of Alfred Nobel”.
• Inception:
o This prize was started in the year 1968 by the
donation from the central bank of Sweden
called “Sveriges Riksbank” to the Nobel
Foundation in order to commemorate the
300th anniversary of the central bank.
o Prize money
o Comprises a 10 million Swedish kronor award
money which roughly accounts for Rs 8.33
crore.
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY INDEX 2021
• In News: India is ranked at 71st position

in the Global Food Security Index which
was released recently.
About Global Food Security (GFS) Index:

• The GFS Index was designed and
constructed by London-based Economist
Impact and is sponsored by Corteva
Agriscience.
• It measures the underlying drivers of
food security in 113 countries, based on
the factors of affordability, availability,
quality and safety, and natural resources
and resilience.
• Publishing Frequency: Every year. The
2021 GFSI is the tenth edition of the
index.
About Global Food Security (GFS) Index:

• Calculation: It measures the underlying
drivers of food security based on the
following factors -
1. Affordability
2. Availability
3. Quality and Safety
4. Natural Resources and Resilience
Findings: Top ranking countries: Ireland, Australia, the UK, Finland, Switzerland,
the Netherlands, Canada, Japan, France and the US shared the top rank
with the overall GFS score in the range of 77.8 and 80 points on the
index.
Bottom five countries: Malawi(109th), Sudan(110), Mozambique(111),

Yemen(112) and Burundi(113).
Performance of India and its neighbours:

• India held 71st position with an overall
score of 57.2 points on the GFS Index, better
than Pakistan (75th), Sri Lanka (77th),
Nepal (79th) and Bangladesh (84th). But
way behind China (34th position).
• Pakistan (52.6 points) and Sri Lanka (62.9
points) scored better than India (50.2
points) in the category of food affordability.
• Over the past 10 years, India’s incremental
gains in overall food security score were
lagging behind that of Pakistan, Nepal and
Bangladesh.
• Eat Right India Movement

• POSHAN Abhiyan
Related • Food Fortification
Government • National Food Security Act, 2013
• Integrated Child Development
Initiatives: Services (ICDS) Scheme
• National Innovations in Climate
Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
LEADS REPORT 2021
• In News: Recently, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry has released the Logistics
Ease Across Different States (LEADS) Report (Index) 2021.
LEADS REPORT 2021
About Logistics Ease Across Different States

(LEADS) Index:
• It is a composite indicator to assess
international trade logistics across states
and Union territories.
• LEADS is an attempt to bring Longevity,
Efficiency, Accuracy, Durability,
and Smartness in the Logistics sector.
• It is a perception-based survey.
• It is based on a stakeholders’ survey for the
Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• LEADS is influenced by the World Bank’s
biannual Logistics Performance Index
(LPI).
LEADS REPORT 2021
1.Infrastructure,
2.Services,
3.Timeliness,
4.Track and trace,
Parameters:
5.Competitiveness of pricing,
6.Safety of cargo,
7.Operating environment and
8.Regulatory process.
LEADS REPORT 2021
Top Performers: Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab

Ranking
of This is the third year in a row that Gujarat remained on top of the rankings.
States:
Delhi stands at the top rank among Other UTs.
West Bengal, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh and
Assam were ranked 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st respectively.
North Eastern States and Himalayan Region: Jammu and Kashmir followed by
Sikkim and Meghalaya.
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IMPORTANT INDEX AND REPORTS

DIGITAL PAYMENTS INDEX

About the Index:

About the Index:

• In News: Recently, The Food and

About World Food Price Index:

About World Food Price Index:

About Food and Agriculture Organization

About Food and Agriculture Organization

• In News: Recently, the second edition of

About the index:

About the index:

Performance of various states:

To become member a candidate country

To become member a candidate country

• Global Energy & CO2

About Bare Necessities Index

About Bare Necessities Index

Performance of States: States such as Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, and

Inter-State disparity in access to the basic necessities has declined in

About the Report:

Findings Finland has been ranked as the happiest country in

India has been ranked 139, out of 149 countries

International It highlights the importance of happiness in the diurnal lives of

Released by: Oxfam International.

Index's Findings Related to India: India

India has fared poorly in protecting labour rights and has

Objections raised by the Indian

1.Freedom of association and protection of

• Two key reasons for the economic

Key Highlights from the January 2021

International Monetary Fund

International Monetary Fund

• In News: Recently, the World Economic

About Energy Transition Index (ETI),

About Energy Transition Index (ETI),

Findings Related to India:

World Economic Forum (WEF):

World Economic Forum (WEF):

In News: Recently, the International Energy

About the World Energy Investment

International Energy Agency:

India and IEA:

About Global Liveability Index:

About Global Liveability Index:

Scores: Each factor in a city is rated as acceptable, tolerable,

Factor-wise scores are then compiled and weighted to

Findings: Top Five Liveable Cities: Auckland (New Zealand), Osaka

Top Five Least Liveable Cities: Damascus (Syria), Lagos

In News: Recently, UN Conference on Trade

About World Investment Report

COVID-19 led lockdowns around the world slowed down existing

The pandemic boosted demand for digital infrastructure and services

UNCTAD UNCTAD is a permanent intergovernmental body.

HQ: Geneva in Switzerland.

Major reports published:

Trade and Development Report

World Investment Report