Tourism Geography/ies

Gavriș
Gavri ș Alexandru

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Challenges

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Overview
alexandru.gavris@rei.ase.ro | alexandrugavrish@gmail.com

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Overview
alexandru.gavris@rei.ase.ro | alexandrugavrish@gmail.com

book for exam: no book...,

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Overview
alexandru.gavris@rei.ase.ro | alexandrugavrish@gmail.com

book for exam: no book..., but a collection of academic papers and the
slides

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Goals
* Understanding the meaning of distribution and pattern resulted
through interaction (location effects, connections with other locations,
scale effects)
* Use of geographic skills to explain tourism phenomena

* Identi cation of theories and their use in real tourism situations

* Development of spatial perspective

* Understand relations among geography, tourism, economy and their

respective interactions (use them to develop critical thinking)

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 Goals
* Understanding the meaning of distribution and pattern resulted
through interaction (location effects, connections with other locations,
scale effects)
* Use of geographic skills to explain tourism phenomena

* Identi cation of theories and their use in real tourism situations

* Development of spatial perspective

* Understand relations among geography, tourism, economy and their

respective interactions (use them to develop critical thinking)

"Curriculum re ects only ’truths’ handed down from authorities

in the eld. Knowledge is rei ed, and human agency is removed
from consideration of how one ’knows’. A steady stream of
objective facts is given to students who are never encouraged to
see knowledge as a contested terrain. Teaching as well ceases to
be a creative activity but is instead a cookbook process based
upon ’scienti c’ methods". (Wood, 1984:225)

Wood, G. (1984) Schooling in a Democracy: Transformation or Reproduction. Educational Theory. 34(3):219-39.

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History of tourism

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History of tourism

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History of tourism

17-19th century -- 'the Grand Tour'

Western bias
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History of tourism

19-20th century -- 'package tour' + Thomas Cook

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History of tourism

1960+ -- national and internationalization (Europe, America)

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History of tourism

1990 -- globalization

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Events that have effected Tourism
* the French Revolution >> opening of museums and art collections
* wars

* transportation through airplanes

* collapse of communism

* 9/11 attacks

* terrorists attacks

* natural hazards

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Defining tourism
* purpose of trip
* distance travelled

* duration of trip

* residence of traveller

* mode of transportation

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Concepte
* tourists: demands, expectations, motivations, behaviours
* destination: place of experience (generating region, destination region,

intermediate transit region) >> spatial scale

* spatial interactions between the components of the tourism system

* tourism industry

* geography: production and reproduction of places

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Tourism industry
* individuals, businesses and organizations working to supply services
(including information) and products to tourists.

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 Tourism industry
* individuals, businesses and organizations working to supply services
(including information) and products to tourists.

it is a collection of industries

.
source: Leiper, N. (1979). The framework of tourism: Towards a de nition of tourism, tourist, and the tourist industry. Annals of tourism
research, 6(4), 390-407

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Tourism product
varies with lived experience

* travel product - is the overall trip that a tourism consumer

experiences including all rms, organizations and service moments
from the initial decision to purchase to the return home. In some
cases, such products are the result of packages put together by travel
agents
* destination product - is usually best identi ed through the marketing

and promotion campaigns of destination marketing organizations

(DMOs) which seek to commodify what the DMO identi es as being
the key experiences that a destination can provide the consumer
* tourism business product - is the set of experiences provided by an

individual rm or agency over different stages of the trip

* services product - is the individual sets of service encounters that the

tourism consumer experiences through their trip and at the

destination

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 Tourists

Williamson and Lew (2015), p. 7, A generalized tourist typology based on time and distance

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 Tourists and Tourism

Williamson and Lew (2015), p. 17, Tourists and tourims: a typological framework

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 Future

Coles TE, Hall CM, Duval DT (2016). Tourism and post-disciplinarity: back to the future?. Tourism Analysis, 21(Special issue on Post-
disciplinarity)

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Exam

* this slide

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Tourism Geography/ies
Typologies
Gavriș
Gavri ș Alexandru

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 Tourists

Williamson and Lew (2015), p. 7, A generalized tourist typology based on time and distance

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 Official view
A visitor is a traveller taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her
usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business,
leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resident
entity in the country or place visited. These trips taken by visitors qualify
as tourism trips.

A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classi ed as a tourist (or

overnight visitor) if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-
day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise.

International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics, 2008, UN, p. 10

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Defining tourist and tourism
* purpose of trip
* distance travelled

* duration of trip

* residence of traveller

* mode of transportation

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Tourists
'as many types of tourists as there are motives for travel' (Murphy, 1985:5)

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Tourists
'as many types of tourists as there are motives for travel' (Murphy, 1985:5)

Cohen's classi cation (1972):

* institutionalised / mass tourism

* organised mass tourist

* individual mass tourists

* non-institutionalised / alternative

* explorers

* drifters

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Mass tourism vs alternative tourism

traditional recent trends

program driven spontaneous
sights experience
souvenirs memories/knowledge
impact immersion
infrastructure no infrastructure
standardization randomness

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Who is a tourist?
tourist experiences rooted in the concept of 'centre' (Eliade, 1971), seen as
a society (Cohen, 1979)

center: religious, political, cultural, spiritual, aestethic

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Who is a tourist?
tourist experiences rooted in the concept of 'centre' (Eliade, 1971), seen as
a society (Cohen, 1979)

center: religious, political, cultural, spiritual, aestethic

* recreation mode >> there is a sense

* diversionary mode >> wanderer

* experiential mode >> authenticity as observer

* experimental mode >> living authenticity

* existential mode >> integration in authenticity

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Who is a tourist?
tourist experiences rooted in the concept of 'centre' (Eliade, 1971), seen as
a society (Cohen, 1979)

center: religious, political, cultural, spiritual, aestethic

* recreation mode >> there is a sense

* diversionary mode >> wanderer

* experiential mode >> authenticity as observer

* experimental mode >> living authenticity

* existential mode >> integration in authenticity

experiences contrasting with those of others >> tourist roles (Jacobsen,

2000)

* vacationer
* holidaymaker

* backpacker

* tourist

* traveller

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Unpacking the 'tourist'
* constructions and performances used to serve different purposes
* tourist is constructed negatively and morally inferior

* tourist as achievement >> post-tourist (Urry, 1994)

* a stage towards the travelling experiece

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 Tourists and Tourism

Williamson and Lew (2015), p. 17, Tourists and tourism: a typological framework

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 Factors shaping tourism
* The role of capital in the production of tourist space
* Development of the travel industry

* The impact of technology

* Economic development and political convergence

* Lifestyle changes

* Travel security

* Variations in patterns of development

https://goo.gl/YdRr47

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Exam
i. current presentation

ii. all of the followings

McCabe, S. (2005). 'Who is a tourist?’. A critical review. Tourist

studies, 5(1), 85-106.

references (not for exam, though you are highly encouraged to read them):

* Cohen, E. (1972). Towards a sociology of international tourism’, Social

Research, Vol. 39: 164–82.
* Cohen, E. (1974). Who is a tourist?: A conceptual clari cation. The

sociological review, 22(4), 527-555.

* Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist experiences. Sociology,

13(2), 179-201.
* Lew, A. A., & Williams, S. (2015). Tourism Geography: Critical

Understandings of Place, Space and Experience. Routledge (p. 1-27)

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Tourism Geography/ies
Tourism Resources
Gavriș
Gavri ș Alexandru

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Characteristics of tourist resources
* features triggering attraction (hope for ful lment)
* recognized/promoted value

* multiple use / functionality

* life duration

* constructed identity

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Tourism resources at scale
* physical features >> geotourism
* geological features (geothermal, karst, glaciated) >> national parks,

geoparks
* coast

* inland water resources

* climate

* biosphere

* cultural features >> regions

* global culture vs local culture

* cultural adaptation and imitation

* pilgrimages and cultural tourism

* heritage (romanticised)

* dark tourism

* popular culture (sport, fashion, music)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=FhZti3VZHfc&t=0s&list=PLWs_b4QkuyQy07V0l20wHl-
WaLxpMLM18&index=8

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 National tourist attractions
* Natural, including beaches, caves, scenic features and wildlife
* Man-made, but not originally designed to attract tourists (historic

houses, castles and cathedrals)

* Man-made and purpose built to attract tourists (includes museums, art

galleries, exhibition centres, casinos and a growing range of leisure

attractions for a family 'day out' such as theme parks and aqua-parks)
* Special events

Swarbrooke, J. (1995). Tourism and leisure education in the United Kingdom. European tourism and leisure education: Trends and prospects,
165-203.

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Local tourism resources
* infrastructure
* superstructure (accommodation, venues, facilities, shops, transport

terminals)
* accessibility

* planning development

* local community

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Evaluating resources through recreation spectrum

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Tourism product of a destination
* The core destination product: winter sports experiences
* The facilitating destination product: transportation and

accommodation
* The supporting destination product: shopping, restaurants

* The augmented destination product: atmosphere

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 Typology of tourist centres

Boniface, B. C. Chris (2009), Worldwide destinations. The Geography of travel and tourism

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 Typology of tourist centres

Boniface, B. C. Chris (2009), Worldwide destinations. The Geography of travel and tourism

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 Tourist area life cycle (Butler, 1980)

Butler, R. W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. The Canadian Geographer/Le
Géographe canadien, 24(1), 5-12.

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Exam

i. presentation

references (not for exam, though you are highly encouraged to read them):

* Boniface (2009). Geography of Travel (chapter 3)

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Tourism Geography/ies
Places and spaces in Tourism
Gavriș
Gavri ș Alexandru

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qB5tH4rt-x8

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Places in tourism
* physical location
* imbued with cultural representations (sense of place)

* mix of roles (relaxation, fun, memory etc.)

* practices >> perfomances (Vama Veche)

* social shifts

'Places say something about not only where you live or

come from, but who you are.’
(Crang, 1998: 103)

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Place representation

* Word-of-Mouth

* popular media

* travel literature

* promotion materials and guidebooks

* user generated content (UGC)

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 Tourism places
the agency that we exercise as individuals and the performative nature of
our behaviours as tourists; >> 'the tourist gaze'

the cultures in which we reside and which help to determine those

individual and performative characteristics; >> production and
performance

the agency of others whose role it is to shape perceptions and promote

tourist places. >> marketing and theming

Williams, S., & Lew, A. A. (2014). Tourism Geography: Critical Understandings of Place, Space and Experience. Routledge.
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 Tourist gaze
multi-sensorial experience (initially visual) that seeks extraordinary out
of place for pleasure and appropriation

... "is constructed in relationship to its opposite, to non-tourist form of

social experience and consciousness" and "depends upon what it is
contrasted with; what the forms of not-tourist experience happen to be...
non-tourist social practices, particularly those based within the home
and paid work"

Urry, J. (1990). The Tourist Gaze, pg. 2

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Phases of Tourist Gaze
* selection
* construction

* stage-management / performativity

* directionality

guided (books, articles, shows, lms, advertisement etc.)

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Places of performance
* peformativity (consumate actions, behaviours, codes, preferences)
* places are continually reconstituted

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 Place promotion
* re-invent places
* linking promoted image to perceptions and experiences

* inauthenticity enhacement

image production industry (Harvey, 1989)

Harvey, D. 1989. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Blackwell)

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Examen
i. presentation

ii. Davis, J. S. (2005). Representing place: “Deserted isles” and the

reproduction of Bikini Atoll. Annals of the Association of American
Geographers, 95(3), 607-625.

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Tourism Geography/ies
Regions
Gavriș
Gavri ș Alexandru

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Europe overview
Pluses

* economic maturity
* diversity

* single currency

* small and medium countries

* climatic differences

* mature infrastructure

* politic stability

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Europe overview
Minuses

* Increasing diversity of lifestyles and living arrangements;

* A decline in fertility;

* An increase in immigration.

* Consumers are tired of the inclusive-tour format;

* The Mediterranean is becoming increasingly polluted;

* Traditional sun, sea and sand ’ holidays are less popular

* Options for competing destinations for other forms of tourism

* New destinations are opening up in the east of Europe;

* Long-haul destinations are growing in popularity

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Trends
* More, but shorter, tourism trips;
* Short-break city and cultural tourism is growing rapidly;

* Traditional north-south holidays are still a signi cant feature of

European tourism, but east-west and west-travel is growing rapidly;

* Signi cant market segments for the growth of tourism will be those

aged over 55 years and those aged under 25 years;

* Intra-regional ows of tourism dominate Europe’s international
tourism, but their share is decreasing;

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Trends 2
* The market is moving increasingly towards holidays which involve
active pursuits and/or exposure to local society and culture;
* The popularity of the car for leisure-based trips is decreasing, with an

increase in the use of air travel encouraged by the growth of low-cost

carriers;
* Demand for business tourism in Europe will continue to be strong

despite the growth of communication technologies

* Capacity ceilings are being reached in some Western European

countries, whereas countries in Eastern and Southern Europe have

considerable growth potential.

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Cultural features
* N-S, V-E
* cultural development: prehistoric, Greco-Roman, Romanesque, Gothic,

Renaissance-Baroque, Industrial Revolution, Post-industrial

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Middle East Overview
* many large common elements, though many small differences
* mostly arid climate

* Islam in uence

* con icts

* petrodollars

* lack of management for ancient sites

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Exam

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Tourism Geography
France
Gavriș Alexandru

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Characteristics
* 1st place -- +80 mil.
* among top 5 in terms of tourism receipts

* lingua franca in hotel, catering

* diverse resources

* variety of landscapes and climates

* widely in uenced the European culture (in the past)

* late urbanization ('30) played an important role in mixing urban/rural

avours
* regional link of Western Europe

* long tradition evolved from pilgramage (Mt. Saint Michel, Le Puy,

Rocamadour)
* diverse mountains characteristics (Alps, Massif Central, Pirinees, Jura,

Vosges, Armorican Massif)

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Characteristics
* diverse tourism activities
* long paid holidays (5-6+ weeks)

* support towards social tourism

* established tour operators: Nouvelles Frontières, Club Mediterranée

* standardization

* many small businesses (gite)

* very good infrastructure

* centralization of large projects

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Recent growth
* investment in agship projects (Eurotunnel, Eurodisney, sport events,
theme parks)
* political integration

* waves of Eastern tourists (Europe/Asia)

* boost of business tourism (Paris, Nice, Strasbourg)

* TGV

* second-homes owned by foreigners

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 Regions

https://thetact.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/the-amazing-france/#more-98

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 Paris -- Île de France

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/de/9f/6a/de9f6a7f6e1b2504500411379fff74cd.jpg

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Beyond Paris

Les Espaces d’Abraxas

Les Choux de Créteil

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 Beyond Paris

MAC/VAL
.

Ile de Loisirs de Vaires

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 The North

Birdsong (Battle of the Somme) Amiens

Lochnagar Crater Paris-Roubaix

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The North

Chantilly

Boulogne-sur-Mer, Nausicaā
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Normandy

Rouen

Normandy Beaches
Mont Saint Michel

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Brittany

Armorican Massif

Saint Malo

Rennes

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Western France

Loire Valley

Caves of the Dordogne (Lascaux)

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Massif Central
Puy Vichy

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South of France
* Pirinees
* Lourdes, Cirque de Gavarnie

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South of France
* Languedoc-Roussillon
* Cap d’Agde, La Grand Motte, Montpellier, Carcassonne

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South of France
* Provence
* Avignon, Marseille, wetlands of Camargue, gorges of Verdon

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South of France
* French Riviera
* Cannes -- Menton, St. Tropez, St. Raphael, Antibes, Nice, Grasse

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South of France

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French Alps
* entry points: Nice, Grenoble, Lyon, Chambèry

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French Alps
* ski resorts: Chamonix, Tigne, Isola 2000, Val d'Isère, Megève, Albertville

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French Alps
* spas: Aix les Bains, Évian-les-Bains

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Eastern France

- Champagne: Reims
- Lorraine
- Alsace: Colmar, Strasbourg
- Burgundy: wines, Dijon,
- Lyon

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Beyond traditions

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Beyond traditions

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Beyond traditions

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 Beyond traditions

Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix

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Exam

presentation

additional reference:

* Boniface and Cooper (2009). Geography of Travel

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Tourism Geography
German speaking countries
Gavriș Alexandru

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 Characteristics

- common language with ~100mil. natives

- signi cant economic powers <-> standard of living, quality of life
- tourism plays a major role <-> standard of living, quality of life
- relative centrality within the 'European' sphere
- importance of events
- excelent infrastructure, suprastructure overcoming harsh conditions
- similar temperate climate
- focus on cultural/winter tourism
- mutual visits
- good connectivity
- air transportation expansion
- large tour operators: TUI, ...

Gross Glockner

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Austria

- dominated by small, family-run hotels and guesthouses

- reuse of castles through business tourism
- 35% Alps
- main regions: Tyrol, Voralberg, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Vienna

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Austria
Tyrol

* Alps scenery, tradition: folklore, architecture

* Innsbruck: Renaissance buildings

* ski resorts: St. Anton, Kitzbühl, Seefeld, Mayrhofen

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Austria
Vorarlberg

* connections with Switzerland

* balneral and cultural tourism: Bregenz, Lichtenstein

* ski resorts: Lech, Zürs

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Austria
Salzburg

* landcape, spas, culture, baroque architecture

Krimml waterfalls Hallstatt

Bad Ischl
Dachstein 6 / 22
Austria
Styria and Carinthia

* local tourism vs summer vacation destination, water sports

* Graz - ECC

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Austria
Vienna

palaces: Hofburg, Belvedere, Schönbrunn music scene: Opera House, St

Stephen's Cathedral

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Switzerland
Characteristics

* cultural diversity
* stability and quality

* professionalism in the tourism industry

* transit zone

* long tradition

* neutrality >>> business tourism

* expensive

* small hotels, too many

* dedicated infrastructure to winter tourism

* regions: Bernese Oberland, Valais, Lake Lucern and the Forest Cantons,

Graubunden (Grisons), Suisse Romande, Ticino, Schweizer Mittelland

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Switzerland
Bernese Oberland

Wengen

Interlaken
Grindelwald

Gstaad
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Switzerland
Valais and Lake Lucern

small historic towns, Zermatt, Crans-Montana

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Switzerland
Grisons

traditionality, Swiss National Park

St Moritz Davos

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Switzerland
Suiss Romande and Ticino

Geneva Montreaux

Locarno, Lugano
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Switzerland
Scheizer Mitteland

Basel, Berne (old town)

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Germany
Characteristics

* amazing boost in tourism

* theme parks, agship projects
* youth hostel movement

* refocus on business tourism

* variety

* regional competition and cooperation

* health-consciousness, state-sponsored health insurance schemes

* excellent

* transportation hub

* sustainable/green tourism

* acclaimed facilities for culture

* trend setters: Romanticism, naturism (freikorpskultur)

* regions: Northern Germany, Central Germany, the Rhineland, Southern

Germany, Eastern Germany

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Germany
Northern Germany

* forest, heathland, glacial valleys

summer resorts nautical activities 'Communist resorts'

Sylt, Westerland Kiel, Travemünde Rügen, Warnemünde

*hanseatic cities: Hamburg (Reeperbahn), Lübeck, Kiel, Rostock, Bremen,

Hannover

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Germany
Central Germany

* forested uplands, Harz Mountains

* 'Fairy Tale Road': Bremen-Marburg

* historic city of Goslar

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Germany
the Rhineland

* festivals (Carnival)
* rivers: Rhine (Bingen -- Koblenz), Moselle valley

* regenerated

* cities: Düsseldorf (commercial hub), Cologne (Köln) with its cathedral,

Bonn, Aachen -- crossborder partnership, Frankfurt am Main

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 Germany
Southern Germany

* Black Forest: hiking, sky, folklore, clocks,

* 'Romantic Road': Würzburg, Bamberg

* cultural cities: Bayreuth (Wagner), Regensburg (former capital of HRE)

* Garmisch-Parthenkirchen

* Neuschwanstein

* München

Berchtesgaden

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Germany
Eastern Germany

* needed regeneration
* historic towns: Weimar (Goethe), Eisenach (Luther)

* major cities: Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin

* royal palaces: Charlottenburg, Sansoucci

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 Beyond traditions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMWc4h77e2o

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Exam

presentation

additional reference:

* Boniface and Cooper (2009). Geography of Travel

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Tourism Geography
North European Countries
Gavriș Alexandru

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# Characteristics
- intensive cooperation (Norden)
- transport, tourism
- education, environment
- policies, culture
- high standard of living
- emphasing active participation
- sports, culture, travel
- focus on people
- contrasting climate
- landscape affected by glaciers
- Viking heritage
- rural roots for the most part
- high environmental standards
- high travel activity within the region
- short serviced accommodation
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# Denmark

- lacks spectacular scenery

- storytelling landscape >> HC Andersen
- nautical tourism
- relaxed attitude
- summer houses
- social tourism
- very good infrastructure
- Great Belt Bridge, Oresund Bridge/Tunnel

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# Denmark

Jutland pen. and Danish Archipelago

* moraine, folk museums, Aarhus, Legoland (Billung), medieval Ribe

* Bornholm, Funen (Odense), Roskilde, Kronborg Castle (Helsingor),

Copenhagen: Tivoli Gardens, Amalienborg Place, Carlsberg Brewery

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# Norway

- coastal and rural tourism

- retains traditions
- energetic resources >> invested in infrastructure
- climate in uenced by the Gulf Stream
- traveling as a way of life
- camping and farms instead of hotels

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# Norway

* Western Fjords, Scandinavian Alps, largest glacier in mainland Europe

* stave churches, many villages

* Bergen, Alesund, Stavanger, Trondheim

Pulpit Rock Alesund

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# Norway

Vigeland Park Viking Ship Museum

Holmenkollen Lillehammer
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# Norway

Northern Norway

* Sami, Lofoten Islands, Tromsø (N)

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# Norway

Svalbard

Spitzbergen
Ny Alesund

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# Sweden

- cultural mix through industrial development

- long vacations (+5 weeks)
- propensity toward travel
- self-catering, 2nd homes/boats
- private tourism promotion (Swedish Travel and Tourism Council)
- Allemansrätt

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# Sweden

Coastal regions

Liseberg theme park Turning Torso (Malmo)

Visby (Hanseatic city) Gotland

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# Sweden

the Central Lake District

Skansen Village (Living Museum)

Vasaloppet

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# Sweden

the North

Sami population Ski resort of Riksgransen

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# Finland

- unspoiled nature
- landscape comprising many lakes, marshes, rapids, forests
- active tourism
- terminal moraine
- focus on sustainability aided by technology
- 2nd home
- aggresive tourism policy
- Rovaniemi, Karelia, Helsinki

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# Iceland

- ‘a land of ice and re’

- Gulf Stream in uence
- geotermal resources
- active tourism promotion
- environmental standards
- Reykjavik, Blue Lagoon, Great Geyser, Thingvellir National Park (2 continents),
Dettifoss (waterfall), sagas, music

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Exam

presentation

additional reference:

* Boniface and Cooper (2009). Geography of Travel

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Tourism Geography
South-Eastern Europe
Gavriș Alexandru

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Characteristics

- Ottoman in uence
- cultural melanj
- mixed Christianity
- contrasting tourism
- political unrest
- culinary diversity
- interesing because of 'sun and sea'
- efforts to promote tourism
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 Greece

- in uential through its heritage - large diaspora overseas >> visitors

- geopolitical 'trouble'-hub - 10-20% GDP, 20% workforce
- vulnerable within tourism sector - though culturally attractive,
- seasonality it developed after 1960
- geographical contrains - traditional love towards foreigners
- mass tourism - medium-inferior infrastructure
- foreign tour-operators - limited to recreational tourism
- environmental degradation
- poor development strategies
- landscape dominated by a long
coastline and mountains
- active in cruise tourism

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Greece

Peloponnese:

* holiday resorts
* archeological sites: Olimpia, Micenae, theatre of Epidauros

* shadow of Athens: Acropolis with temples, Agora, Delphi, 'Apollo Coast'

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Greece

Halkidiki Peninsula:

* recreational tourism
* focus on rural tourism

* winter tourism: Pindus Mt.

* Thessaloniki, Vikos gorge, Meteora monasteries, Mount Athos

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Greece

* Crete: estival tourism, Venetian heritage (Chania), Samaria Gorge,

Knossos
* Cyclades: speci c buildings, Mykonos, Paros, Santorini

* Sporades: Skiatos (beaches, pines), Skyros

* Ionian Islands: Corfu, Cephalonia, Zakinthos (mountainous, foreign

cultural heritage)

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Croatia

- coastal and rural tourism

- retains traditions
- highly dynamic
- good transportation infrastructure
- landscape marked by shoreline fragmentation, carst: Plitvice National Park
- Hungarian and Austrian heritage
- main regions
- Istria: Opatjia, Poreč
- Dalmatia: Split (Roman heritage), Venetian in uence, Dubrovnik
- Zagreb

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 Turkey

- cultural 'bridge'
- strategic location
- former civilizations: Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines
- picturesque Mediteranean, Aegean coastline
- semiarid Anatolian plateaus
- political issues
- importance of tourism
- high accesibility
- learning practice

Uchisar village, palace

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Turkey

Coastal region

* SW: with diverse tourism activities in Izmir (Troy, Galipoli), Marmaris

(Bodrum), Turquoise Coast (Antalya, Belek, Pammukkale, Alanya, Kalkan,
Ephesus)
* Black Sea coast: woods, local tourism

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Turkey

* Anatolian Plateau: hard to reach all sightseeings from Cappadocia,

Armenian monasteries, Nemrut Dagh (ancient monuments)
* Istanbul: Aya Sofya, the Blue Mosque, Grand Bazaar, Topkapi Palace,

Cagaloglü Hamman (bath)

10 / 11
Exam

presentation

additional reference:

* Boniface and Cooper (2009). Geography of Travel

11 / 11
Tourism Geography
Asia
Gavriș Alexandru

1 / 14
* rapid economic/demographic growth
* vulnerable

* disasters

* economic crisis

* terrorists attacks

* climate

* travel tradition

* emulates Western civilisation

* beaches, resorts

* theme parks

* services

* crowded airlines

* various in uences

* Chinese

* Budist

* colonial

* remains contrasting

* traditional cultures vs new

2 / 14
Thailand

- multi-destination country - interest in Chinese market

- highly affected by the Western tourism - ghts against sex tourism
- political stability - diversity
- very important (10-15% GDP) - highly commodi ed

3 / 14
Thailand
Central Thailand

Bangkok

- crowded, yet extremely attractive

- contrasting transportation: canals vs highways
- temple-monasteries (*wats*)
- Grand Palace
- Rose Garden Country Resort

resorts: Pattaya, Hua Hin

4 / 14
Thailand
Chiang Mai (N)

* advantage of climate
* starting point to remote scenic/cultural attractions

* tribal culture, Golden Triangle

* Wat Doi Suthep

5 / 14
Thailand
Peninsular Thailand

Phuket, Ko Samui, Krabi Province (The Beach)

6 / 14
Thailand
Eastern Thailand

- weak development, yet rich in attractions

- eco-tourism
- Khmer civilisation
- temples: Naga City

7 / 14
Japan

- retains traditions, despite being over-technologized

- active life style
- small vacation (15-7 days)
- pilgrimage, *onsen*
- Western in uence: sports, theme parks
- importance of large corporation
- landscape marked by fragmentation and human pressure
- longitudinal variation
- large international events
- excellent infrastructure: Shinkansen, bridges, tunels, arti cial islands
- hotel vs ryoukan vs cubicles
- main resources: cuisine, ceremonies, artistry, martial arts, architecture, subculture
- main regions: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Okinawa

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Japan
Hokkaido

* wild landscape and temperate agriculture

* Ainu population

* Lake Toya, Sapporo, Nagano

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Japan
Honshu

- Tokyo
- Ginza, Akihabara, Shinjuku districts
- temples, museums, business
- Kyoto
- cultural center
- Shinto shrines
- Gion district (hostesses)
- religios/feudal centers: Nara, Nikko, Ise
- Inland Sea: picturesque islands, temples

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Japan
Kyushu

Theme parks

* Fukuoka: Space World

* Nagasaki: Huis Ten Bosch

* Seagaia resort

Beppu geothermal resources

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Japan
Okinawa

* dark tourism vs leisure tourism

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South Korea

- fast development through many problems

- heavily borrowed culture/technology appropriating it and transforming it
- previously restriction enhanced the cultural diffusion
- tourism boom after 1985 through Ministry of Culture and Tourism
- excelent infrastructure (main hubs)
- resources:
- Seoul: Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art, Hyunday Gallery, Changdeokgung Palace
- Donggung Palace (Silla Dynasty)
- Pusan (maritime activity, resort)
- mountains: Taebaek (E), Pyeongchang (olimpics), national parks
- islands: Jeju
- Hallyu Wave

13 / 14
Exam

presentation

additional reference:

* Boniface and Cooper (2009). Geography of Travel

14 / 14
Tourism Geography
Asia -- China
Gavriș Alexandru

1/9
Characteristics
* recent accelerated development
* largely unknown

* hard to visit

* pollution

* extreme variety in many elds

* rich heritage

* high domestic circulation of

tourists (+1 billion)

* Daoist temples

* Buddhist temples

* mountain Tai-Shan

* Western patterns

* theme parks near Shanghai

* ski demand

* agship events (tourism festivals) and business tourism

* increasing tourism caveats

* pricing, poor service, shortage of trained personnel, over-investment

* regions: North-East, North China,

2/9
North East/Manchuria
* Manchu ethnics mostly forgotten
* Shenyang -- Forbidden City, Harbin -- snow festivals

* Amur river

* Russian and Korean mix

3/9
North China
* power base of Qin and Han
dynasties
* harsh landscape

* Xi'an -- terracotta army

* the Great Wall of China

* Chengde -- summer resort of Qing

dinasty
* Beijing: Forbidden City, Temple of

Heaven, Tien An Men Square (dark

tourism), 2008 Olympic Games
heritage

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East Central China
* Shanghai: hyperdeveloped through Western in uence
* cultural centers: Nanjing, Wuxi, Suzhou (gardens)

* mountainous landscape: Three Gorges (Wuhan -- Chongqing), 12 views

of Bayu (Chongqing)

5/9
Western China
* ethnic groups, Islam
* Lanzhou

* Silk Road (Mogao Caves)

6/9
Tibet
* Lhasa (Potala palace)
* religious heritage

7/9
South China
* Cantonese dialect
* diverse landscape

* Guilin (karst)

* Kunming (trek tours, forests,

tribal minorities)
* Guangzhou (part of Pearl River

Delta)
* tropical island of Hainan

* Hong Kong: blend of Westerness

and East Asian culture, theme

parks (Disneyland, Ocean Park,
Middle Kingdom), ocean cruises,
The Peak (Victoria Peak), CBD
(Victoria Harbour)
* Macao: colonial heritage, casinos

8/9
Exam

presentation

additional reference:

* Boniface and Cooper (2009). Geography of Travel

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