NAME: RODJEAN A.

SIMBALLA Course & Section: BSIT 3D

ASSESSMENT: 1

1. Define what normalization is.

ANSWER:
Normalization is the process of reorganizing data in a database so that it meets two basic
requirements:

 There is no redundancy of data, all data is stored in only one place.

 Data dependencies are logical,all related data items are stored together.

Normalization is important for many reasons, but chiefly because it allows databases to take up as
little disk space as possible, resulting in increased performance.

2. Identify the problems that you may encountered without normalization in designing
your database and discuss briefly each modification anomaly.
ANSWER:
Update anomaly

The same information can be expressed on multiple rows; therefore, updates to the relation may
result in logical inconsistencies. For example, each record in an
"Employees' Skills" relation might contain an Employee ID, Employee Address, and Skill;
thus, achange of address for a particular employee may need to be applied to multiple
records (one for each skill). If the update is only partially successful – the employee's
address is updated on some records but not others – then the relation is left in an
inconsistentstate. Specifically, the relation provides conflicting answers to the
question of what this particular employee's address is.

Insertion anomaly

There are situations in which certain facts cannot be recorded at all. For
example, each record in a "Faculty and Their Courses" relation might contain a Faculty
ID, Faculty Name, Faculty Hire Date, and Course Code. Therefore, we can record the
details of any faculty member who teaches at least one course, but we cannot record a
newly hired faculty member who has not yet been assigned to teach any courses,
except by setting the Course Code to null. This phenomenon is known as an insertion
anomaly. Until the new faculty member, is assigned to teach at least
one course, his details cannot be recorded.

Deletion anomaly

Under certain circumstances, deletion of data representing certain facts

necessitates deletion of data representing completely different facts. The "Faculty and
their Courses" relation described in the previous example suffers from this type of
anomaly, for if a faculty member temporarily ceases to be assigned to any courses, we
must delete the last of the records on which that faculty member appears, effectively
also deleting the faculty member, unless we set the Course Code to null. This
phenomenon is known as a deletion anomaly.
3. The table below shows an unnormalized data. Improve the data by normalization in
first normal form.

Table Product

ANSWER:

Product ID Color Price

101 red 25
101 blue 25
102 blue 57
103 red 34
103 green 34
104 Yellow 48
104 blue 48
105 red 50

4. Explain what Structured Query Language is.

ANSWER:
SQL is Structured Query Language, which is a computer language for storing, manipulating and
retrieving data stored in a relational database. SQL is the standard language for Relational
Database System. All the Relational Database Management Systems (RDMS) like MySQL, MS
Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres and SQL Server use SQL as their standard database
language.
 5. Identify and explain briefly the Structured Query Language process.
ANSWER:
When you are executing an SQL command for any RDBMS, the system determines the
best way to carry out your request and SQL engine figures out how to interpret the task.
There are various components included in this process.

These components are –

 Query Dispatcher

 Optimization Engines

 Classic Query Engine

 SQL Query Engine, etc.

A classic query engine handles all the non-SQL queries, but a SQL query engine won't
handle logical files.

6. Explain briefly the categories of data integrity exists in RDBMS.

ANSWER:
 Entity Integrity: There are no duplicate rows in a table. For example, the orders table primary
key is order_num. The order_num column holds a unique system-generated order number for
each row in the table.
 Domain Integrity: Enforces valid entries for a given column by restricting the type, the format,
or the range of values.

 Referential integrity: Rows cannot be deleted, which are used by other records. It means the
reference from a row in one table to another table must be valid.
 User-Defined Integrity: Enforces some specific business rules that do not fall into entity,
domain or referential integrity. For example: if I set up a rule that an ID needs to consist of 5
integers ONLY then when I insert a row with ID which is made up of integers and some chars
then it won't accept it and return an error.
7. Perform the following exercises using your laptop or personal computer. Make
sure to have screenshots for every task and send to instructor’semail account.

ANSWER:
 A.
CREATING DATABASE

CREATING TABLE
ADDING ADDRESS, CONTACT NO., GENDER
STUDENT TABLE COMPLETE
 BOOK TABLE

INSERTING AUTHOR NAME

SELECTING THE BOOK ID AND BOOK TITLE

 B.
my_classmates TABLE

programs TABLE
RENAMING THE TABLE my_friends TO my_friends

CREATE VIEW
SORTING ASCENDING BY THEIR AGE
TWO TABLES JOIN