BIOLOGY Investigatory Project

WAIDSW

Anshika Jaiswal Class 12th Science

 CERTIFICATE

केन्द्रीय विद्यालय
संगठन

This is certify that Anshika Jaiswal

of class XILA Roll no.30 has satisfactorily
completed her
Biology Investigatory project as prescribed by the CBSE
during
the academic year 2020-2021

Internal examiner
Teacher incharge

External examiner
Acknowledgment
 I would like to sincerely and profusely
thanks to my Biology teacher Mr. Sameer Shukla , PGT
(Biology) and our lab attend for their guidance and support in
completing my project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude

to the Principal Dr. A.K. Singh for providing me with all the
facility that
was required.

Signature of student
CONTENTS

S.No.
TOPIC
 1.
AIDS

Causes of AIDS

Symptoms of HIV-AIDS

Diagnose of AIDS

5.
Treatment of HIV-AIDS

6.
Recent development in AIDS
Treatment HIV Prevention

Conclusion

9.
Hypothesis

10.
 Bibliography

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

AIDS: Acquired Immuno Deficiency.

Syndrome

AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndromeor acquired

immunodeficiency syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a
virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The
illness alters the immune system, making people much more
vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens
as the syndrome progresses.
HIVAIDS
HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person(semen and
vaginal fluids, blood and breast milk). The virus is passed from
one person to another through blood to-blood and sexual contact. In
addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies
during pregnancy, delivering the baby during childbirth, and
through breast feeding.

HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal,

oral sex, anal sex, blood transfusion, and contaminated
hypodermicneedles.

“The red ribbon is the worldwide symbol of

support and
awareness for people living with
 HIV."

Both the virus and the syndrome are often referred to together as
HIV/AIDS. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a
result, some will then develop AIDS.

The development of numerous opportunisticinfections in an

AIDS patient can ultimately lead to death.

According to research, the origins of HIV date back to the late

nineteenth or early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS
and its cause, HIV, were first identified and recognized in the
early 1980s.

There is currently no cure for

HIV or AIDS. Treatments can
slow the course of the condition -
some infected people can live a
long and relatively healthy life.

✓ HIV is the virus which

attacks the
T-cells in the immune system.
AIDS is the syndrome
which appears in advanced
stages of
HIV infection. ✓ HIV is a
virus. ✓ AIDS is a medical
condition
HIV infection causes AIDS to
develop. However, it is possible
to be infected with HIV without
developing AIDS. Without
treatment, the HIV infection is
allowed to progress and
eventually it will develop into
AIDS in the vast majority of cases.

HIV testing can identify infection in

the
early stages. This allows the
patient to use prophylactic (preventive) drugs which will slow the
rate at which the virus replicates, delaying the onset of AIDS.

AIDS patients still have the HIV virus and are still
infectious. Someone with AIDS can pass HIV to someone
else.

Causes of HIV/AIDS

HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human

immune system. The virus progresses in the absence of
antiretroviral therapy. The rate of virus progression varies widely
between individuals and depends on many factors(age of the
patient, body's ability to defend against HIV, access to health care,
existence of coexisting infections, the infected person's genetic
inheritance, resistance to certain strains of HIV).

Vertical transmission
Unprotected sexual intercourse
with
Injection drug use

HIV infection
HIV can be transmitted
through:

# Sexual transmission. It can happen when there

is contact with
infected sexual secretions(rectal, genital or oral mucous
membranes). This can happen while having unprotected
sex, including vaginal, oral
and anal sex or sharing sex toys with someone infected with
HIV. # Prenatal transmission. The mother can pass
the infection on to her
child during childbirth, pregnancy, and also through
breastfeeding. # Blood transmission. The risk of
transmitting HIV through blood
 transfusion is nowadays extremely low in developed
countries, thanks to meticulous screening and precautions.
Among drug users, sharing and reusing syringes
contaminated with HIV-infected blood is
extremely hazardous. Symptoms of
HIV and AIDS

What is the difference between a sign and a

symptom? A sign is something other people, apart from
the patient can detect, such as a swelling, rash, or change in
skin colour. A symptom is something only the patient feels and
describes, such as a headache, fatigue, or dizziness. For the
most part, the symptoms of HIV are the result of
infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
These conditions do not normally develop in individuals with
healthy immune systems, which protect the body against
infection.

Symptoms of early HIV infection

Many people with HIV have no symptoms for several years.

Others may develop symptoms similar to flu, usually two to
six weeks after catching the virus. The symptoms can last
up to four weeks. Symptoms of early HIV infection may
include:
. fever
 Symptoms of HIV
infection

.
chills
Headache
and difficulty
Concentratin
g
Lymph node
Iswelling)
•
joint pain
Skin

• muscle ache
Respiratory system -dry cough =pneumonia = sore throat
Digestive
sore throat
• sweats (particularly at
night)
enlarged
glands
. a red rash
Muscle
= vomiting - diarrhea

thickening and curving)

tiredness
Joints -pain
• weakness
Weight loss
and fatigue
• weight loss

Asymptomatic HIV infection

In many cases, after the initial symptoms disappear, there will

not be any further symptoms for many years. During this
time, the virus carries on developing and damages the immune
system. This process can take up to 10 years. The infected
person will experience no symptoms, feel well and appear
healthy.

Late-stage HIV infection

If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The

person becomes vulnerable to serious illnesses. This stage
of infection is known as AIDS.

Symptoms of late-stage HIV infection may

include:

• blurred vision
diarrhoea, which is usually persistent or
chronic
dry cough
· fever of above 37C (100F) lasting
for weeks
. night sweats .
permanent tiredness
shortness of breath
• swollen glands lasting for
weeks

• weight loss

• white spots on the tongue or

mouth
During late-stage HIV infection, the risk of developing a
life-threatening illness is much greater. Examples include:

• esophagitis (an inflammation of the lining of the

lower end of the
esophagus) infections to the nervous system (acute
aseptic meningitis,
subacute encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy) . pneumonia
Some cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, invasive cervical
cancer, lung cancer, rectal carcinomas, hepatocellular
carcinomas, head and neck cancers, cancers of the
immune system known as lymphomas
• Toxoplasmosis (a disease caused by a parasite that infects the
brain. It
can also cause disease in the eyes and
lungs)
. tuberculosis

. Life-threatening illnesses may be controlled and treated

 with proper HIV treatment.
VIROLOGY
nds HIV testing
48
YO HIV serology
it 26 PPO HIV viral
load
261
PO PCR: HIV
Hepatitis serology
Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS

natitis
A 2011 report issued by
the CDC
(Centres for Disease Control
and Prevention), USA, found that about 1 in every 5 HIV-positive
Americans is unaware of their HIV-status, and only 49% of
those who are aware receive ongoing medical care and treatment.
Blood test

Diagnosis is made through a blood test that screens

specifically for the virus.

If the HIV virus has been found, the test result is "positive". The
blood is re tested several times before a positive result is
 given to the patient.

For those whose tests came back positive, they will be asked
to undergo some other tests to see how the infection has
progressed, and also to decide when to start treatment.

If a person has been exposed to the virus, it is crucial that they get
tested as soon as possible. The earlier HIV is detected, the more
likely the treatment will be successful. Also, precautions can be
takento prevent the virus from spreading to other people.

ELISA Test?

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, also called ELISA or EIA,

is a test that detects and measures antibodies in your blood. This
test can be used to determine if you have antibodies related to
certain infectious conditions. Antibodies are proteins that your body
produces in response to harmful substances called antigens. An
ELISA test may be used to diagnose:
. HIV, which causes
AIDS . Lyme disease
• pernicious anaemia
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
(RMSF)
rotavirus

squamous cell carcinoma

 substrate 4
syphilis toxoplasmosis
varicella-zoster virus, which
causes chicken pox and
shingles
ELISA is often used as a screening
tool enzyme labelled 3
before more in-depth tests are ordered.
detection antibody
A doctor may suggest this test if
you're tancet
having signs or symptoms
of the enligen
conditions above or your doctor
wants
to rule out any of these conditions.
capture antibody 1
How the Test Is
Performed

The ELISA test is simple and straightforward. You'll

probably need to signa consent form, and your doctor should
explain the reason for doing the test.

The ELISA test involves taking a sample of your blood.

First, a healthcare provider will cleanse your arm with an
antiseptic. Then, a tourniquet, or band, will be applied around
your arm to create pressure and cause your veins to swell
with blood. Next, a needle will be placed in one of your veins to
draw a small sample of blood. When enough blood has been
collected, the needle will be removed and a smallbandage
will be placed on your arm where the needle was. You'll
be asked to elevate your arm and place pressure on it with
gauze to reduce blood flow.
This procedure should be relatively
painless, but your arm may throb a
little after the procedure.
Streplavidin-HRP
Complex
The blood sample will be sent to a
laboratory for analysis. In the lab, a
technician adds the sample to a
Petridish containing the specific antigen
related to the condition for which you
are being tested. If your blood
contains antibodies to the antigen, the
two will bind together. The technician
will check this by adding an enzyme to
the Petri dish and observing how your
blood and the antigen react. You may
have the condition if the contents of
the dish change colour. How much
change the enzyme causes allows the
technicianto. Determine the presence
and amount of antibody.
Biotinylated
Detection
Antibody
Target
Antigen

Ultra-sensitive HIV sensor

Capture
Antibody
Scientists from Imperial College London reported in Nature
Nanotechnology (October 2012 issue) that they have developed
an extremely sensitive sensor that detects viral infections,
including HIV. They say the sensor is ten times more sensitive at
detecting an HIV biomarker that anything else onthe market today;
it is also extremely cheap. The doctor can see the results by
looking at the colour change in a liquid solution.

Recent developments on HIV

Genetic changes identified that make HIV elusive to

drugs
The team used a new form of technology that can detect infection
early on and track the body's immune system.

Recent developments in HIV treatment

New drugs reawaken latent HIV to

eradicate virus
A new study suggests a class of drugs already being
tested in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer may also
hold the key to complete eradication of HIV.

Envelope
protein

Envelope

Viral genome

Nucleocapsid

Viral tegument

Alcoholism drug could help cure HIV,

study finds

A drug used to treat alcoholism-called disulfiram - could bring us

closer to a cure for HIV, according to the results of a new
study led by researchers from the University of Melbourne in
Australia.
 HIV vaccine possibility following study of antibodies
with loops!
A new study suggests it may be possible to induce a
rapid anti-HIV immune response in unexposed people by
developing a vaccine that triggers antibodies containing
loop-like structures.

HIV antibody therapy looks

promising

A new study of the effects of a new antibody treatment

suggests it may offer a long-term solution for the control
of HIV. HIV Prevention

To prevent being
infected with HIV,
healthcare professionals
advice precautions
related to:
condom.
risk
Antiretrovirals
012

Unprotected sex
stiny
VANDS
 g gallis
Having sex without a
condom can put a person at
risk of being infected with
HIV and other sexually
Safe.
messa
transmitted
sh needs. Lourane
infections (STI). HIV can be spread by having unprotected
sex(vaginal, oral and anal sex). It can also be caught from
sharing sex toys with someone infected with HIV.
Safe se
pid approval

Drug abuse and needle sharing

Intravenous drug use is an important factor in HIV transmission

in developed countries. Sharing needles canexpose users to
HIV and other viruses, such as hepatitis C. Strategies such as
needle-exchange programs are used to reduce the infections
caused by drug abuse.
Managing HIV
Adherence. HIV treatment is effective if the patient is
committed and constant in taking the medication on time.
Missing even a few doses will jeopardize the treatment. A daily
methodicalroutine has to be programmed to fit the treatment
plan around the patient's lifestyle and schedule. "Adherence"
is sometimes known as "compliance".

General Health. It is crucial for patients to take medication

correctly and take steps to avoid illness. Patients should seek to
improve their general health and reduce the risk of falling ill by
practicing regular exercise, healthy eating, and not smoking.

Additional precautions. HIV-infected people should be extra

cautious to prevent exposure to infection. They should be
careful around animals, avoid coming into contact with cat
litter, animal feces. Meticulous and regular washing of hands is
recommended.

Long-term condition. HIV is a lasting condition, and therefore

patients have to be in regular contact with their healthcare team.
Treatment plan is reviewed regularly.

Psychological. Common misconceptions about AIDS/ HIV

are diminishing. However, the stigma of the condition
persists in many parts of the world. People infected with the
virus may feel excluded, rejected, discriminated and isolated.

Being diagnosed with HIV can be very distressing, and

feelings of anxiety or depression are common. If you feel anxious
or have symptoms of depression, seek medical help immediately.

CONCLUSION

After studying the cause and effects of 'AIDS' from different

views, we conclude that it is a pandemic disease. It is
mainly spreading sexually and person of the age group of
25-45 years are the most affected group. There
are some methods like 'Antiviral Therapy' and Immuno
Simulative therapy which bring some hope that even then no
specific treatment has been found so for and morality form is
virtually 100%. So only prevention in the test medicine care.

HYPOTHESIS

AIDS is non curable due to its nature of pathogen. It also

damage immune system of the body. Therefore any
medicine (Antiviral) drugs are not effective against HIV virus.
Ignorance and lack of knowledge about this disease is the root
cause of widespread of this disease Malaria is one of the
major diseases which is caused by Protozoan. Protozoan
causes many
diseases in human beings. Malaria has been for thousands of years
a very serious disease of the tropical and temperate regions.
Prevalence of malaria continues to be one of the major health
problems of developing countries. It was almost eliminated a few
years back with the efforts of WHO and our National Malaria
Eradication Programme(NMEP), but unfortunately it has appeared
again. Plasmodium is a genus of Protozoa belonging to subphylum
Sporozoa, class Telosporidea, includes causative agent of
malaria in man and lower animals. Members of the genus
plasmodium are collectively known as Malaria parasite,
because they cause a horrible disease called malaria.

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Bibliography

Parts of this project have been referred from foreign

sources
and have been included in this project after
editing.

The reference of sources is as

follows:

Books: a) Biology NCERT

Book class 12th b) National
Geographic Magazine
Internet Sources: a)
www.google.com b)
www.icbse.com c)
Bioflora.com d)
Nationalgeographic.co
m

Journal

a. Biology Today b.
Science Reporter